United States v. Simmons ( 2019 )

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 39342
________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Jerard SIMMONS
Senior Airman (E-4), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 9 April 2019
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Military Judge: Patricia A. Gruen.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 12 years,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. Sentence ad-
judged 14 July 2017 by GCM convened at Joint Base Langley-Eustis,
Virginia.
For Appellant: Zachary D. Spilman, Esquire (argued); Major Mark J.
Schwartz, USAF.
For Appellee: Captain Peter F. Kellett, USAF (argued); Lieutenant Colo-
nel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before JOHNSON, DENNIS, and LEWIS, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge DENNIS and Judge LEWIS joined.
________________________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
________________________
JOHNSON, Senior Judge:
A general court-martial composed of officers convicted Appellant, contrary
to his pleas, of four specifications of sexual assault of a child, one specification
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
of extortion, and one specification of producing child pornography in violation
of Articles 120b, 127, and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10
U.S.C. §§ 920b, 927, 934. The court members sentenced Appellant to a dishon-
orable discharge, confinement for 12 years, total forfeiture of pay and allow-
ances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening authority approved the
adjudged sentence.
Appellant raises seven issues on appeal: (1) whether the military judge
committed plain error by allowing evidence of Appellant’s pre-service sexual
relationships with the victims; (2) whether Appellant’s conviction for extortion
is legally sufficient; (3) whether the findings are factually sufficient; (4)
whether Appellant’s conviction for production of child pornography is legally
and factually sufficient where the alleged child pornography was not intro-
duced at trial; (5) whether the military judge erroneously permitted the Pros-
ecution to make a major change to a specification over defense objection; (6)
whether trial counsel made an improper argument on findings; and (7) whether
Appellant’s sentence is inappropriately severe. In addition, we specified two
issues regarding the post-trial processing of Appellant’s case. 1
We find no prejudicial error with respect to the issues raised by Appellant,
but we find that post-trial errors require new post-trial processing and action.
I. BACKGROUND
In September 2012, Appellant was an 18-year-old high school senior in Nor-
folk, Virginia. One of his classmates in his Spanish class was CL, a 14-year-old
1 We specified the following issues:
IS APPELLANT ENTITLED TO NEW POST-TRIAL PROCESSING
OR OTHER APPROPRIATE RELIEF BECAUSE THE STAFF JUDGE
ADVOCATE INCORRECTLY ADVISED THE CONVENING AU-
THORITY THAT THE CONVENING AUTHORITY COULD NOT
DISAPPROVE THE FINDINGS OF GUILT WITH RESPECT TO
CHARGES I AND III AND THEIR SPECIFICATIONS, AND COULD
NOT DISAPPROVE, COMMUTE, OR SUSPEND IN WHOLE OR IN
PART APPELLANT’S ADJUDGED PUNITIVE DISCHARGE AND
CONFINEMENT?
IS APPELLANT ENTITLED TO NEW POST-TRIAL PROCESSING
OR OTHER APPROPRIATE RELIEF BECAUSE THE AREA DE-
FENSE COUNSEL’S CLEMENCY MEMORANDUM ERRONE-
OUSLY IMPLIED THE CONVENING AUTHORITY LACKED THE
ABILITY TO REDUCE APPELLANT’S TERM OF CONFINEMENT,
AND THE STAFF JUDGE ADVOCATE FAILED TO ADDRESS THIS
ERROR? SEE UNITED STATES V. ZEGARRUNDO, 77 M.J. 612 (A.F.
CT. CRIM. APP. 2018).
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United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
female freshman. Friendly classroom interactions between the two led to an
exchange of phone numbers, communications by text and Facebook, and other
contact outside of school. Eventually Appellant and CL developed a sexual re-
lationship, specifically CL would perform oral sex on Appellant. CL later esti-
mated this occurred between 15 and 20 times during her freshman year. These
encounters took place at CL’s home and at a nearby park. Sometimes Appellant
would take out his phone as if to take a picture of CL as she performed oral
sex. Eventually Appellant sent CL such a picture of his penis in her mouth. CL
later testified Appellant would refer to the picture and threaten to “post” it in
order to pressure her for “bl[**]jobs.” According to CL, the intimate relation-
ship ended in the summer of 2013 after Appellant “had gotten a girlfriend.”
In the meantime, in the spring of 2013 Appellant met AS, another 14-year-
old girl who also lived in Norfolk but attended a different school. They met
through D, a 14-year-old friend of AS and acquaintance of Appellant. Appellant
and AS began communicating through text messages and Facebook. By late
spring or early summer 2013, Appellant and AS developed a sexual relation-
ship including vaginal and oral sexual intercourse. The relationship ended in
late July 2013 before Appellant joined the Air Force.
Appellant joined the Air Force in August 2013. Appellant returned to Nor-
folk on leave between 21 December 2013 and 2 January 2014. CL later testified
that at some point after Appellant joined the Air Force he resumed pressuring
her to perform oral sex by referring to the picture of her that he had previously
taken. As a result, CL testified that she “had to start giving him oral again
during New Year’s.” CL estimated she performed oral sex on Appellant approx-
imately five times after he joined the Air Force, “mostly” at the park near her
house. CL was 15 years old at the time. CL testified this resumption of the
sexual relationship ended after New Year’s Day of 2014 when Appellant “just
stopped talking to [her] about bl[**]jobs and stuff.”
After Appellant completed basic training and technical school he was as-
signed to Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia, near Norfolk. He returned to the
Norfolk area in late March 2014 to perform recruiter assistance duty and then
arrived at Langley on 5 April 2014. AS later testified that when Appellant was
on recruiter assistance duty he began to meet with her again to engage in oral,
anal, and vaginal sex. AS met with Appellant secretly to keep her relationship
with Appellant hidden from her mother, with whom AS lived. On various occa-
sions Appellant and AS met in a parking lot, in AS’s house when her mother
was not home, and late at night in the backyard of AS’s house. AS estimated
there were “four or five” such encounters. AS was 15 years old at the time.
On the night of 3–4 July 2014, AS was performing oral sex on Appellant in
her backyard when she noticed that Appellant was recording a video of her
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United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
with his phone. AS told Appellant she did not want him to make a video. Ap-
pellant showed her the video which was approximately ten seconds long. The
video depicted Appellant’s penis going inside AS’s mouth. AS asked Appellant
to delete the video, but he told her he “wanted to keep it” because he thought
it was “funny.” AS did not know if Appellant ever deleted the video.
Appellant was charged with three specifications of sexual assault of a child
against AS, one specification each of penetrating her vulva, anus, and mouth
with his penis on divers occasions between on or about 20 August 2013 and on
or about 31 August 2014 (Charge I, Specifications 1–3). In addition, Appellant
was charged with one specification of sexual assault of a child against CL by
penetrating her mouth with his penis on divers occasions between on or about
20 August 2013 and on or about 30 June 2014 (Charge I, Specification 4). He
was also charged with one specification of extorting CL on divers occasions to
perform oral sex on him by threatening to publicize an image of CL performing
oral sex on him; this was originally charged as occurring between on or about
2 August 2014 and on or about 31 December 2014, but during the trial the
military judge permitted the Government to extend the beginning of the time
frame back to on or about 27 October 2013 (Charge II and its Specification).
Finally, Appellant was charged with producing child pornography between on
or about 1 July 2014 and on or about 8 July 2014 (Charge III and its Specifica-
tion). A panel of officer members convicted Appellant of every charge and spec-
ification, although they made exceptions and substitutions to find Appellant
guilty of Charge I, Specification 4—sexually assaulting CL—on only a single
occasion on or about 31 December 2013.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Appellant’s Pre-Service Relationships with CL and AS
1. Additional Background
Before trial, the Government submitted a notice and motion pursuant to
Military Rule of Evidence (Mil. R. Evid.) 412 to admit evidence of the victims’
sexual behavior with Appellant prior to August 2013 when he joined the Air
Force. 2 The motion explained the Government intended to introduce such evi-
dence under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) to demonstrate Appellant’s motive, intent,
knowledge, and absence of mistake as to the victims’ ages, and preparation by
grooming CL and AS for further sexual activity. The Defense did not submit a
2Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(1)(B) provides, inter alia, that “evidence of specific instances of
sexual behavior by the alleged victim with respect to the person accused of the sexual
misconduct offered . . . by the prosecution” is an exception to the general prohibition
on evidence an alleged victim of a sexual offense engaged in other (uncharged) sexual
behavior or had a sexual predisposition set forth in Mil. R. Evid. 412(a).
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United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
written response to the Government motion. At the outset of the trial the mil-
itary judge asked the Defense if there was an objection “to the information that
Trial Counsel wants to admit.” Trial defense counsel responded “No, Your
Honor.”
Both trial counsel and civilian defense counsel referred to Appellant’s pre-
service sexual behavior during their opening statements. During their testi-
mony, both CL and AS described their recollections of their sexual activity with
Appellant prior to August 2013, as summarized above. The Defense did not
object on the grounds that this was impermissible propensity evidence prohib-
ited by Mil. R. Evid. 404(b)(1), nor did the Defense request a specific instruction
addressing propensity evidence.
After the Defense rested its case, trial counsel requested that the military
judge instruct the court members that they could use Appellant’s pre-service
acts with CL and AS as propensity evidence of his guilt of the charged offenses
under Mil. R. Evid. 414. In commenting on trial counsel’s request, civilian de-
fense counsel stated his understanding that evidence of the pre-service sexual
acts “was only ever admissible for the purposes of showing [Appellant’s]
knowledge as to their age.” The military judge denied trial counsel’s request.
The military judge instructed the court members with respect to findings
that, inter alia, Appellant may not be convicted “on evidence of a general crim-
inal disposition.”
2. Law
In general, “[w]e review a military judge’s decision to admit or exclude evi-
dence for an abuse of discretion. ‘A military judge abuses his discretion if his
findings of fact are clearly erroneous or his conclusions of law are incorrect.’”
United States v. Erikson, 76 M.J. 231, 234 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citation omitted)
(quoting United States v. Olson, 74 M.J. 132, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2015)). However,
“[w]hen an appellant does not raise an objection to the admission of evidence
at trial, we first must determine whether the appellant waived or forfeited the
objection.” United States v. Jones, 78 M.J. 37, 44 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (citation omit-
ted). “Whereas forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right,
waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.”
United States v. Ahern, 76 M.J. 194, 197 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (quoting United States
v. Gladue, 67 M.J. 311, 313 (C.A.A.F. 2009)). We review forfeited issues for
plain error, whereas “a valid waiver leaves no error to correct on appeal.” Id.
(citations omitted). To prevail under a plain error analysis, an appellant must
show “(1) there was an error; (2) it was plain or obvious; and (3) the error ma-
terially prejudiced a substantial right.” United States v. Erickson, 65 M.J. 221,
223 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citations omitted). Whether an accused has waived or
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merely forfeited an issue is a question of law we review de novo. Ahern, 76 M.J.
at 197 (citing United States v. Rosenthal, 62 M.J. 261, 262 (C.A.A.F. 2005)).
Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) provides that evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act
by a person is generally not admissible as evidence of the person’s character in
order to show the person acted in conformity with that character on a particu-
lar occasion. However, such evidence may be admissible for another purpose,
including, inter alia, proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
knowledge, or absence of mistake. Mil. R. Evid. 404(b)(2). The list of potential
purposes in Mil. R. Evid. 404(b)(2) “is illustrative, not exhaustive.” United
States v. Ferguson, 28 M.J. 104, 108 (C.M.A. 1989). We apply a three-part test
to review the admissibility of evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b):
1. Does the evidence reasonably support a finding by the court
members that [the] appellant committed prior crimes, wrongs or
acts?
2. What “fact . . . of consequence” is made “more” or “less proba-
ble” by the existence of this evidence?
3. Is the “probative value . . . substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice”?
United States v. Staton, 69 M.J. 228, 230 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (alterations in origi-
nal) (quoting United States v. Reynolds, 29 M.J. 105, 109 (C.M.A. 1989)).
3. Analysis
Appellant contends the military judge committed plain error because “it is
clear or obvious that Appellant’s pre-service sexual relationships with CL and
AS are not probative of any material issue other than character, and because
any probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair preju-
dice.” The Government contends the Defense waived this issue at trial, and
even if it were not waived the military judge did not commit plain error. We
agree with the Government that the Defense waived this issue.
“A forfeiture is basically an oversight; a waiver is a deliberate decision not
to present a ground for relief that might be available in the law.” United States
v. Campos, 67 M.J. 330, 332 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (quoting United States v. Cook,
406 F.3d 485, 487 (7th Cir. 2005)). The Defense’s decision not to object was not
an oversight. The Government’s pretrial notice and motion, filed over four
months before trial, squarely presented the Defense with the question of
whether or not it objected to this evidence which the Government offered under
multiple theories of admissibility pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 404(b). The Defense
not only declined to respond to the motion in writing; trial defense counsel af-
firmatively told the military judge the Defense did not object to the evidence.
As the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) recently
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explained, “under the ordinary rules of waiver, Appellant’s affirmative state-
ments that he had no objection to [the] admission [of evidence] also operate to
extinguish his right to complain about [its] admission on appeal.” Ahern, 76
M.J. at 198 (citing Campos, 67 M.J. at 332–33; United States v. Smith, 531
F.3d 1261, 1267–68 (10th Cir. 2008)).
We recognize that “[w]hether a particular right is waivable; whether the
[accused] must participate personally in the waiver; whether certain proce-
dures are required for waiver; and whether the [accused]’s choice must be par-
ticularly informed or voluntary, all depend on the right at stake.” Id. at 197
(quoting United States v. Girouard, 70 M.J. 5, 10 (C.A.A.F. 2011)). Yet we find
the Defense’s affirmative decision not to object to the Government’s motion and
evidence substantially similar to the defense’s affirmative decision not to object
to the Government’s motion and evidence in Ahern, where the CAAF found
“the ordinary rules of waiver” applied. See id. at 197–98. We do not purport to
hold that every time a trial defense counsel asserts there is “no objection” to a
Government motion or evidence the matter is waived on appeal, but under the
particular facts of this case we do find waiver.
Assuming arguendo Appellant did not waive this issue at trial, we do not
find the military judge committed plain error with respect to the evidence of
Appellant’s pre-service sexual activity with the victims. In order to obtain relief
under the plain error standard, Appellant must demonstrate error that was
plain or obvious in light of the three-prong test for evidence offered under Mil.
R. Evid. 404(b) articulated in Reynolds. See Staton, 69 M.J. at 230. As for the
first prong, Appellant concedes the evidence supports a finding that he engaged
in pre-service sexual activity with CL and AS. We agree.
As for the second prong, evidence that CL performed oral sex on Appellant
before August 2013 was manifestly relevant to prove the charged offense of
extortion. In order for the Government to prove Appellant used a photo of CL
performing oral sex to coerce her to engage in further acts, the Government
needed to demonstrate Appellant had the opportunity to create such an image.
Evidence that CL performed oral sex on Appellant prior to the point that he
allegedly began extorting her was therefore relevant. As for AS, based on the
Government’s motion and the Defense’s failure to object, the military judge
had little reason to doubt that the parties agreed the expected evidence would
be probative of such issues as Appellant’s knowledge of the victims’ ages, his
opportunity to commit the offenses, and his preparation or plan for a continu-
ing course of conduct. Viewed through the lens of the plain error standard, we
cannot say the military judge plainly or obviously erred by not excluding this
evidence sua sponte.
As for the third prong, we do not find obvious error in the military judge’s
failure to exclude sua sponte evidence of Appellant’s pre-service sexual activity
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United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
with the victims on the basis that the probative value was substantially out-
weighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Again, with regard to CL, evidence
of pre-service oral sex had high probative value with respect to the extortion
charge. With respect to AS, the danger of unfair prejudice was mitigated to an
extent by trial defense counsel’s frank acknowledgement from his opening
statement onward that Appellant did engage in sexual activity with AS after
he joined the Air Force; the defense was based on Appellant’s purported rea-
sonable mistake of fact as to AS’s age. Therefore, the impact of any improper
implication of propensity to the effect that Appellant’s pre-service sexual activ-
ity with AS made it more likely that he engaged in sexual activity with her
after he joined the Air Force was significantly blunted. Additionally, evidence
of pre-service sexual activity with AS had significant non-propensity probative
value for the Government’s case, for example as necessary context for AS’s tes-
timony about the following conversation regarding Appellant’s knowledge of
her age:
One time I even asked him, I was like--we were sitting--it was
before he joined the Air Force, we were sitting in his car, and I
was like, I’m 14, you know, is that weird that I’m so young and
you want to like mess around with me, and he was like no, be-
cause the youngest girl I’d have sex with is 12, so he knew.
Furthermore, we do not find trial counsel made any improper propensity-based
arguments to the court members during findings. Applying the plain error
standard of review, we do not find the military judge plainly or obviously erred
by failing to exclude sua sponte evidence that the Defense evidently agreed was
admissible on the basis that its probative value was substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Although not raised as a separate assignment of error, it is appropriate to
consider separately the military judge’s failure to give a limiting instruction
with respect to the Government’s Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) evidence. We do not find
Appellant’s waiver with regard to the admissibility of evidence of pre-service
sexual activity with CL and AS extended to waiver of a possible limiting in-
struction. Trial defense counsel did not affirmatively decline such an instruc-
tion. However, the Defense also did not request such an instruction, and did
not object to the military judge’s instructions which did not include such a lim-
iting instruction. Accordingly, we review the military judge’s decision not to
provide a limiting instruction for plain error. See United States v. McClour, 76
M.J. 23, 25 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citation omitted).
Despite the absence of any defense request or objection, the military judge’s
decision not to provide a limiting instruction gives us pause. We acknowledge
that evidence of uncharged misconduct has some “potential for creating infer-
ences about an accused’s guilt based on his character.” United States v. Levitt,
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35 M.J. 114, 119 (C.M.A. 1992). Certainly, when requested, the military judge
has a duty to instruct court members on the proper use of such evidence. Id.
(citation omitted); see Mil. R. Evid. 105 (“If the military judge admits evidence
that is admissible against a party or for a purpose—but not against another
party or for another purpose—the military judge, on timely request, must re-
strict the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the members accordingly.”
(emphasis added)). However, the Defense did not request such an instruction
in this case, and we perceive plausible tactical reasons for not doing so. For
example, such a limiting instruction may have invited the military judge to
recount to the members the various permissible uses of such evidence. Given
that the evidence of pre-service sexual activity was plainly relevant with re-
spect to the charged extortion of CL and that the Defense did not even contest
that Appellant engaged in post-accession sexual activity with AS, the perceived
cost of having the military judge recapitulate how this evidence potentially
supported the Government’s case in her instructions may have outweighed any
practical benefit.
The military judge did instruct the court members that evidence of each
offense must “stand on its own” and that Appellant could not be convicted
based on evidence of a “general criminal disposition.” Appellant argues trial
counsel improperly invoked the pre-service sexual acts during the opening
statement and closing argument as “a rallying cry for the members to convict
him even though he is innocent of the charged offenses.” To the contrary, we
find trial counsel’s accurate statements regarding jurisdiction and the time pe-
riods that were the subject of the charged offenses simply oriented the court
members to the issues that were before them for decision. Once again, viewed
through the lens of plain error analysis, we cannot say the military judge
plainly or obviously erred by omitting a limiting instruction that the Defense
never sought regarding pre-service sexual activity.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude Appellant waived his objection to
evidence of pre-service sexual acts with the victims and, assuming arguendo
he did not waive it, the military judge did not commit plain error by admitting
the evidence of such acts. Moreover, we conclude the military judge did not
plainly err by omitting a limiting instruction in the absence of a defense re-
quest or objection. Recognizing our authority to grant relief in spite of Appel-
lant’s waiver and forfeiture, see United States v. Hardy, 77 M.J. 438, 443
(C.A.A.F. 2018), we find such action is not warranted in this case.
B. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
1. Law
We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 866; United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002)
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United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
(citation omitted). Our assessment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to
the evidence produced at trial. United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A.
1993) (citations omitted).
The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citation omitted); see also
United States v. Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2002). “[I]n resolving
questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every reasonable inference
from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.” United States v.
Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Turner, 25 M.J. at 325; see also United States v. Reed, 54 M.J. 37, 41
(C.A.A.F. 2000). “In conducting this unique appellate role, we take ‘a fresh,
impartial look at the evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption of innocence
nor a presumption of guilt’ to ‘make [our] own independent determination as
to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting Washington, 57 M.J. at 399), aff’d,
77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018). “The term reasonable doubt . . . does not mean
that the evidence must be free from conflict.” Id. (citing United States v. Lips,
22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986)).
2. Factual Sufficiency of Sexual Assault
The elements of Specifications 1 through 4 of Charge I, which allege the
offense of sexual assault of a child in violation of Article 120b, UCMJ, of which
Appellant was convicted, include: (1) that on the dates alleged, Appellant com-
mitted the specified sexual act—penetration of the vulva, anus, or mouth with
his penis—on the named victim; and (2) that at the time the victim had at-
tained the age of 12 years but had not attained the age of 16 years. See Manual
for Courts-Martial, United States, pt. IV, ¶ 45b.a.(b), (2012 ed.) (2012 MCM).
The Government was not required to prove Appellant knew CL or AS were
under 16 years of age when the acts occurred. See Article 120b(d)(2), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 920b(d)(2).
With regard to his conviction for sexually assaulting CL, Specification 4 of
Charge I, Appellant contends that CL’s memory and testimony regarding her
sexual activity with Appellant after he joined the Air Force were unclear. We
agree that CL’s testimony regarding the exact number and overall timeframe
of her encounters with Appellant after August 2013 was not clear. However,
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United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
CL was clear that she engaged in oral sex with Appellant on at least one occa-
sion on or about 31 December 2013, as the court members found. This testi-
mony was bolstered by Facebook message exchanges between Appellant and
CL that the Government introduced, which included the following from 27 Oc-
tober 2013:
[Appellant (APP):] My d[**]k wants to talk to your mouth again.
[]
[CL:] Too bad. [ ] s[**]k it yourself lol
[APP:] Nah. I can get you to do it when I get back in VA. [ ]
[APP:] Lol trust me on that.
....
[APP:] Then you’ll be back s[**]king me off for Xmas. [ ]
CL’s testimony was further supported by evidence that Appellant was on
leave in Norfolk between 21 December 2013 and 2 January 2014.
With regard to the sexual assaults against AS, on appeal as at trial Appel-
lant does not contend that he did not engage in sexual intercourse with AS
after he joined the Air Force. AS’s testimony in that regard is strongly sup-
ported by other evidence. For example, the Air Force Office of Special Investi-
gations (AFOSI) arranged a pretext phone call from AS to Appellant in which
he acknowledged having sex with her during 2014.
Instead of contesting whether sexual intercourse occurred, Appellant con-
tends the Government “did not disprove” that Appellant had a mistake of fact
as to AS’s age. As the military judge instructed the court members, an honest
and reasonable mistake as to AS’s age would be a defense to Specifications 1,
2, and 3 of Charge I; however, the burden was on the Defense to establish by a
preponderance of evidence that Appellant was under such a mistaken belief.
Article 120b(d)(2), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b(d)(2). We do not find Appellant held
such an honest and reasonable mistaken belief as to AS’s age. AS testified
clearly that Appellant knew her age. Although they attended different schools,
AS had talked with Appellant about the fact that she was a freshman when
they met. In particular, as described above, AS testified that on one occasion
before Appellant joined the Air Force she asked him if it was “weird” that Ap-
pellant wanted to “mess around” with her because she was only 14 years old at
the time, and Appellant “was like no, because the youngest girl [Appellant
would] have sex with is 12.” Furthermore, Appellant knew AS’s friend D
through whom Appellant and AS first met; like AS, D was a 14-year-old fresh-
man in the spring of 2013. In addition, Appellant tacitly acknowledged he knew
AS was underage when she called him at AFOSI’s behest on the false pretext
that she was concerned about disease. AS asked Appellant, “I’m not trying to
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like put you like on the spot or anything, but like you didn’t have [herpes] when
I was 14, right?” Appellant responded, “No, and I don’t have it at all.”
Appellant cites certain conversations or exchanges AS had with Appellant
as supporting a reasonable mistake on his part as to her age. Although the
evidence was sufficient to warrant the military judge’s instruction to the mem-
bers on the defense of mistake of fact as to age, there was no evidence AS spe-
cifically lied to Appellant about her age. Moreover, for the most part, the con-
text and content of the exchanges about marriage, jobs, suspected pregnancy,
and AS joining the military to which Appellant refers did not particularly sug-
gest AS was at least 16 years old. Two of the exchanges were potentially more
probative. In the fall of 2014, Appellant asked AS via Facebook whether she
would be a junior or senior in high school that year, and AS responded that she
was “supposed” to be a senior but she had failed too many classes. At trial, AS
explained the context for this statement was that she had wanted to graduate
early from high school after her junior year, and in that sense she was “sup-
posed” to be a senior. In addition, AS acknowledged on one occasion Appellant
asked her to drive to meet him, to which AS responded not that she was too
young but that she did not have a car. Nevertheless, considering the weight of
the evidence, and recognizing that unlike the court members we did not per-
sonally observe the witnesses, we do not find Appellant was honestly and rea-
sonably mistaken as to AS’s age. See Turner, 25 M.J. at 325.
Having weighed the evidence in the record of trial and having made allow-
ances for not having personally observed the witnesses, we are convinced of
Appellant’s guilt of sexual assault beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we
find Appellant’s convictions of Charge I and its specifications factually suffi-
cient. See id.
3. Legal and Factual Sufficiency of Extortion
The military judge instructed the court members on the elements and def-
initions regarding the Specification of Charge II, the offense of extortion in vi-
olation of Article 127, UCMJ, of which Appellant was convicted:
One, that between on or about 27 October 2013 and on or about
31 December 2014, on divers occasions, within the Common-
wealth of Virginia, [Appellant] communicated an intent to pub-
licize an image of [CL] performing oral sex on him;
Two, that the communication was made known to [CL];
Three, that the language used by [Appellant] was a threat, that
is, a clear and present intent to injure the reputation of another
presently or in the future;
12
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
Four, that such communication was wrongful, and without jus-
tification or excuse; and
Five, that [Appellant] thereby intended unlawfully to obtain the
performance of oral sex upon himself, which was an advantage.
....
An intent to obtain any advantage may include an intent to
make a person do an act against her will
See 2012 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 53.b.; Military Judges’ Benchbook, Dept. of the Army
Pamphlet 27–9 at 712–13 (10 Sep. 2014).
Appellant concedes that obtaining the performance of oral sex upon himself
constitutes an “advantage” for purposes of Article 127, UCMJ. See United
States v. Hicks, 24 M.J. 3, 5 (C.M.A. 1987). However, he points to additional
language in the Manual for Courts-Martial clarifying that “an intent to make
a person do an act against that person’s will is not, by itself, sufficient to con-
stitute extortion.” 2012 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 53.c.(4). Appellant contends the speci-
fication in question and the evidence in this case indicate “that [his] alleged
extortion involved merely an alleged intent to make CL perform oral sex on
Appellant against her will,” and is therefore legally insufficient. We disagree.
The specification and evidence together indicate Appellant did not merely
intend to have CL do something against her will; he also intended to obtain
something of value—that is, CL’s performance of oral sex upon him. The CAAF
considered similar circumstances and argument in United States v. Brown, 67
M.J. 147 (C.A.A.F. 2009). In Brown, the appellant used threats to publicize a
recording of the victim engaging in sexual acts to try to obtain sexual favors
from the victim. Id. at 148. The CAAF concluded:
[I]n addition to alleging that Appellant sought to have [the vic-
tim] engage in an act against her will, the specification further
alleged that Appellant intended to obtain an advantage through
her participation with him in sexual relations. As such, the spec-
ification did not rely solely, or “by itself,” on an allegation that
Appella[nt] sought to have her engage in an act against her will.
Id. at 149. Similarly, in the instant case the specification and evidence demon-
strate Appellant intended both to have CL do something against her will and
to obtain an advantage. Appellant fails to distinguish Brown in any meaningful
way, and we find the specification legally sufficient.
With regard to factual sufficiency, Appellant contends CL’s testimony “re-
veals that there was no extortion [because] she saw the image, asked Appellant
to delete it, and it was never seen again.” However, it hardly follows that CL
knew Appellant did not have a sexually explicit photo of her that he might
13
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
threaten to publicize. To the contrary, CL testified that she asked Appellant to
delete the picture and he refused. She further testified that after Appellant
joined the Air Force he would “ask for bl[**]jobs and if I said no he would bring
up the picture,” which he threatened to “post.” CL testified she believed Appel-
lant was serious and agreed that “every time that [she] gave him a bl[**]job
after he got back from the Air Force . . . he use[d] the picture every time [sic]
to sort of make [her] do it.” Again, CL’s testimony was supported by Facebook
messages, such as the exchange from 27 October 2013 quoted above and the
following from 26 May 2014 and 14 June 2014:
[CL:] What c:
[APP:] Oh nothing, just about to post pics to [Facebook]. c:
[CL:] No no no no!
[APP:] I mean you keep blocking me, so I guess it’s ok if I block
you on that acct then post them, right? xD
[CL:] No please don’t
....
[APP:] So about that bj! ;D
[CL:] who said you were gonna get one
[APP:] the pictures on my laptop. [ ]
[CL:] dont you dare start this s[**]t again
CL testified that in addition to the Facebook messages she and Appellant also
sent text messages to one another on their phones between October 2013 and
May 2014, and there were “a lot more text messages” than Facebook messages.
These phone text messages included “inappropriate” conversations. However,
due to the lapse of time investigators could not recover these phone texts.
We acknowledge the Specification of Charge II alleges Appellant committed
the offense “within the Commonwealth of Virginia.” Therefore, Appellant’s
27 October 2013 Facebook message, evidently sent while Appellant was in
training outside of Virginia, would not itself constitute an act of extortion al-
leged in the Specification, although it was evidence relevant to both the
charged extortion and sexual assault against CL. Similarly, we acknowledge
the 26 May 2014 message about “blocking” accounts quoted above, while indi-
cating CL reasonably believed Appellant had embarrassing photos of her, did
not refer to Appellant’s desire to have any sexual act performed and would also
not qualify as an act of extortion as charged. Furthermore, we recognize the
court members found Appellant guilty of only a single sexual assault against
CL on or about 31 December 2013. However, we find CL’s testimony that Ap-
pellant used the explicit picture to compel her “every time” she performed oral
14
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
sex on Appellant after he joined the Air Force, coupled with the 14 June 2014
Facebook message that did refer to oral sex, supported by the other evidence
in the case, are sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction for extorting CL on
“divers occasions”—that is, more than once.
Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” the evidence was legally sufficient to support Appellant’s con-
viction for extorting CL on divers occasions beyond a reasonable doubt. Barner,
56 M.J. at 134. Moreover, having weighed the evidence in the record of trial
and having made allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses,
we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Turner,
25 M.J. at 325. Appellant’s conviction of Charge II and its Specification is
therefore both legally and factually sufficient.
4. Legal and Factual Sufficiency of Producing Child Pornography
The military judge instructed the court members on the elements and def-
initions regarding the Specification of Charge III, the offense of production of
child pornography in violation of Article 134, UCMJ, of which Appellant was
convicted:
One, that between on or about 1 July 2014 and on or about 8
July 2014, within the Commonwealth of Virginia, [Appellant]
knowingly and wrongfully produced child pornography, to wit: a
video of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct; and
Two, that under the circumstances, the conduct of [Appellant]
was of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.
....
“Child pornography” means material that contains a visual de-
piction of an actual minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct.
....
“Sexually explicit conduct” means actual or simulated sexual in-
tercourse or sodomy, including oral-genital, whether between
persons of the same or opposite sex.
See 2012 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 68b.b.(4), 68b.c.
On appeal, Appellant attacks the legal and factual sufficiency of his convic-
tion for producing child pornography because the Government failed to intro-
duce the alleged video of AS itself or any forensic evidence of it. In the absence
of such evidence, Appellant contends AS’s testimony is insufficiently credible
to prove such a video existed. Furthermore, Appellant argues that without the
video itself the evidence “fails to satisfy” the six factors developed in United
States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828, 832 (S.D. Cal. 1986), aff’d sub nom. United
15
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
States v. Wiegand, 812 F.2d 1239 (9th Cir. 1987), adopted by the CAAF and
widely employed across the federal circuits for assessing whether a particular
image constitutes a “lascivious exhibition” of the genitals or pubic area. See
United States v. Roderick, 62 M.J. 425, 429–30 (C.A.A.F. 2006). 3 We are not
persuaded by Appellant’s argument.
We have previously affirmed litigated convictions for child pornography of-
fenses where the Government was unable to introduce the subject images at
trial. See, e.g., United States v. Harrower, No. ACM 39127, 2018 CCA LEXIS
46, at *10–12 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 26 Jan. 2018) (unpub. op.). “[T]he essential
question is not whether the Government is able to introduce the sexually ex-
plicit images . . . rather, the question is whether the evidence that was intro-
duced establishes each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.
at *11. In this case, AS’s testimony does so. AS testified that on the night of 3–
4 July 2014 in Norfolk she saw Appellant record a video of her when she was
performing oral sex on him. Appellant showed the video to her. It was approx-
imately ten seconds long; on the video AS saw her face and Appellant’s penis
inside her mouth. AS was 15 years old at the time and Appellant knew how old
she was. We readily conclude such conduct was in fact of a nature to bring
discredit upon the armed forces. Thus AS’s testimony establishes all of the el-
ements of the offense as described above, including that Appellant created a
visual depiction of an actual minor engaged in actual oral-genital sexual inter-
course.
We do not find Appellant’s challenges to AS’s credibility persuasive. Appel-
lant exaggerates the significance and disregards the context of certain in-
stances of AS “lying” or failing to disclose information to Appellant during their
relationship. Similarly, the fact that AS did not bring up the oral sex video
3 The Dost factors include:
(1) whether the focal point of the visual depiction is on the child’s gen-
italia or pubic area;
(2) whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually suggestive,
i.e. in a place or pose generally associated with sexual activity;
(3) whether the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappro-
priate attire, considering the age of the child;
(4) whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude;
(5) whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a willing-
ness to engage in sexual activity; [and]
(6) whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to elicit a sex-
ual response in the viewer.
Roderick, 62 M.J. at 429 (citing Dost, 636 F. Supp. at 832).
16
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
during her initial interview with investigators, and that she originally esti-
mated the video incident occurred on the night of 4 July 2014 rather than the
night of 3 July 2014, are more indicative of simple mistakes or temporary
memory lapses during the intervening two years than of an intent to deceive.
We are unsurprised that the court members were not persuaded by these mi-
nor discrepancies; we are not persuaded either.
As for the Dost factors, they are inapposite. Appellant’s conviction did not
depend on a finding of a “lascivious exhibition.” The visual depiction of a known
minor engaged in actual oral-genital sexual intercourse constitutes child por-
nography for purposes of Article 134, UCMJ. See 2012 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 68b.c.
AS’s testimony that she saw her face with Appellant’s penis in her mouth on
the video Appellant made demonstrates the video was in fact child pornogra-
phy, regardless of an analysis of the Dost factors.
Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” the evidence was legally sufficient to support Appellant’s con-
viction for production of child pornography beyond a reasonable doubt. Barner,
56 M.J. at 134. Moreover, having weighed the evidence in the record of trial
and having made allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses,
we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Turner,
25 M.J. at 325. Appellant’s conviction of Charge III and its Specification is
therefore both legally and factually sufficient.
C. Major or Minor Change to Specification
1. Additional Background
At the time Appellant was arraigned the Specification of Charge II, alleging
extortion in violation of Article 127, UCMJ, read as follows:
In that [Appellant] . . . did, within the Commonwealth of Vir-
ginia, between on or about 2 August 2014 and on or about 31
December 2014, on divers occasions, with intent unlawfully to
obtain an advantage, to wit, the performance of oral sex upon
[Appellant], communicate to [CL] a threat to publicize an image
of [CL] performing oral sex on him.
As described above, at trial CL testified that at some point after Appellant
joined the Air Force in August 2013 he resumed pressuring her to perform oral
sex by referring to the picture of her performing oral sex that he had previously
taken. CL testified that as a result she subsequently performed oral sex on
Appellant approximately five times. CL testified these sexual encounters
ended after New Year’s Day of 2014 when Appellant “just stopped talking to
[her] about bl[**]jobs and stuff.” The Government also introduced a number of
Facebook messages between Appellant and CL, including exchanges from 27
17
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
October 2013 and 14 June 2014—quoted above in our discussion of factual suf-
ficiency—apparently referring to Appellant’s ability to pressure CL to perform
oral sex. However, the Government introduced only one relatively brief text
exchange from within the originally-charged time frame commencing on or
about 2 August 2014; dated 18 September 2014, this exchange did not refer to
oral sex or to any image of CL.
After the Government rested its case on findings, trial counsel moved to
make a “minor change” to the Specification of Charge II pursuant to Rule for
Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 603(c). Trial counsel explained that “evidence at trial
has reflected that the start date of the timeframe of this offense should date
back to 27 October 2013 to encompass the divers language as charged.” The
Defense objected. Civilian defense counsel argued that the Defense had inade-
quate notice of the proposed change. In addition, he argued the change was
“highly prejudicial” because it extended the time frame to points in time when
CL was under 16 years old, which made the offense “more serious.” Civilian
defense counsel also argued the change to the extortion specification aggra-
vated the charged sexual assault against CL between on or about 20 August
2013 and on or about 20 June 2014 because it indicated CL was not only un-
derage but non-consenting.
In an oral ruling the military judge permitted the Government to amend
the specification by replacing the date “2 August 2014” with the date “27 Octo-
ber 2013,” as requested. The military judge groused that “this is a poorly
charged case” and that she did not like “the timing;” however, she found “the
case law allows for changes to the charge sheet, even up through findings being
announced.” She further found the requested change “doesn’t result in an ad-
ditional or different offense” and did not “prejudice [Appellant’s] substantial
rights.” Furthermore, she relied on United States v. Whitt, 21 M.J. 658
(A.C.M.R. 1985), rev. denied, 22 M.J. 357 (C.M.A. 1986), cited by the Govern-
ment, for the proposition that “this length of time, which is just under a year
that the trial counsel wants to back up this charged timeframe, that’s perfectly
acceptable under the case law.”4 The court members convicted Appellant of the
modified specification.
2. Law
“Whether a change made to a specification is minor is a matter of statutory
interpretation and is reviewed de novo.” United States v. Reese, 76 M.J. 297,
4The court in Whitt found “the change of the date by one year [was] not a major change
resulting in a new offense,” although the change did implicate the statute of limitations
which required the finding of guilty to be set aside. 21 M.J. at 661–62.
18
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
300 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citing United States v. Atchak, 75 M.J. 193, 195 (C.A.A.F.
2016)).
“Minor changes in charges and specifications are any except those which
add a party, offenses, or substantial matter not fairly included in those previ-
ously preferred, or which are likely to mislead the accused as to the offenses
charged.” R.C.M. 603(a). “After arraignment the military judge may, upon mo-
tion, permit minor changes in the charges and specifications at any time before
findings are announced if no substantial right of the accused is prejudiced.”
R.C.M. 603(c). Major changes “may not be made over the objection of the ac-
cused unless the charge or specification affected is preferred anew,” regardless
of any demonstration of prejudice. R.C.M. 603(d); see Reese, 76 M.J. at 301–02.
3. Analysis
Appellant contends the military judge erroneously permitted the Govern-
ment to make a major change to the Specification of Charge II by expanding
the charged time frame from “between on or about 2 August 2014 and on or
about 31 December 2014” to “between on or about 27 October 2013 and on or
about 31 December 2014” over the Defense’s objection. We echo the military
judge’s opinion that the case was “poorly charged” in this respect and we find
the events at trial betray the Prosecution’s lack of familiarity with its case.
Nevertheless, we are not persuaded the military judge erred by permitting the
change.
The military judge may permit minor changes in a specification “at any
time before findings are announced,” provided that “no substantial right of the
accused is prejudiced.” R.C.M. 603(c) (emphasis added). Therefore, we must
resolve whether the change was minor, and if so, whether it nevertheless prej-
udiced Appellant’s substantial rights. The rule establishes a presumption that
a change is minor unless it “add[s] a party, offenses, or substantial matter not
fairly included in those previously preferred” or is “likely to mislead the ac-
cused as to the offenses charged.” R.C.M. 603(a). The change at issue did not
“add a party” or modify any language with respect to the location or nature of
the alleged criminal acts. The only change was to the initial date of the charged
time period. A change in the alleged date of an offense is not necessarily a
major change. See United States v. Brown, 34 M.J. 105, 110 (C.M.A. 1992),
overruled on other grounds by Reese, 76 M.J. at 302 (“[T]he date of the alleged
[offense] was not offense-defining and could properly be considered minor
. . . .”); Whitt, 21 M.J. at 661 (“We find that the change of date [of the alleged
offense] by one year is not a major change . . . .”); cf. United States v. Parker,
59 M.J. 195, 197 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (“Changing the date or place of the offense [by
exceptions and substitutions] may, but does not necessarily, change the nature
or identity of the offense.” (quoting R.C.M. 918(a)(1), Discussion)). A change in
19
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
the alleged date may be a major change in a particular case if the date is “of-
fense-defining” or if time is somehow “of the essence” with respect to the of-
fense. Brown, 34 M.J. at 110 (citations omitted); see United States v. Wray, 17
M.J. 375, 376 (C.M.A. 1984) (finding a fatal variance where appellant was
charged on the theory of larceny by taking on one date but found guilty of lar-
ceny by withholding on a later date). However, in Appellant’s case the date
change did not affect the nature of the offense, only the time frame in which it
occurred.
We have considered whether the fact that Appellant was charged with ex-
torting CL “on divers occasions” gave the expansion of the date range the effect
of adding “offenses” to the specification. See United States v. Stout, ARMY
20120592, 2018 CCA LEXIS 174, at *14 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 9 Apr. 2018) (unpub.
op.), rev. granted, 78 M.J. 93 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (“[S]ince the specifications did not
include ‘on divers occasions’ language, no additional offenses were alleged by
the changes in the date range for the specifications.”) Notwithstanding the im-
plications of our sister court’s analysis in Stout, we find the change did not add
“offenses.” First, we note that our predecessor court previously found no abuse
of discretion where a trial judge permitted the expansion of the time frame of
offenses alleged on divers occasions over defense objection—implying the ex-
pansion was a minor change rather than a major change. See United States v.
Hartzog, No. ACM 29055, 1992 CMR LEXIS 794, at *8–10 (A.F.C.M.R. 9 Nov.
1992) (unpub. op.). In addition, the charging of an offense on divers occasions
over a number of months is inherently facially ambiguous as to the exact num-
ber and dates of the criminal acts. Expanding the date range did not “add an
offense” or necessarily increase the number of criminal acts the Government
sought to prove; rather, it was the same alleged offense applied to a different
time period. In this case, the date was not “offense-defining.” See Brown, 34
M.J. at 110 (citation omitted); United States v. Brown, 16 C.M.R. 257, 261
(C.M.A. 1954) (citing alleged violations of a “Sunday ‘blue law’” or statutory
rape as cases where the date may be “of the essence of the crime”). Although a
change to the alleged date may “add an offense” in some circumstances, in this
case we find it did not.
Nevertheless, although the parties, offense, and substance of the specifica-
tion remained the same, the change would still be a major one if it was “likely
to mislead the accused as to the offenses charged.” R.C.M. 603(a). At trial the
Defense contended Appellant was prejudiced by surprise and the lack of notice
of the change. Although we agree the Prosecution could and should have re-
quested the change sooner, and the military judge might have refused to per-
mit the requested change, we are not persuaded the change surprised or misled
the Defense in a manner that appreciably harmed Appellant’s ability to defend
the case. In opposing the proposed change civilian defense counsel referred to
a “notice problem” but did not articulate any specific way in which the Defense
20
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
had been prejudiced with regard to the presentation of evidence. On appeal,
Appellant fails to articulate what the Defense did or failed to do at trial as a
result of being misled by the change. The Defense did not request to recall CL
or any witness for additional cross-examination, or for a delay in order to fur-
ther prepare its case on findings. During the presentation of evidence trial de-
fense counsel demonstrated their familiarity with the substance of the mes-
sages between Appellant and CL spanning the modified charged time frame.
Furthermore, the evidence relevant to the expanded time frame for the extor-
tion of CL was already admissible and a matter of litigation by the parties due
to its relevance to the charged sexual assault against CL. Accordingly, under
the circumstances we do not find the change was “likely to mislead” Appellant
with regard to what he had to defend against.
Having concluded the change was not “major,” we must next determine
whether the minor change nevertheless prejudiced Appellant’s substantial
rights and was therefore prohibited by R.C.M. 603(c). We find it did not. For
the reasons stated above, we find Appellant had adequate notice to defend
against the modified charge. Moreover, his punitive exposure was not in-
creased. We are not persuaded by civilian defense counsel’s arguments that the
modification effectively aggravated either the charged extortion or sexual as-
sault against CL. The same evidence was admissible regardless of the change,
the nature of the offenses was not altered, and the modification had no impact
on the maximum potential punishment. Accordingly, we find the military judge
did not err by permitting the minor change to the Specification of Charge II.
D. Trial Counsel’s Closing Argument
1. Additional Background
During findings argument, civilian defense counsel suggested that Appel-
lant did not know AS’s true age because, inter alia, they were not in the same
“peer group” or “age group.” During rebuttal, trial counsel attempted to counter
this argument by referring to a Facebook message Appellant had sent stating
that he “like[d] f[**]king with freshman [sic].” Trial counsel’s argument drew
an objection from civilian defense counsel that trial counsel had mischaracter-
ized the evidence because the message in question was sent to CL rather than
to AS. Trial counsel acknowledged it was a message to CL. The military judge
sustained the objection.
After trial counsel’s rebuttal argument, civilian defense counsel requested
surrebuttal on this portion of the argument. Civilian defense counsel con-
tended to the military judge that trial counsel had “so far mischaracterized”
the evidence that it “thoroughly confus[ed]” the Defense’s distinct arguments
with respect to CL and AS, and that trial counsel had done so “on purpose.”
The military judge granted civilian defense counsel’s request for surrebuttal
21
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
argument to be followed by an opportunity for additional rebuttal argument by
trial counsel. During surrebuttal, civilian defense counsel argued trial counsel
erroneously used evidence of a message between Appellant and CL to argue
Appellant did not have a reasonable mistake of fact as to AS’s age.
Trial counsel then made the following additional rebuttal argument:
I apologize that I said [CL]--or I’m sorry [AS] instead of [CL].
What I was rebutting was what the defense counsel said that
[AS] and [her] peer group was not the same peer group as [Ap-
pellant]. And you have in [CL]’s text messages where he says, “I
like f[**]king with freshman [sic].” That is what [AS] was when
he met her, that is what [CL] was when he met her. Don’t fall
for smoke and mirrors.
(Emphasis added). The Defense did not object to trial counsel’s additional re-
buttal argument.
2. Law
Improper argument is a question of law that we review de novo. United
States v. Frey, 73 M.J. 245, 248 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (citation omitted). When there
is no objection at trial, we review the propriety of trial counsel’s argument for
plain error. United States v. Halpin, 71 M.J. 477, 479 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (citation
omitted). To prevail under a plain error analysis, Appellant must show “(1)
there was an error; (2) it was plain or obvious; and (3) the error materially
prejudiced a substantial right.” Erickson, 65 M.J. at 223 (citations omitted).
“The legal test for improper argument is whether the argument was erro-
neous and whether it materially prejudiced the substantial rights of the ac-
cused.” Frey, 73 M.J. at 248 (quoting United States v. Baer, 53 M.J. 235, 237
(C.A.A.F. 2000)). “[I]t is . . . improper for a trial counsel to attempt to win favor
with the members by maligning defense counsel.” United States v. Fletcher, 62
M.J. 175, 181 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citations omitted). “A prosecutorial comment
must be examined in light of its context within the entire court-martial.”
United States v. Carter, 61 M.J. 30, 33 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citation omitted). In
assessing prejudice from improper findings argument, we balance three fac-
tors: (1) the severity of the misconduct; (2) the measures, if any, adopted to
cure the misconduct; and (3) the weight of the evidence supporting the convic-
tion. Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 184. “In other words, prosecutorial misconduct by a
trial counsel will require reversal when the trial counsel’s comments, taken as
a whole, were so damaging that we cannot be confident that the members con-
victed the appellant on the basis of the evidence alone.” Id.
22
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
3. Analysis
Appellant contends that trial counsel’s advice to the court members not to
“fall for smoke and mirrors” was an inappropriate disparagement of civilian
defense counsel. Appellant argues the military judge’s failure to intervene sua
sponte to this “improper crescendo” of trial counsel’s argument constituted
plain error that was not harmless. We disagree.
We have previously found that a trial counsel’s employment of the “smoke
and mirrors” metaphor in reference to defense arguments is not inevitably
prosecutorial misconduct. See, e.g., United States v. Condon, No. ACM 38765,
2017 CCA LEXIS 187, at *47–51 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 10 A.K. Marsh. 2017) (unpub.
op.), aff’d, 77 M.J. 244 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (finding trial counsel’s reference to
smoke and mirrors was an attempt to “highlight the weaknesses in the De-
fense’s arguments” rather than a personal attack on counsel). Similarly,
viewed in context, in this case trial counsel’s reference to “smoke and mirrors”
addressed the perceived weakness of civilian defense counsel’s argument on
the narrow point that had become the focus of the surrebuttal and additional
rebuttal arguments, rather than accusing the Defense of fabrication or dishon-
esty. We do not find a “plain or obvious” error that required the military judge
to intervene in the absence of an objection. See Erickson, 65 M.J. at 223.
Assuming arguendo the comment was improper, we find Appellant was not
prejudiced by it. First and foremost, we find the severity of the misconduct was
minimal. The phrase was a fleeting comment at the very end of an unplanned
additional rebuttal rather than a theme of trial counsel’s argument. The sub-
ject of the surrebuttal and additional rebuttal was not any supposed impropri-
ety on the Defense’s part, but an assertedly mistaken reference during trial
counsel’s rebuttal argument to which the military judge sustained an objection
and for which trial counsel accepted responsibility. The “smoke and mirrors”
comment went to the reasoning behind civilian defense counsel’s argument ra-
ther than to his conduct or character. It is true that the military judge did not
implement corrective measures sua sponte, but she did provide the court mem-
bers standard findings instructions that “the arguments of counsel are not ev-
idence,” and the members “must base the determination of the issues in the
case on the evidence as [they] remember it and apply the law as [the military
judge] instruct[s] them.” Finally, the evidence supporting Appellant’s convic-
tions for offenses against AS was solid as described above in our analysis of
factual sufficiency. Considering all factors together, we conclude that any error
by the military judge was not “so damaging that we cannot be confident” that
the members convicted Appellant “on the basis of the evidence alone.” Fletcher,
62 M.J. at 184.
23
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
E. Sentence Appropriateness
1. Law
We review issues of sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v.
Lane, 64 M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Cole, 31 M.J. 270,
272 (C.M.A. 1990)). We may affirm only as much of the sentence as we find
correct in law and fact and determine should be approved on the basis of the
entire record. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c) (2016). “We assess sen-
tence appropriateness by considering the particular appellant, the nature and
seriousness of the offense[s], the appellant’s record of service, and all matters
contained in the record of trial.” United States v. Sauk, 74 M.J. 594, 606 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. 2015) (en banc) (alteration in original) (quoting United States
v. Anderson, 67 M.J. 703, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2009) (per curiam)). Alt-
hough we have great discretion to determine whether a sentence is appropri-
ate, we have no authority to grant mercy. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138,
146 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation omitted).
2. Analysis
Appellant asserts his punishment—and in particular his sentence to 12
years in confinement—is inappropriately severe. He notes that he was a teen-
ager himself when he met CL and AS, who he asserts were his “social and
scholastic peers.” Appellant contends trial counsel’s sentencing argument ex-
aggerated his criminality and that Appellant’s good military record and char-
acter letters on his behalf weigh in his favor. Appellant argues we should ap-
prove no more than three years in confinement.
Although Appellant’s sentence is heavy, we cannot say it is unjust as a
matter of law. Appellant was convicted of serious sexual offenses against chil-
dren. At the time of the offenses Appellant was a 19- and 20-year-old Airman
who knew the illegality of his actions. 5 He faced a maximum punishment that
included, inter alia, confinement for 153 years. Furthermore, Appellant’s com-
ments and messages to AS and particularly to CL suggest a lack of remorse for
his actions that appears to have resonated with the court members. Having
given individualized consideration to Appellant, the nature and seriousness of
the offenses, Appellant’s record of service, and all other matters contained in
the record of trial, we cannot say the court members imposed an inappropri-
ately severe sentence.
5 On 27 October 2013—the same day he told CL she would be “back s[**]king [him] off
for Xmas”—Appellant informed CL he knew from his Air Force training that it was a
crime to have sex with anyone under the age of 16 years.
24
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
F. Post-Trial Errors
1. Additional Background
After trial, the acting staff judge advocate for the convening authority pre-
pared a staff judge advocate’s recommendation (SJAR) dated 31 August 2017
which provided, inter alia, the following advice:
For Charge II, and its specification [alleging extortion of CL],
you have the authority to approve or disapprove the finding of
guilt as that offense occurred prior to 24 June 2014. For the re-
maining findings of guilt, you only have the authority to approve
the findings of guilt and cannot dismiss the findings of guilt.
....
As the convening authority, you do not have the authority to dis-
approve, commute, or suspend in whole or in part the punitive
discharge or the confinement. You do have the authority to dis-
approve, commute or suspend in whole or in part the reduction
in rank or the forfeitures. . . . I recommend you approve the sen-
tence as adjudged.
Pursuant to R.C.M. 1105, trial defense counsel submitted a memorandum
dated 18 September 2017 with a number of attachments on Appellant’s behalf
for the convening authority’s consideration before taking action on the court-
martial. Trial defense counsel failed to object to or correct any erroneous advice
in the SJAR. To the contrary, trial defense counsel stated, inter alia:
[W]e ask that [Appellant’s] confinement be reduced. It is under-
stood that under the [National Defense Authorization Act] reg-
ulations [sic] from the last few years that at this time you may
not be able to act on this request . . . .
We ask that should it become possible, or if a higher authority
has the ability, that leniency be shown by reducing [Appellant’s]
confinement.
Appellant did not personally submit a clemency request or statement to the
convening authority.
The staff judge advocate’s addendum to the SJAR dated 22 September 2017
failed to address any errors in the SJAR or the clemency submission and it
advised that the “earlier recommendation remains unchanged.” The convening
authority approved the findings and the adjudged punishment.
2. Law
“The proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law the court
reviews de novo.” United States v. Zegarrundo, 77 M.J. 612, 613 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
25
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
Ohio App. 2018) (citing United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000)). Failure
to comment in a timely manner on matters in or attached to the SJAR forfeits
a later claim of error; we analyze such forfeited claims for plain error. Id. (ci-
tations omitted). “To prevail under a plain error analysis, Appellant must per-
suade this Court that: ‘(1) there was an error; (2) it was plain or obvious; and
(3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial right.’” United States v. Scalo,
60 M.J. 435, 436 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (quoting Kho, 54 M.J. at 65) (additional cita-
tion omitted). “To meet this burden in the context of a [SJAR] error, whether
that error is preserved or is otherwise considered under the plain error doc-
trine, an appellant must make ‘some colorable showing of possible prejudice.’”
Id. at 436–37 (quoting Kho, 54 M.J. at 65).
The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2014 mod-
ified Article 60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860, and limited the convening authority’s
ability to grant clemency. Pub. L. No. 113–66, § 1702, 127 Stat. 672, 955–58
(2013). The effective date of the change was 24 June 2014. Id. at 958. The mod-
ified Article 60, UCMJ, now permits the convening authority to set aside or
change a finding of guilty only with respect to “qualifying offenses,” specifically
offenses for which the maximum imposable term of confinement does not ex-
ceed two years and where the sentence adjudged does not include a punitive
discharge or confinement for more than six months. 6 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(3)(B),
(D) (2016). With respect to sentences, the pertinent text of the modified Article
60, UCMJ, now reads: “[T]he convening authority or another person authorized
to act under this section may not disapprove, commute, or suspend in whole or
in part an adjudged sentence of confinement for more than six months or a
sentence of dismissal, dishonorable discharge, or bad conduct discharge.” 10
U.S.C. § 860(c)(4)(A) (2016).
However, where a court-martial conviction involves an offense committed
before 24 June 2014 and an offense committed on or after 24 June 2014, the
convening authority has the same authority under Article 60 as was in effect
before 24 June 2014, except with respect to a mandatory minimum sentence
under Article 56(b), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 856(b). Carl Levin and Howard P.
“Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015, Pub.
L. No. 113–291, § 531, 128 Stat. 3292, 3365 (2014). Specifically, in such cases
the convening authority retains the authority to set aside any finding of guilty
or to change it to a finding of guilty to a lesser included offense, to disapprove
or mitigate the sentence in whole or in part, or to change a punishment to one
of a different nature so long as the severity is not increased. Exec. Order
13,730, 81 Fed. Reg. 33,331 (26 May 2016).
6Offenses under Articles 120, 120b, and 125, UCMJ, are specifically excepted from the
term “qualifying offense.” 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(3)(D)(ii) (2016).
26
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
3. Analysis
The legal advice in the SJAR provided to the convening authority was
plainly erroneous. The dates of five of the six specifications of which Appellant
was convicted “straddle” 24 June 2014, the effective date of the changes to Ar-
ticle 60, UCMJ, that curtailed the convening authority’s power to grant relief
with respect to the findings and sentence of a court-martial. Therefore, con-
trary to the SJAR, the convening authority in this case had the power to set
aside any of the findings of guilty and the power to disapprove, mitigate, or
modify the sentence in whole or in part. The acting staff judge advocate’s ad-
vice in the SJAR that the convening authority could disapprove the finding on
only one specification and could not modify the adjudged confinement, uncor-
rected and repeated by the staff judge advocate in the addendum, was simply
wrong.
A related but distinct error was the staff judge advocate’s failure to address
trial defense counsel’s evident misunderstanding of the convening authority’s
clemency authority. Trial defense counsel effectively conceded the erroneous
advice in the SJAR that the recent changes to Article 60, UCMJ, did not allow
the convening authority to grant the reduction in confinement the Defense
sought. In Zegarrundo, we found that a staff judge advocate’s failure to correct
a defense counsel’s erroneous advice in a clemency submission that the con-
vening authority lacked the power to disapprove confinement—even where the
SJAR itself contained correct advice—was plain error. 77 M.J. at 614; see
United States v. Addison, 75 M.J. 405 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (mem.). This case pre-
sents a similar situation. The fact that in this case the SJAR itself provided
incorrect advice perhaps makes the failure to correct the clemency submission
more predictable, but no less erroneous.
The Government attempts to distinguish Appellant’s situation from Zegar-
rundo on the basis that, notwithstanding the failure of the staff judge advocate
and the Defense to correctly advise the convening authority, trial defense coun-
sel nevertheless “still requested that the convening authority reduce the ad-
judged term of confinement” which was a request “the convening authority
could actually grant.” We are not persuaded. Given trial defense counsel’s ac-
quiescence to the advice in the SJAR, his request that Appellant’s confinement
“be reduced” had the effect of making a desire known to “higher authority” or
in the event there was an unexpected change in the law. It was far less than
an assertion that the convening authority could and should grant confinement
relief. Therefore, the same concerns with the sufficiency of the clemency sub-
missions in Zegarrundo and Addison are present here.
The Government further contends that Appellant was not prejudiced by
these errors because in light of his service record, the basis for his clemency
27
United States v. Simmons, No. ACM 39342
request, and the number and severity of his convictions, the convening author-
ity simply would not have granted relief. Again, we are not persuaded. Appel-
lant’s sentence was not inappropriately severe, but it was heavy—particularly
the 12-year term of confinement which was the focus of his clemency submis-
sion. 7 The SJAR advised the convening authority that he had no authority to
grant the exact relief the Defense sought. In addition, in response to the issues
specified by this court, Appellant has submitted a declaration stating that but
for trial defense counsel’s inaccurate advice to him that the convening author-
ity could not set aside his convictions or reduce his confinement, Appellant
would have written a letter to the convening authority and solicited letters on
his behalf from his friends and family. Appellant also submitted a declaration
from his mother stating that she had also been unaware of the convening au-
thority’s ability to grant clemency and listing a number of Appellant’s family
members and friends who would submit letters on his behalf. Under these cir-
cumstances, we find Appellant has made a more than adequate colorable show-
ing of possible prejudice from the post-trial errors in his case. Accordingly, a
new post-trial process and convening authority action are required.
III. CONCLUSION
The action of the convening authority is set aside. The record of trial is
returned to The Judge Advocate General for remand to the convening author-
ity for new post-trial processing with conflict-free defense counsel consistent
with this opinion. Article 66(e), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(e) (2016). Thereafter,
the record of trial will be returned to this court for completion of appellate re-
view under Article 66, UCMJ.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
7The court members adjudged the exact sentence trial counsel recommended during
sentencing argument.
28