United States v. Knarr ( 2020 )

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 39577
________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Nicholas A. KNARR
Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 3 June 2020
________________________
Military Judge: Joseph S. Imburgia.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 1 year, for-
feiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to E-1, and a reprimand.
Sentence adjudged 16 July 2018 by GCM convened at Kadena Air Base,
Japan.
For Appellant: Major Rodrigo M. Caruço, USAF; Tami L. Mitchell, Es-
quire; David P. Sheldon, Esquire.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant
Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF; Major Amanda L.K. Linares, USAF;
Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Chief Judge J. JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge POSCH and Judge KEY joined.
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PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT
________________________
J. JOHNSON, Chief Judge:
A general court-martial composed of a military judge alone convicted Ap-
pellant, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of attempted sexual abuse of
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
a child and one specification of solicitation to distribute child pornography, in
violation of Articles 80 and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10
U.S.C. §§ 880, 934. 1,2 The military judge sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable
discharge, confinement for one year, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, re-
duction to the grade of E-1, and a reprimand. The convening authority ap-
proved the dishonorable discharge, confinement, reduction in grade, and rep-
rimand, but disapproved the adjudged forfeitures. In addition, the convening
authority deferred the adjudged and mandatory forfeitures and the reduction
in grade until action pursuant to Articles 57(a) and 58b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§§ 857(a), 858b, and waived mandatory forfeitures for the benefit of Appellant’s
dependent spouse and child until the earlier of six months or the expiration of
Appellant’s term of service pursuant to Article 58b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 858b.
Appellant raises seven issues: (1) whether the evidence is legally and fac-
tually sufficient to support his convictions; (2) whether Appellant’s statements
charged in the Specification of Charge I are protected by the First Amend-
ment; 3 (3) whether the military judge erred by permitting law enforcement
agents to testify about how individuals other than Appellant responded to per-
sonal advertisements; (4) whether the military judge erred in admitting evi-
dence that Appellant received “inappropriate” images from a minor under Mil.
R. Evid. 404(b); (5) whether the military judge erred in permitting a prosecu-
tion witness to testify as an expert in digital forensics; (6) whether the military
judge abused his discretion by granting a continuance requested by the Gov-
ernment; and (7) whether Appellant’s sentence to a dishonorable discharge is
inappropriately severe. 4 In addition, although not raised by Appellant, we con-
sider whether Appellant is entitled to relief for facially unreasonable post-trial
delay. We have carefully considered issue (6) and find it does not require fur-
ther discussion or warrant relief. See United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 361
(C.M.A. 1987). As to the remaining issues, we find no error materially prejudi-
cial to Appellant’s substantial rights, and we affirm the findings and sentence.
1 All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), Rules
for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.), and Military Rules of Evidence are to the Manual for
Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.).
2The military judge made minor exceptions and substitutions to both specifications
which are not pertinent to the issues on appeal.
3 U.S. CONST. amend. I.
4Appellant personally raises issues (5), (6), and (7) pursuant to United States v.
Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1992).
2
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant was stationed and lived on Kadena Air Base (AB), Okinawa, Ja-
pan, on 8 February 2017 when he saw a personal advertisement in the “casual
encounters” section of Craigslist for the Okinawa geographic region. 5 The ad-
vertisement read, “New to island. Fresh daughter looking for a date. Mu$t be
serious and discrete. Tell me what you are looking for.” Appellant responded,
“Im looking for some discreet no strings f*cking. What about you?” Appellant
attached a photo of his bare chest and one of his exposed penis. He received a
response from “Ella”: “oh my. im a bit young, is 14 ok with u? a lot of ppl freak
out[.]”
Appellant, who was 26 years old at the time, responded by admonishing,
“If you are 14 you legally cant post to craigslist.” However, he continued to
exchange messages with “Ella,” initially through Craigslist and then through
the Kik messaging application, for approximately two and a half months. He
learned that “Ella” lived with her single mother on Kadena AB. In the early
stages, Appellant did not make sexually-oriented comments or requests to
“Ella.” He asked her to delete the photos he sent, instructed her not to “say or
do anything inappropriate” because he was “no law breaker” and reiterated it
was “[n]ot legal for anything inappropriate so keep things pg.” However, as
time passed, Appellant repeatedly turned their exchanges to sexual topics.
Among other sexually-charged messages, Appellant asked “Ella” whether and
how she masturbated; told “Ella” that he wanted to have sexual intercourse
with her, and described his fantasies about doing so; speculated about where
he would ejaculate when they engaged in sex; and persistently urged her to
send him naked photos of herself. Appellant and “Ella” each sent the other five
non-explicit photos of themselves, but “Ella” declined to send Appellant any
naked photos. Appellant never made specific plans to meet “Ella” in person.
In reality, the Craigslist advertisement had been posted by Special Agent
(SA) KP, an agent of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) sta-
tioned on Okinawa. The messages Appellant received from “Ella” were sent at
various times by SA KP; another NCIS agent, SA SB; and Corporal (Cpl) HF,
a female Marine who was assigned to assist NCIS with this operation. The
image used as “Ella’s” Kik avatar was a photo of Cpl HF taken when she was
15 years old. The five photos “Ella” sent Appellant in the course of their corre-
spondence were photos of Cpl HF when she was 21 years old, in civilian cloth-
ing in a mock bedroom staged for the purpose by NCIS.
5 A Naval Criminal Investigative Service agent testifying for the Government de-
scribed Craigslist as “an online classified ads platform.”
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United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
NCIS informed the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) of its
operation, and an AFOSI agent was able to identify Appellant by tracing his
Internet Protocol address. AFOSI agents interviewed Appellant, and he wrote
a statement, portions of which the Government introduced at his court-mar-
tial. Appellant stated he had “made serious mistakes” and “want[ed] help.” Ap-
pellant acknowledged he had met several other underage females through da-
ting applications with whom he “talked inappropriately about having sex” and
“meeting up.” He also admitted that when he was 20 or 21 years old he “dated”
a 16-year-old girl who sent him “a large number of inappropriate photos.” Ap-
pellant admitted “all of these things that I have done are wrong,” admitted he
knew “these people were too young,” and apologized for his behavior. AFOSI
agents seized Appellant’s phone and sent it to the Defense Cyber Crime Center
(DC3) for analysis. The DC3 determined, inter alia, that Appellant’s phone had
been used to email “Ella,” and that the Kik messaging application had been
deleted from the phone shortly before Appellant’s AFOSI interview.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
1. Law
We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v.
Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). Our assess-
ment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to evidence produced at trial.
United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993) (citations omitted).
“The test for legal sufficiency is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Robinson, 77 M.J. 294, 297–98 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (quoting United States
v. Rosario, 76 M.J. 114, 117 (C.A.A.F. 2017)). “The term reasonable doubt, how-
ever, does not mean that the evidence must be free from conflict.” United States
v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (citing United States v.
Lips, 22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986)), aff’d, 77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
“[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every rea-
sonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.”
United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
As a result, “[t]he standard for legal sufficiency involves a very low threshold
to sustain a conviction.” United States v. King, 78 M.J. 218, 221 (C.A.A.F. 2019)
(alteration in original) (citation omitted).
The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
4
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
doubt.” United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987). “In conducting
this unique appellate role, we take ‘a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,’
applying ‘neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of guilt’ to
‘make [our] own independent determination as to whether the evidence consti-
tutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Wheeler, 76
M.J. at 568 (alteration in original) (quoting Washington, 57 M.J. at 399).
In order to find Appellant guilty of an attempt in violation of Article 80,
UCMJ, the military judge was required to find the following elements proven
beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that Appellant did a certain overt act; (2) that
the act was done with the specific intent to commit a certain offense under the
code; (3) that the act amounted to more than mere preparation; and (4) that
the act apparently tended to effect the commission of the intended offense.
Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (MCM), pt. IV, ¶ 4.b. The
elements for sexual abuse of a child by indecent communication in violation of
Article 120b, UCMJ, as charged here, required the Government to prove be-
yond a reasonable doubt: (1) Appellant intentionally communicated indecent
language to a child under the age of 16 years; and (2) he did so with the intent
to gratify his sexual desire. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45b.b.(4)(d). “‘Indecent’ lan-
guage is that which is grossly offensive to modesty, decency, or propriety, or
shocks the moral sense, because of its vulgar, filthy, or disgusting nature, or
its tendency to incite lustful thought. Language is indecent if it tends reason-
ably to corrupt morals or incite libidinous thoughts.” MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 89.c.
Appellant’s conviction for solicitation to commit an offense in violation of
Article 134, UCMJ, as charged here, required the military judge to find the
following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that Appellant solicited
“Ella” to commit a certain offense under the code; (2) that Appellant did so with
the intent that the offense actually be committed; and (3) that, under the cir-
cumstances, Appellant’s conduct was of a nature to bring discredit upon the
armed forces. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 105.b. The elements for distribution of child
pornography in violation of Article 134, UCMJ, include: (1) knowing and
wrongful distribution of child pornography to another; and (2) that, under the
circumstances, the conduct was prejudicial to good order and discipline in the
armed forces or of a nature to bring discredit on the armed forces. See MCM,
pt. IV, ¶ 68b.b.(3). “Child pornography” is defined as “material that contains
either an obscene visual depiction of a minor engaging in sexually explicit con-
duct or a visual depiction of an actual minor engaging in sexually explicit con-
duct.” MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 68b.c.(1). “Sexually explicit conduct” includes the “actual
or simulated . . . lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any per-
son.” MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 68b.c.(7).
2. Analysis
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United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
Appellant argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sup-
port his convictions. We consider each offense in turn.
a. Attempted Sexual Abuse of a Child (Charge I)
The Government’s proof of this offense was very strong. There is little room
for doubt that Appellant sent the charged messages to “Ella,” despite the fact
that she told him—and he acknowledged—that she was only 14 years old. The
Specification of Charge I quotes numerous sexually-oriented messages Appel-
lant sent “Ella,” including, as referenced above, questions about masturbation,
explicit references to engaging in sexual acts together, and requests for photos
of “Ella” either naked or clad only in underwear. We find such messages to a
14-year-old child qualify as “indecent,” and that Appellant intended to gratify
his sexual desire. Moreover, by sending the messages, Appellant committed an
overt act beyond mere preparation with the specific intent to commit the of-
fense of sexual abuse of a child, and his actions tended to bring about the com-
mission of the offense, but for the fact that “Ella” was not a real 14-year-old
girl.
On appeal, as at trial, Appellant defends on the basis that he knew law
enforcement was behind the “Ella” persona all along, and he did not actually
believe “Ella” was a real person. Appellant cites several potential weak points
in the NCIS operation as it related to him. For example, the advertisement
Appellant initially responded to was intended to portray a “bad dad” scenario,
where a purported parent was offering his minor daughter for sexual purposes.
When Appellant’s response suggested he misinterpreted the advertisement as
being from the “daughter” herself, the agent modified the scenario, which cre-
ated incongruity between the initial posting and the subsequent communica-
tions. In addition, Government witnesses conceded that having three different
individuals operate the “Ella” persona was not ideal, but the agents compen-
sated by reviewing the messages the other agents exchanged with Appellant,
and there are no obvious gaps in the continuity of the messages. The operation
relied on photos of Cpl HF, a 21-year-old woman, albeit a woman apparently
selected for her youthful appearance. Furthermore, as the Defense pointed out,
the NCIS posted multiple Craigslist advertisements for the Okinawa region at
the same time, and Appellant responded to others in addition to “Ella,” includ-
ing—briefly—a persona known as “Alexis” which also used the same avatar
photo of Cpl HF used for “Ella.”
However, Appellant’s messages to “Ella” never challenged her identity or
indicated he believed law enforcement agents were behind the persona. In-
stead, his messages consistently portray someone who found messaging with
“Ella” sexually stimulating and hoped to receive naked photos of her. Appel-
lant’s attempts to find nuances in his messages indicating his messages were
some sort of game with law enforcement are unconvincing, as are his claims
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United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
during his AFOSI interview that he did not believe “Ella” was real. It is possi-
ble that, at some late stage before he was summoned to AFOSI, Appellant even-
tually suspected or believed “Ella” was fictitious—in fact, trial counsel sug-
gested as much during the Government’s closing argument. However, we are
satisfied the messages charged in the Specification of Charge I were intended
for someone Appellant believed to be a 14-year-old girl.
b. Solicitation to Distribute Child Pornography (Charge II)
The Government’s proof that Appellant solicited “Ella” to distribute child
pornography was also strong. Appellant persistently requested and encour-
aged “Ella” to send him naked photographs of herself. In this context, he told
her that he wanted to see “everything,” including her “[c]hest booty and the
rest,” that other people had sent him a lot of “full nude[s],” and most telling,
that he wanted to see her “p***y” and her “c**ch,” which left little doubt that
Appellant solicited “Ella” to send him a lascivious display of her genitals. Such
a distribution would have been knowing and wrongful, and we further find
Appellant’s conduct was of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.
Of course, if Appellant had truly believed that law enforcement agents were
behind “Ella,” then he presumably never expected to receive child pornography
from them. However, we find this argument unconvincing for the reasons
stated above. Appellant correctly observes that “nude” photos of a child are not
necessarily child pornography; but as we have explained, Appellant’s requests
were more specific and solicited a lascivious display of “Ella’s” genitals.
Appellant raises another, more technical argument regarding the charged
solicitation. He contends that because “Ella” was not a real child and could not
send pictures of herself, it was impossible for Appellant to complete the crime
of solicitation. 6 Therefore, he argues, “at best, Appellant had committed the
crime of attempted solicitation,” rather than solicitation. 7
6 Although not asserted by Appellant, we note that the offense might also appear fa-
cially impossible because “Ella,” as a 14-year-old civilian, was not subject to UCMJ
jurisdiction and could not “commit a certain offense under the code.” MCM, pt. IV, ¶
105.b.(1); see Article 2, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 802 (identifying categories of persons subject
to the UCMJ). However, it appears to be settled law that “the solicitation of another
person to commit an offense which, if committed by one subject to the UCMJ, would be
punishable under the UCMJ, is an offense cognizable under Article 134.” United States
v. Robertson, 17 M.J. 846, 851 (N.M.C.M.R. 1984); see United States v. Hanner, No.
ACM S28497, 1993 CMR LEXIS 61, at *6 (A.F.C.M.R. 28 Jan. 1993) (unpub. op.) (“The
person solicited can be a civilian.”) (citations omitted).
7 At trial, the Defense made the same argument in support of a motion for a finding of
not guilty as to the Specification of Charge II, pursuant to R.C.M. 917. The military
judge denied the motion.
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United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
We are not persuaded. The “general rule is that an accused should be
treated in accordance with the facts as he or she supposed them to be.” United
States v. Riddle, 44 M.J. 282, 286 (C.A.A.F. 1996) (citations omitted). It is un-
equivocally the rule that impossibility is no defense to the crime of attempt in
violation of Article 80, UCMJ. See id. (citations omitted).
The parties have not identified, and we are not aware, of a case in which
this court or our superior court addressed the principle of impossibility in the
context of solicitation charged under Article 134, UCMJ. However, our sister
court addressed this very point in United States v. Dellacamera, No.
201600230, 2017 CCA LEXIS 209, at *4–9 (N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 30 A.K. Marsh. 2017)
(unpub. op.). As in Appellant’s case, Staff Sergeant Dellacamera was charged
with soliciting the production and distribution of child pornography from a fic-
titious persona created by the NCIS that he believed to be a 14-year-old girl.
Id. at *1–4. On appeal, he argued the military judge abused his discretion in
accepting the guilty plea to the solicitation offenses because it was a “legal im-
possibility” for the solicitation to have resulted in the production of child por-
nography. Id. at *4. After reviewing related precedent from the United States
Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
(CAAF), the Michigan Supreme Court, and its own prior decisions, the Navy-
Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals (NMCCA) concluded “the appellant’s
mistaken notion regarding the identity of the party he solicited affords him no
defense in military jurisprudence.” Id. at *9; see United States v. Williams, 553
U.S. 285, 300 (2008) (“As with other inchoate crimes—attempt and conspiracy,
for example—impossibility of completing the crime [of pandering child pornog-
raphy in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A] because the facts were not as the de-
fendant believed is not a defense.”); United States v. Roeseler, 55 M.J. 286, 291
(C.A.A.F. 2001) (citing United States v. Thomas, 13 C.M.A. 278, 286–87
(C.M.A. 1962)) (“[I]mpossibility of the crime attempted or conspired is not a
defense to a charge of attempt or conspiracy under military law.”); People v.
Thousand, 631 N.W.2d 694, 703 (Mich. 2001) (noting the court has never rec-
ognized impossibility as a defense to attempt or solicitation, and is “unable to
locate any authority . . . that ‘impossibility’ is a recognized defense to a charge
of solicitation in other jurisdictions”).
Appellant notes that Dellacamera involved a guilty plea and therefore a
different standard of review on appeal. See Dellacamera, unpub. op. at *1–4.
However, the substantive principles regarding the legal sufficiency of the con-
viction are not materially different. We agree with our NMCCA counterparts
and hold that, provided the elements of the offense are otherwise satisfied, the
impossibility of the crime solicited is not a defense to solicitation in violation
of Article 134, UCMJ.
c. Conclusion as to Legal and Factual Sufficiency
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United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
Drawing every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the Government, we conclude the evidence was legally sufficient to support
Appellant’s conviction of Charges I and II and their Specifications beyond a
reasonable doubt. See Robinson, 77 M.J. at 297–98. Additionally, having
weighed the evidence in the record of trial and having made allowances for not
having personally observed the witnesses, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Turner, 25 M.J. at 325.
B. First Amendment
1. Additional Background
On 6 April 2017, almost two months after Appellant first contacted “Ella,”
he texted her the following lyrics from a song by the recording artist Ludacris:
I wanna li-li-li-li-lick your [sic] from your head to yo toes, I
wanna move from the bed down to the down to the floor and i
wanna ah ah make it feel so good you dont wanna leave. So tell
me what is your fa-fa-fantasy?
By this point in time, Appellant had already sent numerous sexually-
charged messages to “Ella,” including questions about masturbation, descrip-
tions of his thoughts and fantasies about engaging in sexual acts with her, and
repeated requests that she send him naked pictures of herself. “Ella” re-
sponded, “Is that what u wanna do to me?” Appellant responded: “Word. You
down?” Shortly thereafter, Appellant texted “Ella”: “I wanna see you naked,”
“Be bad for me,” “Take naughty pictures,” and “Do it for me.”
The lyrics quoted above were among the charged indecent language quoted
verbatim in the Specification of Charge I. At the Defense’s request, the military
judge took judicial notice that these lyrics were from a song by Ludacris. The
military judge found Appellant guilty of the entire Specification, including the
song lyrics.
2. Law
“The constitutionality of an act of Congress is a question of law that we
review de novo.” United States v. Ali, 71 M.J. 256, 265 (C.A.A.F. 2012) (citing
United States v. Disney, 62 M.J. 46, 48 (C.A.A.F. 2005)). We also review issues
of legal sufficiency de novo. United States v. Meakin, 78 M.J. 396, 400 (C.A.A.F.
2019) (citing United States v. Kearns, 73 M.J. 177, 180 (C.A.A.F. 2014)).
“‘Indecent’ language is that which is grossly offensive to modesty, decency,
or propriety, or shocks the moral sense, because of its vulgar, filthy, or disgust-
ing nature, or its tendency to incite lustful thought. Language is indecent if it
tends reasonably to corrupt morals or incite libidinous thoughts.” MCM, pt. IV,
¶ 89.c. The indecency of a communication depends on “the context in which it
is made.” United States v. Green, 68 M.J. 266, 270 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation
9
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
omitted); see also United States v. Hullett, 40 M.J. 189, 191 (C.M.A. 1994) (not-
ing that whether language is indecent depends on multiple factors including,
inter alia, fluctuating community standards, personal relationships, motive,
intent, and probable effect) (citations omitted).
The CAAF “has long held that ‘indecent’ is synonymous with obscene.”
Meakin, 78 M.J. at 401 (citing United States v. Moore, 38 M.J. 490, 492 (C.M.A.
1994)). “It is well-settled law that obscenity is not speech protected by the First
Amendment, regardless of the military or civilian status of the ‘speaker.’” Id.
(citing United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 288 (2008); United States v.
Wilcox, 66 M.J. 442, 447 (C.A.A.F. 2008)).
3. Analysis
Appellant notes the Supreme Court has held that, in order to be proscribed
by state law as obscene material outside the protection of the First Amend-
ment, a work must “appeal to the prurient interest in sex, [ ] portray sexual
conduct in a patently offensive way, and . . . taken as a whole, [ ] not have
serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.” Miller v. California, 413
U.S. 15, 24 (1973). Appellant reasons that the lyrics to a commercially-released
song by a well-known recording artist that achieved significant popularity do
not lack serious artistic value. Therefore, he concludes, these lyrics were pro-
tected by the First Amendment, and his recitation of them to “Ella” was not
obscene. We disagree.
As the CAAF has recognized, the context of a communication is critical to
any determination of indecency. See Green, 68 M.J. at 270. Words that are in-
nocent or appropriate in one context may take on an indecent meaning in an-
other. In the instant case, Appellant did not share these lyrics in the context
of a discussion about music or recording artists. Appellant shared the lyrics as
a continuation of prior communications expressing his sexual desires for some-
one who he believed to be a 14-year-old child, and from whom he sought naked
photographs of herself. Under these circumstances, Appellant’s use of the lyr-
ics, as distinct from their original creation, had no serious artistic value; ra-
ther, it was a continued manifestation of Appellant’s patently offensive sexual
interest and enticement of a perceived child.
Appellant cites additional Supreme Court precedent for the proposition
that the CAAF’s holding in Moore, 38 M.J. at 492, that “indecent” is synony-
mous with “obscene” is no longer good law. See Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844,
874 (1997) (“‘[S]exual expression which is indecent but not obscene is protected
by the First Amendment.’”) (quoting Sable Communications of Cal. v. FCC, 492
U.S. 115, 126 (1989)). However, the CAAF recently reaffirmed this very point
in Meakin, 78 M.J. at 401 (citing Moore, 38 M.J. at 492)). We are not at liberty
to contradict our superior court on a point of law, nor would we be inclined to
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United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
do so had we the power. In context, Appellant’s communication of the lyrics to
“Ella” was both indecent and obscene, and this assignment of error is without
merit.
C. Testimony about Other People
1. Additional Background
On direct examination, SA KP testified he received “numerous” responses
to the Craigslist advertisement in addition to Appellant’s response. Senior trial
counsel asked SA KP to describe the “nature” of those responses. SA KP re-
plied:
It varied. Some people understood what the ad meant. Some peo-
ple picked up -- the dollar sign for instance, is typically used
when we’re talking about prostitution or sex for money in
Craigslist; some people picked up on that. Other people, you get
a lot of responses where they’re just trying to clarify what ex-
actly you’re saying. People that are interested, they may be too
scared, all the way to people, you know telling you you’re sick
and disgusting and they’re going to report you, which is ex-
pected. And then, also responses where people misread the ad
and thought I was actually a female posting.
Shortly thereafter, senior trial counsel asked SA KP to compare how Ap-
pellant’s response to the advertisement compared to a “typical response.” SA
KP responded that although he did not know if there was a “typical response,”
“usually you’ve got people who are asking clarifying questions, they’re kind of
feeling around to see exactly what’s going on or what the ad relates to.” By
comparison, SA KP testified, Appellant was “very direct on the initial response
and included photographs right away.”
Later, senior trial counsel asked if SA KP’s response to Appellant—as
“Ella”—stating, “oh my. im a bit young, is 14 ok with u? a lot of ppl freak out,”
was a “typical reply.” SA KP explained:
Very typical. So, and you see I am putting the age out there. The
reason why I’m doing that is because posting these ads we may
literally have 100 responses to these ads, so you have to sort
through them and figure out what’s worth your time investment,
and who’s worthy of continuing to chat. The majority of people
that respond, if I give them some type of comment about my age
right away, I’m going to knock off 98 percent probably of our re-
sponders because you’re going to get the typical response you
know “14 way too young, not what I was looking for,” and they
go away and they stop communications. So that -- that being the
first response, especially when I’m receiving such a very direct
11
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
response and photographs was just my way of saying “hey, this
is who I am are you serious; are you going to continue talking,
or are you going to fall off.”
Trial defense counsel did not object to any of this testimony.
2. Law
We review a military judge’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of dis-
cretion. United States v. Finch, 79 M.J. 389, 394 (C.A.A.F. 2020) (citing United
States v. Frost, 79 M.J. 104, 109 (C.A.A.F. 2019)) (additional citation omitted).
However, the failure to make a timely objection to evidence at trial forfeits that
error in the absence of plain error. See Mil. R. Evid. 103(a)(1)(A); United States
v. Knapp, 73 M.J. 33, 36 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (citation omitted). To prevail under a
plain error analysis, an appellant must show: “(1) there was an error; (2) it was
plain or obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial right.”
United States v. Erickson, 65 M.J. 221, 223 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citations omitted).
The burden of proof under a plain error review is on the appellant. See United
States v. Sewell, 76 M.J. 14, 18 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citation omitted).
Mil. R. Evid. 401 establishes the standard for determining whether evi-
dence is relevant, stating “[e]vidence is relevant if (a) it has a tendency to make
a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the
fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Mil. R. Evid. 402 generally
provides that “relevant evidence” is admissible unless one of four exceptions
enumerated in the Rule applies. Mil. R. Evid. 403 states that relevant evidence
may be excluded “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger
of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the members, undue
delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.”
3. Analysis
Appellant contends the military judge erred in allowing SA KP to testify
about “typical responses” to the Craigslist advertisement. He compares this
situation to that in United States v. Hintz, No. ACM 39136, 2018 CCA LEXIS
186, at *6–14 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 13 Apr. 2018) (unpub. op.), rev. denied, 78
M.J. 56 (C.A.A.F. 2018). Hintz involved a similar situation in which the appel-
lant responded to a Craigslist advertisement posted by “Lisa,” a fictitious 13-
year-old persona created by an AFOSI agent. Id. at *3–4. Over defense objec-
tion, the military judge permitted trial counsel to elicit testimony regarding
how individuals “typically” responded upon learning “Lisa” was 13 years old.
Id. at *7–9. This court found the military judge abused her discretion in allow-
ing such testimony, in combination with additional testimony from the agent
“as to how Appellant behaved like a child predator, that Appellant had the
intent to have sex with a 13-year-old child, and that Appellant did not act like
12
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
an ‘innocent’ person would under the circumstances.” Id. at *13. However, we
found the error harmless. Id. at *15–18.
We are not persuaded the military judge’s failure to exclude sua sponte SA
KP’s testimony regarding “typical” responses to the Craigslist advertisement
resulted in prejudicial error in Appellant’s case for several reasons.
First, the error in Hintz was far more egregious than that Appellant alleges
here. In Hintz, the agent was permitted not only to contrast the appellant’s
response with “typical” responses to learning “Lisa’s” age; he essentially testi-
fied before the court members that, based on his training regarding “child pred-
ators,” the appellant was “different than an otherwise innocent person” and
wanted to have sex with a 13-year-old child. Id. at *10–11. The Government
neither solicited nor elicited any such testimony in Appellant’s case.
Second, unlike Hintz, Appellant’s trial defense counsel did not object to SA
KP’s testimony. Because he forfeited the objection, the question on appeal is
whether the military judge “plainly” or “obviously” erred by failing to exclude
sua sponte testimony the Defense evidently found unobjectionable.
We conclude the military judge did not plainly err. We acknowledge the
testimony regarding what other individuals did may have been excludable. On
appeal, the Government contends SA KP’s testimony “was entirely relevant to
show the steps of the investigation that lead to identifying Appellant and fig-
uring out his mens rea.” We find this purported relevance and materiality to
be marginal; SA KP could easily have explained the steps he took with respect
to Appellant without reference to what others did. However, if the relevance
was low, so was the risk of unfair prejudice. There is nothing surprising in SA
KP’s testimony regarding the wide range of responses to the initial advertise-
ment. Unlike Hintz, the Government did not try to tie testimony comparing
Appellant’s response to the responses of others in order to suggest Appellant
was behaving like a “child predator.” Indeed, Appellant’s initial response to
the advertisement, while very direct and forward, suggested he misinterpreted
the advertisement and did not understand it to be an offer of child prostitution,
or even to involve a child at all.
Furthermore, Appellant was tried by a military judge alone. As the CAAF
has explained:
When the issue of plain error involves a judge-alone trial, an ap-
pellant faces a particularly high hurdle. A military judge is pre-
sumed to know the law and apply it correctly, is presumed capa-
ble of filtering out inadmissible evidence, and is presumed not to
have relied on such evidence on the question of guilt or inno-
cence. . . . As a result, “plain error before a military judge sitting
alone is rare indeed.”
13
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
United States v. Robbins, 52 M.J. 455, 457 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (citations omitted).
We find no indication the military judge used SA KP’s testimony inappropri-
ately. Accordingly, Appellant has not carried his burden to demonstrate a plain
or obvious error, or that the alleged error materially prejudiced his substantial
rights. See Sewell, 76 M.J. at 18 (citation omitted).
D. Mil. R. Evid. 404(b)
1. Additional Background
In findings, the Defense offered early portions of Appellant’s video-recorded
AFOSI interview in which Appellant repeatedly asserted he believed “Ella”
was a fictitious persona created by law enforcement agents and indicated he
did not knowingly engage in sexual communications with underage females.
In response, the Government sought to introduce additional portions of the in-
terview and portions of Appellant’s written statement pursuant to Mil. R. Evid.
106. Among other sections, the Government sought to introduce information
from Appellant’s written statement that when he was 20 or 21 years old, he
dated a 16-year-old girl, T, who sent him “a large number of inappropriate pho-
tos” during their relationship. The Government also sought to include related
portions of the interview in which Appellant referred to T by name as someone
he dated when she was 16 or 17 years old, and later acknowledged she had
sent him naked photos of herself.
Senior defense counsel objected to the references to T, including to Appel-
lant having received a large number of inappropriate photos from her. He con-
tended that the reference to “inappropriate photos” did not necessarily connote
child pornography, and that the statements were “too vague” and “just doesn’t
get to the [relevant] issues.” In response, senior trial counsel explained:
[W]e’re not entering this as propensity evidence. . . . We have
specific purposes, the main one of which is to impeach [Appel-
lant’s] OSI statements to show that he has internal inconsisten-
cies. At the beginning, he’s saying one thing very clearly, and
then by the end he’s admitting that that was a complete false-
hood. So, to impeach him, as well as again, to show his conscious-
ness of guilt. And so, these are appropriate bases that rebut this
evidence that defense has presented . . . .
The military judge overruled the objection. He found the evidence in ques-
tion was relevant to demonstrate Appellant’s consciousness of guilt and to im-
peach Appellant’s other statements offered by the Defense. The military judge
further found the probative value was not substantially outweighed by the dan-
ger of unfair prejudice under Mil. R. Evid. 403, although he did not recite his
reasoning in detail.
2. Law
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United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
“The standard of review for a military judge’s decision to admit evidence is
abuse of discretion.” United States v. Fetrow, 76 M.J. 181, 185 (C.A.A.F. 2017)
(citing United States v. Yammine, 69 M.J. 70, 73 (C.A.A.F. 2010)). “A military
judge abuses his discretion when: (1) the findings of fact upon which he predi-
cates his ruling are not supported by the evidence of record; (2) if incorrect legal
principles were used; or (3) if his application of the correct legal principles to
the facts is clearly unreasonable.” United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J. 341, 344
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation omitted).
Mil. R. Evid. 106 provides that “[i]f a party introduces all or part of a writ-
ing or recorded statement, an adverse party may require the introduction, at
that time, of any other part – or any other writing or recorded statement – that
in fairness ought to be considered at the same time.”
Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) provides that evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act
by a person is generally not admissible as evidence of the person’s character in
order to show the person acted in conformity with that character on a particu-
lar occasion. However, such evidence may be admissible for another purpose,
including, inter alia, proving intent, knowledge, or absence of mistake. Mil. R.
Evid. 404(b)(2). The list of potential purposes in Mil. R. Evid. 404(b)(2) “is il-
lustrative, not exhaustive.” United States v. Ferguson, 28 M.J. 104, 108 (C.M.A.
1989). We apply a three-part test to review the admissibility of evidence under
Mil. R. Evid. 404(b): (1) does the evidence “reasonably support a finding” that
the accused committed the prior crime, wrong, or act; (2) what “fact of . . . con-
sequence is made more or less probable” by the proffered evidence; and (3) is
the “probative value . . . substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prej-
udice?” United States v. Reynolds, 29 M.J. 105, 109 (C.M.A. 1989) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted).
Mil. R. Evid. 403 provides that evidence that is relevant and otherwise ad-
missible may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by
the danger of, inter alia, unfair prejudice or confusion of the issues.
3. Analysis
Appellant asserts the military judge abused his discretion in admitting Ap-
pellant’s statement that he received a large number of inappropriate photo-
graphs from T. As senior defense counsel noted at trial, “inappropriate” photo-
graphs do not necessarily indicate child pornography. Appellant further con-
tends that in order to be an offense under the UCMJ, the conduct would need
to be prejudicial to good order and discipline or service-discrediting; he argues
his conduct with T was not necessarily either. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 68b.b.(1)(b).
A basic flaw in Appellant’s argument is that the Government did not offer
these statements as evidence of a similar crime in a sexual offense or child
molestation prosecution in order to demonstrate propensity pursuant to Mil.
15
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
R. Evid. 413 or 414. In fact, senior trial counsel specifically disavowed such a
purpose. Therefore, the relevance of the evidence did not hinge specifically on
it being evidence of a sexual offense. Instead, the Government offered the evi-
dence on two other theories of relevance—that these contradictory statements
impeached Appellant’s earlier statements offered by the Defense, and that Ap-
pellant’s false statements indicate consciousness of guilt. The military judge
understood and admitted the evidence on these bases, and we conclude he did
not abuse his discretion in doing so.
The Defense offered a portion of Appellant’s AFOSI interview in support of
its theory that Appellant never believed “Ella” was an actual 14-year-old child.
In the portion of the interview the Defense offered, Appellant indicated he did
not knowingly have sexual communications with children. He claimed his com-
munications with “Ella” were part of a game he was playing, and had played
in the past, with what he believed to be fictitious personas created by law en-
forcement agents. However, later portions of the interview offered by the Gov-
ernment, including the reference to receiving inappropriate photos from T,
which he orally admitted included naked photos, contradicted his earlier state-
ments—regardless of whether they constituted admissions to receiving child
pornography in violation of the UCMJ. Therefore, they were relevant as infor-
mation that should be considered with the rest of the interview pursuant to
Mil. R. Evid. 106 for its impact on Appellant’s reliability generally and the re-
liability of Appellant’s earlier statements to AFOSI that the Defense sought to
use in support of its case. These contradictory admissions were also relevant
for another non-propensity purpose under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b)—to demon-
strate consciousness of guilt. See United States v. Staton, 69 M.J. 228, 230
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (noting uncharged misconduct may be admissible under Mil.
R. Evid. 404(b) as evidence of consciousness of guilt) (quoting United States v.
Cook, 48 M.J. 64, 66 (C.A.A.F. 1998)).
We further conclude the military judge properly found the probative value
of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prej-
udice. Although we afford the military judge less deference because he did not
articulate his reasoning in this regard, see United States v. Manns, 54 M.J.
164, 166 (C.A.A.F. 2000), we nevertheless find his conclusion reasonable—par-
ticularly so given that this was a trial by military judge alone, minimizing the
danger of unfair prejudice. See Erickson, 65 M.J. at 225 (citation omitted) (“Mil-
itary judges are presumed to know the law and to follow it absent clear evi-
dence to the contrary.”).
E. Expert Testimony
1. Additional Background
16
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
The Government called Ms. KR in findings. Ms. KR testified that she
worked as a computer forensic examiner at the DC3, where she had been em-
ployed for seven years, five of which were spent conducting forensic examina-
tions. Ms. KR explained she was required to demonstrate her competency by
passing an annual practical exam, and she had taken 15 training classes total-
ing approximately 600 hours. Ms. KR was trained to use five different pro-
grams to perform analyses on electronic media. She held seven professional
certifications and had testified twice previously as an expert in “digital foren-
sics.” She held bachelor’s degrees in psychobiology and forensic science, and a
master’s degree in biomedical forensics. After eliciting this testimony and hav-
ing Ms. KR’s curriculum vitae admitted as a prosecution exhibit, trial counsel
requested the military judge recognize Ms. KR as an expert witness in digital
forensics.
Senior defense counsel objected. With the military judge’s permission, he
questioned Ms. KR about her qualifications. Senior defense counsel clarified
that only two of Ms. KR’s certifications related to analysis rather than extrac-
tion of data, and that for the most part her training was not specific to mobile
devices, although the forensic practices she was trained in might apply to mo-
bile devices as well other devices. Senior defense counsel argued to the military
judge that although Ms. KR might testify as a fact witness as the individual
who extracted data from Appellant’s phone, she was not qualified to testify as
“an expert in analyzing mobile devices.” The military judge overruled the ob-
jection and recognized Ms. KR as an expert in digital forensics “based on her
knowledge, skill, experience, training, and education,” acknowledging the De-
fense was “free to, in cross-examination, point out all those other issues.”
2. Law
We review a military judge’s decision regarding the qualifications of an ex-
pert witness for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Allison, 63 M.J. 365,
369 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citation omitted). “A witness may testify as an ‘expert’ on
a particular subject matter only if the military judge determines that the wit-
ness is qualified based on his or her ‘knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
education’ regarding that subject.” Id. (citing Mil. R. Evid. 702). A qualified
expert “may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise” if her
specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand
the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; [ ] the testimony is
based on sufficient facts or data; [ ] the testimony is the product
of reliable principles and methods; and [ ] the expert has reliably
applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
Mil. R. Evid. 702.
17
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
The CAAF has identified six factors for courts to analyze to determine
whether a proponent of expert testimony has met the Mil. R. Evid. 702 criteria:
(1) the qualifications of the expert; (2) the subject matter of the
expert testimony; (3) the basis for the expert testimony; (4) the
legal relevance of the evidence; (5) the reliability of the evidence;
and (6) that the probative value of the expert’s testimony out-
weighs the other considerations outlined in [Mil. R. Evid.] 403.
United States v. Billings, 61 M.J. 163, 166 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citing United States
v. Houser, 36 M.J. 392, 397 (C.M.A. 1993)). Although Houser predates the lead-
ing Supreme Court decisions in this area, Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceu-
ticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), and Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S.
137 (1999), Houser is consistent with these decisions and continues to guide
the admission of expert testimony in courts-martial. Billings, 61 M.J. at 166
(citations omitted).
3. Analysis
Appellant contends the military judge abused his discretion by permitting
Ms. KR to testify as an expert in digital forensics. He argues she had no formal
education in digital forensics, and her training and certification did not relate
to analysis of mobile devices, which was the type of media at issue in this case.
He also argues her testimony “relate[d] only to her work in digital forensics,
and not in analyzing mobile devices.”
We find the military judge acted well within his discretion in permitting
Ms. KR’s expert testimony. Ms. KR’s years of training and experience as a com-
puter forensic examiner provided her an ample background as an expert in
digital forensics for purposes of Appellant’s court-martial. To the extent her
training and certifications were not specific to mobile devices but involved
more generally-applicable forensic practices, that was a matter for the Defense
to potentially explore on cross-examination, as the military judge recognized.
As for relevance, Appellant fails to explain why qualification as an expert in
“digital forensics” would not encompass analysis of mobile devices as well as
other devices.
F. Sentence Appropriateness
1. Law
We review issues of sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v.
Lane, 64 M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Cole, 31 M.J. 270,
272 (C.M.A. 1990)). We may affirm only as much of the sentence as we find
correct in law and fact and determine should be approved on the basis of the
entire record. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c). “We assess sentence ap-
18
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
propriateness by considering the particular appellant, the nature and serious-
ness of the offense[s], the appellant’s record of service, and all matters con-
tained in the record of trial.” United States v. Sauk, 74 M.J. 594, 606 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2015) (en banc) (per curiam) (alteration in original) (citing United
States v. Anderson, 67 M.J. 703, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2009)). Although we
have great discretion to determine whether a sentence is appropriate, we have
no authority to grant mercy. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 146 (C.A.A.F.
2010).
2. Analysis
Appellant contends his dishonorable discharge is an inappropriately severe
punishment. He cites two factors: that he never attempted to meet with “Ella,”
and that he stopped communicating with “Ella” on his own—before he was con-
tacted directly by investigators—because he became a father. Appellant avers
these factors warrant modifying his dishonorable discharge to a bad-conduct
discharge.
We do not conclude the dishonorable discharge is inappropriately severe as
a matter of law. Over approximately two and a half months, Appellant repeat-
edly communicated indecent sexual language to a person he believed to be a
14-year-old child, despite acknowledging from the outset that “Ella” was too
young and that doing so would be illegal. He also repeatedly and persistently
attempted to persuade her to send him naked photographs of herself that
would display “everything.” The harm caused by Appellant’s actions was miti-
gated by the fact that “Ella” was not real, but his intent was clear. Having
given individualized consideration to Appellant, the nature and seriousness of
the offenses, Appellant’s record of service, and all other matters contained in
the record of trial, we find his sentence—including the dishonorable dis-
charge—is not inappropriately severe. See Sauk, 74 M.J. at 606.
G. Post-Trial Delay
Although not raised as an assignment of error, we note the convening au-
thority took action on 5 November 2018, but Appellant’s case was not docketed
with this court until 6 December 2018, 31 days later. This period exceeded the
30-day threshold for a presumptively unreasonable post-trial delay the CAAF
established in United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 142 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Ac-
cordingly, we have considered the four factors identified in Moreno to assess
whether Appellant’s due process right to timely post-trial and appellate re-
view has been violated. Id. at 135 (citing United States v. Jones, 61 M.J. 80, 83
(C.A.A.F. 2005), Toohey v. United States, 60 M.J. 100, 102 (C.A.A.F. 2004)).
Where, as here, an appellant has not shown prejudice from the delay, there
is no due process violation unless the delay is so egregious as to “adversely
affect the public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice
19
United States v. Knarr, No. ACM 39577
system.” United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Consider-
ing all the circumstances together, including that the convening authority took
action only 112 days after Appellant was sentenced, well within the 120-day
Moreno standard; the geographic distances involved in transmitting the record
of trial from Japan to this court; and that the applicable Moreno standard was
exceeded by only one day, we are convinced the delay was not so egregious as
to impugn the fairness and integrity of the military justice system.
Recognizing our authority under Article 66(c), UCMJ, we have also consid-
ered whether relief for excessive post-trial delay is appropriate even in the ab-
sence of a due process violation. See United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 225
(C.A.A.F. 2002). After considering the factors enumerated in United States v.
Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 744 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015), aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F.
2016), we conclude it is not.
III. CONCLUSION
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
20