Permissibility Under Posse Comitatus Act of Detail of Defense Department Civilian Employee to the National Infrastructure Protection Center ( 1998 )

Permissibility Under Posse Comitatus Act of Detail of Defense
Department Civilian Employee to the National Infrastructure
Protection Center
The proposed detail o f a civilian em ployee o f the D epartm ent of D efense to the National Infrastructure
Protection C enter, a com ponent o f the Federal Bureau o f Investigation, is perm issible under the
Posse C om itatus Act.
M ay 26, 1998
M e m o r a n d u m O p in io n f o r t h e G e n e r a l C o u n s e l
F e d e r a l B u r e a u o f I n v e s t ig a t io n
This memorandum responds to your request that the Office of Legal Counsel
consider the effect of the Posse Comitatus Act ( “ PCA” ), 18 U.S.C. § 1385 (1994),
on a proposed staffing and organizational arrangement whereby a civilian
employee of the Department of Defense will be detailed to the National Infrastruc­
ture Protection Center ( “ NIPC” ) to serve in that office as a deputy chief. We
conclude that the proposed arrangement is permissible under the PCA.
We draw our understanding of the proposed staffing and organizational arrange­
ment of the NIPC from several discussions that we have had with your office
and the Department of Defense and two memoranda that you have sent to us
on this matter.1 The NIPC is a component within the Federal Bureau of Investiga­
tion ( “ FBI” ) that, we understand, will coordinate and integrate the policy and
planning of the United States government in connection with the security of the
Nation’s computer and information technology infrastructure. In addition, the
NIPC will exercise supervision over certain FBI criminal investigations relating
to matters of infrastructure security.
Under the organizational plan that you have described to us, the NIPC will
be headed by a chief, who will be an official of the FBI. In addition, there will
be two deputy chiefs. One deputy chief will be an FBI employee, and this FBI
deputy will have supervisory authority over all criminal investigatory matters
involving the NIPC. The second deputy chief will be detailed to the FBI from
the Department of Defense pursuant to a memorandum of understanding
(“ M OU” ) between the two agencies.2 The MOU will provide that the Defense
deputy will have no supervisory authority over criminal investigatory matters. The
Defense deputy will supervise other NIPC matters relating, for example, to policy
1Memorandum for Beth Nolan, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, from Larry R Parkin­
son. General Counsel, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Re Request fo r Opinion on Certain Posse Comitatus Act
Issues (M ar 25, 1998), and Memorandum for Beth Nolan, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office o f Legal
Counsel, from Larry R Parkinson, General Counsel, Federal Bureau o f Investigation, Re Supplement to Posse Com-
italiis Act Opinion Request (Apr 23, 1998)
2 By virtue of being a detailee to the FBI, the deputy chiet from the Department of Defense will be, at least
in some regards, an employee o f the FBI See infra note 5 For clanty, we refer to him here as the “ Defense
deputy ”
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and coordination. W e further understand that your staffing arrangements call for
the detailee from Defense to be a civilian employee of that department. Finally,
we understand that in the event o f a vacancy for any reason in the position of
chief of NIPC, the FBI deputy chief will be first in the order of succession and
that under no circumstances will the Defense deputy fill such a vacancy.
I.
Our review of this proposal begins with the text of the PCA. The PCA prohibits
the use of “ any part o f the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or other­
wise to execute the laws.” 3 18 U.S.C. § 1385. The PCA does not, by its terms,
apply to Navy or Marine Corps personnel. H ayes v. Hawes, 921 F.2d 100, 102-
03 (7th Cir. 1990); Electronic Surveillance Opinion at 2 n.l.
The Department of Defense has implemented the restrictions of the PCA and
related statutes through Departmental Directive 5525.5, “ DoD Cooperation with
Civilian Law Enforcement Officials” (Jan. 15, 1986). The Directive applies the
restrictions of the PCA to the Navy and Marine Corps, as well as the Army and
Air Force. Directive 5525.5(B). Unless we indicate otherwise by use of a more
specific reference or citation, we use the term “ PCA” to refer to the original
statute itself, the related statutes, and the implementing Directive of the Depart­
ment of Defense.
Relevant caselaw and opinions of this Office reflect the view that the PCA
is intended to prohibit military personnel from directly coercing, threatening to
coerce, or otherwise regulating civilians in the execution of criminal or civil laws.
See, e.g., A llred , 867 F.2d at 871; Bissonette v. Haig, 776 F.2d 1384, 1390 (8th
Cir. 1985); Electronic Surveillance Opinion at 7; Letter for Deanne Siemer, Gen­
eral Counsel, Department of Defense, from Mary C. Lawton, Deputy Assistant
Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel at 2 (Mar. 24, 1978) (regarding use
of military personnel to assist Department of Justice in fraud investigations against
contractors for Department of Defense) (“ Fraud Investigations Opinion” ).
In applying this general prohibition, courts and this Office have generally
focused on three factors. First, the PCA is violated where civilian law enforcement
authorities make “ direct active u se ” of military personnel to execute the laws.
3 The phrase “ posse com itatus” translates from Latin as the “ power of the county” and was used at common
law to refer to local citizens over the age of 15 upon whom a sheriff could call for assistance in preventing any
type o f civil disorder United States v Yunis, 681 F Supp 891 n.l (D.D.C 1988) (citations omitted), a ffd , 924
F.2d 1086 (D C . Cir. 1991) The PCA was adopted in 1878 in response to objections from southern States to the
participation o f the United States Army in civilian law enforcement during the Reconstruction penod. United States
v Allred, 867 F.2d 856, 870 (5th Cir. 1989), M emorandum for Jo Ann Harris, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal
Division, from W alter Dellinger, Assistant Attorney General, Office o f Legal Counsel, Re: Use o f Military Personnel
fo r M onitoring Electronic Surveillance at 7 (Apr. 5, 1994) (“ Electronic Surveillance O pinion")
The PCA has been supplem ented by other statutes, 10 U.S C §§ 371-382 (1994 & Supp. N 1996), which authonze
military assistance to civilian law enforcement agencies in specific types of matters. Section 375 of title 10 requires
the Secretary o f Defense to prescribe “ such regulations as may be necessary” to ensure that such assistance does
not include certain direct participation by military personnel in civilian law enforcement matters, such as conducting
searches and seizures or making arrests, id. § 375, as would be prohibited by the PCA itself. See id. § 378.
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Perm issibility U nder Posse C om itatus A ct o f D etail o f D efense D epartm ent Civilian Em ployee to the
N ational Infrastructure Protection Center
United States v. Red Feather, 392 F. Supp. 916, 921 (D.S.D. 1975); see Yunis,
681 F. Supp. at 892; M ilitary Use o f Infrared Radars Technology to Assist Civilian
Law Enforcement Agencies, 15 Op. O.L.C. 36, 45—46 (1991); Fraud Investigations
Opinion at 11, 15.
Second, the PCA may be violated when the use of military personnel pervades
the activities of civilian law enforcement. Hayes, 921 F.2d at 104; United States
v. Bacon, 851 F.2d 1312, 1313 (11th Cir. 1988); United States v. Hartley, 796
F.2d 112, 114 (5th Cir. 1986); United States v. Hartley, 678 F.2d 961, 978 (11th
Cir. 1982); Yunis, 681 F. Supp. at 892; United States v. Jaramillo, 380 F. Supp.
1375 (D. Neb. 1974), appeal dismissed, 510 F.2d 808 (8th Cir. 1975); Electronic
Surveillance Opinion at 9 (citing Yunis).
Third, the PCA prohibits military authorities from subjecting civilians to mili­
tary regulations, proscriptions, or compulsions. United States v. McArthur, 419
F. Supp. 186 (D.N.D.1975), a f f d sub nom. United States v. Casper, 541 F.2d
1275 (8th Cir. 1976); Yunis, 681 F. Supp. at 892; 15 Op. O.L.C. at 45-46; see
also Bacon, 851 F.2d at 1313 (citizenry may not be subjected to the “ regulatory
exercise of military power” ); Bissonette, 776 F.2d at 1390 (military may not actu­
ally regulate, forbid or compel some conduct by civilians).
Military personnel may assist in civilian law enforcement where the participa­
tion does not run afoul of the factors identified above. See, e.g.. United States
v. Stouder, 724 F. Supp. 951, 953 (M.D. Ga. 1989) (Air Force personnel may
assist in conduct of FBI investigation); Electronic Surveillance Opinion at 9 (mili­
tary personnel may monitor electronic surveillance transmissions for use in civilian
law enforcement); Fraud Investigations Opinion at 13-15 (military personnel may
provide advice to FBI investigation and share relevant information). Thus, this
Office has previously concluded that the PCA, although prohibiting direct inter­
action between the military and civilian personnel in most circumstances, permits
a broad degree of cooperation between the military and civilian law enforcement.
15 Op. O.L.C. at 46 (citing legislative history of 10 U.S.C. §§371-382). More
specifically, the PCA does not bar “ military expert advice or technical assistance
to civilian authorities.” Fraud Investigations Opinion at 11. Such expert advice
and technical assistance does not “ create the danger of military compulsion of
civilians,” which Congress sought to prohibit through the PCA. Id.; see also
Bissonette, 776 F.2d at 1390 (distinguishing between military assistance and sup­
port for civilian law enforcement from active participation that would constitute
military compulsion of civilians).
In addition, where the military has “ a legitimate interest” for its own pro­
ceedings or matters involving the “ internal administration [of the military] or the
performance of its proper functions,” the military may participate, to the extent
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of its interest, in civil law enforcement.4 Fraud Investigations Opinion at 12, 14;
see, e.g., Bacon, 851 F.2d at 1313 (military may aid civilian law enforcement
investigation into illegal drug sales to “ both civilians and army personnel” );
Fraud Investigations Opinion at 13-15 (military may assist and participate in
investigation into fraud by military contractors). Nothing in the PCA suggests that
Congress intended to circumscribe military participation in legitimately military
matters. Id. at 12-13.
n.
The staffing and organizational arrangements that you have proposed are
permissible under the PCA because a civilian employee of the Department of
Defense would not fall within the statutory or regulatory scope of the PCA.5 By
its plain terms, the PCA applies only to personnel who are “ part” of the Army
or Air Force. 18 U.S.C. § 1385 (unlawful to use “ any part of the Army or Air
Force as a posse comitatus to execute the law” ); see also Bacon, 851 F.2d at
1313 (applying PCA to “ military personnel” ); Hartley, 796 F.2d at 114 (same);
Bissonette, 776 F.2d at 1389 (applying PCA to “ Army or Air Force personnel” );
Yunis, 681 F. Supp. at 892 (applying PCA to “ military personnel” ); see also
Transportation Opinion at 2 (military personnel detailed to civilian agency are
not “ part” o f the military and not subject to PCA); 10 Op. O.L.C. at 121 (PCA
does not apply to military personnel functioning in civilian capacity under civilian
command); cf. Memorandum for Jamie Gorelick, Deputy Attorney General, from
W alter Dellinger, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Re: Use
o f M ilitary to Enforce Immigration Laws at 9-10 (May 10, 1994) (distinguishing
between “ employees of the United States” and “ members of the Armed
Forces” ). Similarly, the Defense Directive, extending the statutory restrictions to
4 Conversely, the PCA prohibits military personnel in law enforcement matters “ that were of concern only to
the civil authorities ” Fraud Investigations Opinion at 14 Military participation in such matters is impermissible
because it would run afoul o f the first factor in the PCA analysis, the direct active use of the military in civilian
law enforcement. See id.
5 Earlier opinions o f this Office concluded th at military personnel who are detailed to a civilian agency are not
covered by the PCA because they are employees o f the civilian agency for the duration of their detail, “ subject
to the exclusive orders” o f the head of the civilian agency, and therefore “ are not ‘any part’ *’ o f the military
for purposes o f the PCA Memorandum for Benjamin Forman, Assistant General Counsel, Department of Defense,
from W illiam H. Rehnquist, Assistant Attorney General, Office o f Legal Counsel, Re Legality o f deputizing military
personnel assigned to the D epartment of Transportation (Sept. 30, 1970) ( “ Transportation Opinion” ) (military per­
sonnel detailed to the Department o f Transportation to serve as security guards on civilian aircraft), see Assignment
o f A rm y Lawyers to the D epartment of Justice, 10 Op. O.L.C. 115, 121 (1986) (PCA “ would not be implicated
if [Army] lawyers were detailed on a full-time basis . in an entirely civilian capacity under the supervision
of civilian personnel” )
The proposed duties o f the Defense deputy, unlike those addressed in the opinions cited above, will involve super­
visory authority and the formulation of policy As a result, it is not settled whether the rule reflected in these earlier
opinions— that military personnel detailed to a civilian agency are not covered by the PCA— would apply to a mihtaiy
officer detailed to the NIPC as a deputy chief. We do not rely, however, upon the status of the Defense deputy
as a detailee for our conclusion in this opinion because we find that the fact that the Defense deputy will be a
civilian em ployee o f the Department of Defense makes the proposed arrangement permissible under the PCA. Thus,
we have not resolved— and we do not address here— whether o r not the PCA would permit a detailed military
officer to serve as an NIPC deputy chief
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P erm issibility U nder Posse C om itatus A ct o f D etail o f D efense D epartm ent Civilian E m ployee to the
N ational Infrastructure Protection Center
the Navy and Marine Corps, excludes from its scope civilian employees of the
Department. Directive 5525.5(B)(3) (restrictions do not apply to a “ civilian
employee of the Department of Defense” ).6 This Office has distinguished between
civilian and military personnel by applying the PCA to “ persons subject to mili­
tary discipline.” Fraud Investigations Opinion at 11.
In addition, the bifurcated structure of the NIPC and the particular duties to
be assigned under the proposed arrangement appear to make it unlikely that the
Defense deputy will “ execute the laws” as that term is understood in the context
of the PCA. Because the status of the Defense deputy as a civilian employee
provides an independent basis for concluding that the proposed arrangement is
permissible under the PCA, we do not resolve whether the structure of the NIPC
and the duties of the Defense deputy provide an alternative basis for concluding
that the proposed arrangement satisfies the PCA. Nonetheless, several consider­
ations suggest that the proposed Defense deputy position, as you have described
it, would be consistent with the PCA, independent of the civilian status of the
occupant.7
The NIPC is structured so that the duties of the Defense deputy are separated
from the oversight, control and conduct of NIPC criminal investigations. Thus,
the actions that the Defense deputy will take appear unlikely to fall within the
prohibitions of the PCA. The Defense deputy will have no direct or active involve­
ment in criminal investigations. Moreover, the separation of the Defense deputy
from criminal investigations diminishes the possibility that part of the military
would “ pervade” the civilian investigations effort. Finally, given the bifurcated
structure, it seems unlikely that the Defense deputy would be in a position to
engage in civilian law enforcement activities that would subject the citizenry to
military power.8
The duties of the Defense deputy appear to correspond with those responsibil­
ities that this Office previously has found to be consistent with the requirements
of the PCA. As we understand it from your descriptions, the role of the Defense
deputy in connection with the development of policy and planning in the NIPC
appears consistent with the provision of expert advice to civilian law enforcement
authorities. See Fraud Investigations Opinion at 12. Moreover, the planning and
coordination function of the Defense deputy appears to fit squarely with the earlier
6The exception for civilian employees does not extend to civilian employees who are “ under the direct command
and control o f a military officer ” Directive 5525.5(B)(3) We understand that the civilian employee to be detailed
in connection with the NIPC deputy chief position will not be an individual from a component within the Department
of Defense that is headed by a military officer Thus, the Defense deputy will be a civilian employee within the
meaning of the Directive
7 Because our assessment in this regard is not determinative, in the event that the Defense deputy position were
filled by a member of the military, and thus someone potentially subject to the prohibitions of the PCA while
at the NIPC, see supra note 5, we would require a detailed examination of the relevant structure and duties lo
determine whether they fully satisfy the requirements o f the PCA
8 Because the proposed bifurcated structure appears to remove the Defense deputy from criminal investigative
matters so completely, we have no occasion here to address the extent to which the PCA might permit the participa­
tion of the Defense deputy tn the law enforcement duties of the NIPC.
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observation of this Office that the PCA permits extensive cooperation between
military and civilian officials without direct military participation in law enforce­
ment. 15 Op. O.L.C. at 46.
In addition, we understand that the military has a significant interest.in the
maintenance o f infrastructure security in connection with the operation of the
Nation’s defense systems and the prevention of hostile acts against the United
States. Thus, the Defense deputy’s involvement in the NIPC will advance legiti­
mate military ends, thus satisfying one of the considerations that we have looked
to in determining the applicability of the PCA. See, e.g., Fraud Investigations
Opinion at 16 (concluding that the PCA permits military assistance to civilian
law enforcement regarding matters related to the Department of Defense).
III.
Because the proposed deputy chief of the NIPC to be detailed to the FBI from
the Department of Defense will be a civilian employee, the proposed arrangement
is permissible under the PCA. In addition, the separation of the Defense deputy
from the oversight and conduct o f criminal investigations, although not a basis
for our conclusion in this opinion, also appears to be consistent with the require­
ments o f the PCA.
WILLIAM MICHAEL TREANOR
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
Office o f Legal Counsel
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