Review of Agency Schedule C Appointments by the Executive Office of the President ( 1982 )

Review of Agency Schedule C Appointments by the
Executive Office of the President
T he E xecutive Office o f the President m ay involve itself in reviewing an agency’s proposed Schedule
C appointm ents, notw ithstanding the P resident’s general delegation of his authority m this area to
the Office o f Personnel M anagem ent, by virtue o f the President s continuing responsibility for
supervising the perform ance of E xecutive Branch officials.
T he E xecutive O ffice’s power to review Schedule C appointm ents may be limited in the case o f the
independent ag encies, o r when the organic act of an agency specifically precludes review by the
E xecutive Office.
January 27, 1982
M EM O R A N D U M OPINION FOR THE ASSISTANT COUNSEL TO THE
PRESIDENT
This responds to your request for a review of the present method by which the
Office of Personnel M anagement (OPM ) authorizes those positions of a con­
fidential o r policy-determ ining character known as “ Schedule C ” positions.
5 C .F.R . § 2 1 3 .3 3 0 1 -.3399 (1981). You have asked whether it is proper for the
Executive Office o f the President (Executive Office) to involve itself in the review
of Schedule C nominees. We believe that this practice is permissible, if the
procedure is clarified as outlined below.
I. Background
The President is charged with general oversight of the civil service. 5 U .S.C .
§§ 3301, 3302 (1976).' The President may delegate to the Director of OPM
general authority for personnel m anagem ent, 5 U .S.C . § 1104(a)(1) (Supp. Ill
1979), and he has done so. Exec. Order No. 9830, 3 C.F.R. (1943-1948 Comp.)
606; Exec. O rder No. 9973, 3 C.F.R. (1943-1948 Comp.) 710. This general
delegation, however, does not remove the President from active involvement in
personnel m atters. He continues to exercise his authority in this area by, for
exam ple, issuing orders concerning who may be admitted to the civil service
* See generally Mow Sun Wong v Campbell, 6 2 6 F 2 d 739 (9th C ir 1980), cert denied, 4 5 0 U S. 9 5 9 (1981)
(exclusion o f aliens from civil service). This “ clear statutory au th o rity ” can be exercised even w hen OPM has m ade
a co n trary d eterm ination
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system, see supra n . l , and which positions will be placed in the excepted
service.
Federal civil service positions are classified into several groups. The President
prescribes rules, 5 U .S.C . § 3302, which cover the “ excepted service”— those
civil service positions which are in neither the competitive service nor the Senior
Executive Service. Id. § 2103(a); 5 C.F.R. § 213.101 (1981). Schedule C
positions, a subcategory of the excepted service, 5 C.F.R. § 213.102 (1981), are
“ positions of a confidential or policy-determining character,” such as Special
Assistants and confidential secretaries. Id. § 213.3301. There are no merit
qualifications imposed on Schedule C positions, as there would be if they were in
the competitive service, and there is virtually no protection from removal.
Under President Carter, OPM had delegated to each agency the authority to
establish those Schedule C positions it required. These delegations were rescind­
ed on July 31, 1981. Federal Personnel M anagement (FPM) Bulletin No.
213—45, July 31, 1981, at 3 .2 Implementing regulations were issued in D e­
cember. 46 Fed. Reg. 58271 (1981) (to be codified in 5 C.F.R. § 213.3301b).3
At present, an agency that wishes to establish a Schedule C position first
submits the name of its nominee to the Executive Office for clearance. A fter it
receives Executive Office clearance or while the name is still under review, the
agency applies to OPM for permission to establish the position. This application
for permission must contain a description of the jo b to enable OPM to determine
w hether the proposed position is of a confidential or policy-determ ining
character. The name of the nominee must also accompany the application to
OPM . This information is placed on an OPM com puter for recordkeeping
purposes and can apparently be reviewed from a terminal in the Executive Office.
If the Executive Office, after calling up the names on its terminal, does not
approve of an applicant, it informs OPM that it cannot support the application for
the Schedule C position.
II. Analysis
Under the current framework of statutes, regulations, and executive orders,
O PM ’s responsibility in this area is relatively straightforward. It must determine
whether the agency’s description of a proposed Schedule C position meets the
criteria of a confidential or policy-determining job, and thus, whether a job may
be placed in the excepted service. That is, OPM “ decides whether the duties of
any particular position are such that the excepting authority is applicable to the
position.” FPM Basic Inst. 262, ch. 213, subch. 3, § 3—l(c)( 1981). Satisfaction
of these criteria may fulfill O PM ’s institutional needs, but it does not mean that
the Executive B ranch’s inquiry is at an end. There is an additional, and legiti­
2 “ E ffective im m ediately, all delegations to agencies to e stab lish Schedule C positions are suspended A ny
position currently excepted by O PM under Schedule C at G S - 15 and below, o r any position established under p n o r
delegation agreem ents, is revoked im m ediately upon the position becom ing vacant.” See also 5 C F R . § 6 7
(1981)
1 Prior to the revocation o f authority, the agency had up to 120 days to fill a vacant Schedule C position before it
reverted to O P M . 5 C F.R § 213 330lb(a).(b) (1981)
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mate, interest in ensuring that persons placed in Schedule C positions are
appropriate individuals to hold confidential or policymaking positions.
Schedule C positions serve as a com plem ent to the President’s authority over
his own appointees. The expressly confidential or policymaking nature of these
jobs indicates their sensitive nature. 5 C.F.R. § 213.3301 (1981).4 These posi­
tions have always been used as a way to provide trustworthy aides to pol­
icymakers and they were, in fact, conceived for that very reason. Exec. Order
No. 10440, 3 C .F.R. (1949-1953 Comp.) 9 3 2.5 The Executive Office has a
proper role in the filling of these positions, and has always involved itself,
although the extent of each A dm inistration’s supervisory role has varied.
In order to ensure that the Executive Office review is properly conducted,
certain procedures should be clarified.
First, we believe that the President should, if he has not already done so,
instruct the heads of all Executive Branch agencies that he wishes them to consult
with him or the Executive Office about Schedule C nominees, preferably before
an application is submitted to OPM . This directive is necessary in order to
establish that it is he who w ishes to assert authority over the Schedule C
positions. Norm ally the judgm ent of a Schedule C nominee’s fitness rests entirely
with the appointing officer, see infra, and the Executive Office cannot, on its
own, involve itself with this decision. The President— not his subordinates—
should therefore expressly direct the heads of all Executive Branch agencies to
consult with the Executive Office before they submit an application to OPM for a
Schedule C position.
Second, the directive should be clear in stating that the President is requiring
that the executive agencies consult with him prior to making a Schedule C
appointm ent. In m ost cases, the appointm ent power is vested in the head of the
agency or one of his subordinates, not with the President.6 The heads of the
agencies are vested with the authority to appoint individuals even if the President
disapproves, although the President has ample authority to punish disobedient
agency heads through dismissal from their own jobs.
Third, if the President wants to restrain OPM from acting on agency requests
for Schedule C positions before the Executive Office has an opportunity to
consult with the agencies regarding the nom inee, we believe that he should
modify Exec. O rder No. 10440, supra. Under the Order, OPM determines
w hether a position is of a confidential or policym aking character. The Order does
not say that authorization is dependent upon review by the Executive Office. In
order to require OPM not to take final action on an application prior to the
4 See Leonard v Douglas, 321 F.2d 749, 7 5 1 -5 3 (D C Cir. 1963) (rem oval o f Schedule C fo r incom patibility
w ith hi$ pew superior)
5 C reation o f S chedule C positions “ was a long overdue step tow ard a m ore precise identification o f policy­
m aking posts unsuitable for inclusion in th e perm anent service.” Van Riper, History c f the U S. Civil Service
4 9 5 -9 6 (1 9 5 8 ) See also C o o k e, Biography q fa n Ideal 102 (1958); M osher , Democracy and the Public Service 166
(1968). ( “ It m ay w ell be that the political ex ecu tiv es are the cru cial elem ent in the m aintenance o f dem ocratic
control o v er a public service w hich is increasingly professional and ‘careerized.’ They are, o r can b e, the true nexus
betw een politics and adm inistration.” )
6 See N ational Treasury Employees Union v. Reagan, 663 F 2 d 239 (D .C Cir. 1981) (A ppointm ents can only be
revoked by the appointing official, which in alm ost all cases w ould not be the President.)
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Executive Office review process, there should be a modification o f the present
Order. 44 U .S .C . § 1505 (1976). The new order would tell OPM not to authorize
a new position until the Executive Office notifies OPM that it has consulted with
the agency involved. Once this consultation had occurred, OPM would authorize
the slot if it met O PM ’s criteria.
Finally, we understand that the Executive Office has access to the com puter on
which OPM stores its data. If O PM ’s files are retrieved by reference to the
individual applicant’s nam e, it is impermissible for OPM to disclose that record
to any other agency. 5 U .S.C . § 552a(b) (1976).7 This may be overcome by
obtaining the prior written consent of the nominee, id., such as is now provided
on Standard Form 171. In addition, OPM could alert the Executive Office that it
has received an application for a certain position— without giving the name o f the
nominee. This will alert the Executive Office if it has not yet been told by the
nominating agency.
A caveat to our advice concerning the exercise of authority by the Executive
Office relates to the independent regulatory agencies. The President’s authority to
persuade the heads of Executive Branch agencies to comply with his request is
bottomed on his ability to enforce compliance by virtue of his removal power
over recalcitrant Executive Branch officials. He does not have that power to the
same extent over members of many of the “ independent” agencies. Humphrey's
Executory. United States, 2 9 5 U .S . 602 (1935). If he does not have the authority
to have the name submitted to him for review, he does not have the authority to
prevent OPM from authorizing the positions pending consultations or to insist
that the appointing authority select a particular individual.8 He can, however,
request the agency to consult with the Executive Office.
There are situations where the organic act of an agency specifically precludes
review by the Executive Office. The organic act establishing the Consum er
Product Safety Com m ission, for example, has such a provision.
The appointm ent of any officer (other than a Commissioner) or
employee of the Commission shall not be subject, directly or
indirectly, to review or approval by any officer or entity within the
Executive Office of the President.
15 U .S.C . § 2053(g)(4). We would advise OPM to review the underlying statutes
of each agency requesting a Schedule C position in order to ensure that such
provisions are not overlooked.9
III. Conclusion
Some confusion seems to have arisen in this problem because of what some
may perceive as O PM ’s “ subservience” to the W hite House. We see no legal
7 N ote that 5 U .S C § 552a(c) (1976) requires that a record be kept of disclosures that are m ade
8 T he appointm ent pow er in these agencies som etim es rests w ith the chairm an , a position that is designated by the
P resident This authority could be useful in obtaining com pliance w ith his request
9 We have review ed the organic acts of all the independent agencies listed in the U nited States G overnm ent
M anual and this is the only such provision that we have located There may be others, however, that o u r search has
not uncovered.
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problem , however, with Executive Office review of nominees’ names under the
circum stances described above.
Robert B . Shanks
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
Office of Legal Counsel
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