United States v. George Cornejo , 679 F. App'x 361 ( 2017 )


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  •      Case: 16-20547      Document: 00513876320         Page: 1    Date Filed: 02/15/2017
    IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
    United States Court of Appeals
    Fifth Circuit
    No. 16-20547                                FILED
    Summary Calendar                       February 15, 2017
    Lyle W. Cayce
    Clerk
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff - Appellee
    v.
    GEORGE CORNEJO,
    Defendant - Appellant
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Southern District of Texas
    USDC No. 4:15-CV-1155
    Before KING, DENNIS, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
    PER CURIAM:*
    The government sought to revoke George Cornejo’s citizenship under 8
    U.S.C. section 1451(a) because it maintained he procured citizenship illegally
    or by concealment of a material fact or by willful misrepresentation. Although
    he was served with the denaturalization lawsuit, Cornejo did not timely
    appear.     The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the
    * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
    be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
    CIR. R. 47.5.4.
    Case: 16-20547    Document: 00513876320     Page: 2   Date Filed: 02/15/2017
    No. 16-20547
    government, stripping Cornejo of his citizenship.      Soon after that ruling,
    Cornejo appeared and unsuccessfully sought to reopen the proceeding for
    “excusable neglect” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(1). Cornejo
    appeals both the denial of that motion and the grant of summary judgment.
    In September 1996, Cornejo became a naturalized citizen. A few months
    earlier, during his June 18 interview with an immigration agent, Cornejo said
    that he had not “knowingly committed any crime for which [he had] not been
    arrested.”
    In August 1996, the State of Kansas provided a different answer to that
    question. It charged that Cornejo had committed two drug offenses on March
    20, 1996. Cornejo was detained during a traffic stop that day but was not
    arrested on the later charges until after he was naturalized. In early 1997, he
    pleaded guilty to the two charges, which included possession of marijuana with
    intent to sell.
    Almost two decades later, Cornejo was served with the complaint seeking
    to revoke his citizenship. On counsel’s advice, he did not respond or appear.
    The government filed a motion for summary judgment, which the court
    granted.
    After Cornejo was served with the judgment voiding his naturalization,
    he hired new counsel and soon moved for relief on the basis of excusable neglect
    under Rule 60(b)(1). His affidavit, attached to the motion, said the “main
    reason” he pleaded guilty was that his criminal defense attorney had advised
    him that pleading would have no immigration consequences. He alleged he
    “never purposely made any false statements and thought that [he] was
    answering the truth during [his] naturalization.” The district court held a
    hearing and denied the motion to reopen.
    The district court acted within its discretion in denying the Rule 60(b)
    motion. Motions under Rule 60(b) are directed to the sound discretion of the
    2
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    No. 16-20547
    district court, and their denial will be set aside only for abuse of discretion.
    Smith v. Alumax Extrusions, Inc., 
    868 F.2d 1469
    , 1471 (5th Cir. 1989). We are
    less inclined to find abuse of discretion in this situation when the court entered
    summary judgment after considering evidence as opposed to one in which a
    default judgment was entered.          
    Id. at 1472
    .     Cornejo claimed he did not
    participate in this case because his attorney told him he had no viable defense.
    He has not shown that advice was mistaken, however, and in any case a
    mistake “attributable solely to the negligence or carelessness of that party’s
    attorney” will not generally constitute excusable neglect. Lavespere v. Niagara
    Mach. & Tool Works, Inc., 
    910 F.2d 167
    , 173 (5th Cir. 1990), abrogated on other
    grounds by Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 
    37 F.3d 1069
     (5th Cir. 1994); see also
    Bohlin Co. v. Banning Co., 
    6 F.3d 350
    , 357 (5th Cir. 1993). We will thus not
    consider the affidavit Cornejo sought to have included in the record through
    his Rule 60(b) motion. 1
    Because of the unusual posture of this case in which the Rule 60(b) relief
    was sought only a few days after entry of the final judgment, Cornejo also
    timely appealed the underlying judgment. The record, however, also supports
    that ruling.
    To revoke citizenship, the government must prove that: (1) the
    naturalized     citizen    misrepresented       or   concealed     a    fact;   (2)   the
    misrepresentation or concealment was willful; (3) the fact was material; and
    (4) the naturalized citizen procured citizenship as a result of the
    misrepresentation or concealment. See Kungys v. United States, 
    485 U.S. 759
    ,
    767–71 (1988). Cornejo’s appeal focuses on materiality. A fact is material if it
    “was predictably capable of affecting” or “had a natural tendency to affect” the
    1 In any event, Cornejo’s affidavit does not dispute that he pleaded guilty to the
    Kansas drug offenses, which, as discussed below, estops him from arguing he did not commit
    them.
    3
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    No. 16-20547
    determination of whether the applicant met the requirements for citizenship.
    
    Id. at 771
    .
    To become a naturalized citizen, an applicant must be “a person of good
    moral character” from five years prior to submitting an application for
    citizenship until the date of citizenship. 
    8 U.S.C. § 1427
    (a). Cornejo’s brief
    focuses on the provision barring an applicant from meeting that standard if he
    had committed a crime of moral turpitude, 
    8 U.S.C. §§ 1101
    (f)(3),
    1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), which Cornejo contends his drug offenses were not. But we
    need not decide that question. An applicant also does not qualify as a person
    of good moral character if he admits that, during the statutory time period, he
    committed acts which constitute a violation of “any law or regulation of a
    State . . . relating to a controlled substance,” other than a crime of simple
    possession of a small amount of marijuana.             
    8 U.S.C. §§ 1101
    (f)(3);
    1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). This is true regardless of whether the applicant is ever
    arrested or convicted. See 
    8 U.S.C. § 1182
    (a)(2)(A)(i). At summary judgment,
    the government established that Cornejo committed such a crime while his
    application was pending in light of his later guilty plea to the Kansas drug
    offenses that occurred prior to his interview. To the extent he now alleges
    otherwise, he is estopped from doing so by his guilty plea. See In re Grothues,
    
    226 F.3d 334
    , 339 (5th Cir.2000); United States v. Kayode Akamo, 515 F. App’x
    248, 249 (5th Cir. 2012). The omitted fact of his drug crime was therefore
    material as a crime relating to a controlled substance. Cornejo does not contest
    this ground for the judgment in his opening brief and has therefore forfeited
    4
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    the issue. 2 See Legate v. Livingston, 
    822 F.3d 207
    , 211–12 (5th Cir. 2016);
    United States v. Scroggins, 
    599 F.3d 433
    , 446–47 (5th Cir. 2010).
    To the extent Cornejo asserts his misrepresentations were not willful, he
    also forfeited that issue for failure to adequately raise it in his opening brief.
    ***
    The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
    2 In a footnote, Cornejo maintains that a violation of Kansas’s possession of marijuana
    with intent to sell law is not an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. section 1101(a)(43)(B). This
    is beside the point. The relevant inquiry is not whether Cornejo’s crime was an aggravated
    felony but whether it was a violation of any state law relating to a controlled substance under
    section 1101(f)(3).
    5