Duncan v. St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad , 152 Ala. 118 ( 1907 )

DENSON, J.

The town of Cordova is a place of 2,500 inhabitants, and is located in Walker county. The defendant railroad, company has a line of railroad running through said county and town. In said town defendant has what the witnesses term a transfer track, located betxveen defendant’s main line and that of the Southern Railway. This transfer track intersects defendant’s main line on the northwest, and runs straight from that point in a southeasterly or southerly direction for nearly half a mile. Within a distance of 300 yards from said point of intersection there are three foot crossings on the transfer track; the third being about 300 yards from the point of intersection, in a southerly or southeasterly direction. In order to reach this crossing from the west, there is a steep embankment which must be descended, and there are several steps leading from the top of the embankment to the transfer track of the defendant; while on the east side of this track there is a footway, and a platform built of plank, leading out to the main street on the east. These steps and the platform have been there three or four years. The Indian Head Cotton Mill, in said town, is situated west of the track, and this transfer track passes through the center of the town. As many as 500 or 600 people pass over this crossing daily. It is used (as one of the witnesses expressed it) “largely by the employes of the cotton mill and the inhabitants of the town generally.” It was not shown on the trial who built the steps and platform at the crossing. The plaintiff, a woman 75 years of age, alleges that she was injured by one of defendant’s locomotives running against her as she was passing over defendant’s track at said crossing; and she seeks to recover damages for such injury.

The track was not in a street of the town. At least, there is neither averment nor proof to that effect. If the plaintiff was a trespasser, then the company owed her no duty until its employes actually saw her on the track in a place of danger. They were not bound to keep a lookout for trespassers, and were not negligent in failing to discover her on the track. This principle is well settled in this and in other jurisdictions. — Tanner’s Case, 60 Ala. 621; Carrington’s Case, 88 Ala. 476, 6 South. 910; Bentley’s Case, 86 Ala. 484, 6 South. 37; Womack’s Case, 84 Ala. 149, 4 South. 618; Blanton’s Case, 84 Ala. 154, 4 South. 621; Haley’s Case, 113 Ala. 648, 21 South. 357; Glass’ Case, 94 Ala. 581, 10 South. 215; Phila. & Reading R. R. Co. v. Hummell, 44 Penn. 375, 84 Am. Dec. 457; Masser v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 68 Iowa, 602, 27 N. W. 776; Toomey v. Southern P. R. Co., 24 Pas. 1074, 86 Cal. 374,10 L. R. A. 139; Spicer v. Chesapeake & O. R. Co., 12 S. E. 553, 34 W. Va. 514, 11 L. R. A. 385; Clark v. Wilmington & W. R. Co., 14 S. E. 43, 109 N. C. 430, 14 L. R. A. E49; Daniels v. New York & N. E. R. Co.. 28 N. E. 283. 154 Mass. 349. 13 L. R. A. 248, 26 Am. St. Rep. 258. Plaintiff (appellant) contends that this should not be the rule, even as to trespassers, and Thompson on Negligence is cited as authority for the contention The contention may be supported by the authority cited; but such rule has been the uniform holding of this court, and, unless there appear cogent reasons for a departure therefrom, it should not now be changed. We have discovered no sufficient reason for changing the rule, and decline to overrule our many cases on the subject.

But there is another phase of this case. While the track of a railroad cannot be converted into a road for ordinary travel, and the mere usage or custom of crossing the track at any particular point does not give rise to the duty to keep a lookout, yet as said in Savannah & Western Railroad, Co. v. Meadors, 95 Ala. 137, 140, 143, 10 South. 142: “When a railroad track runs through parts of a city, town, or village which are thickly populated, and where the demands of trade and public intercourse necessitates the frequent crossing of the track, it is the duty of those operating an engine along the track in such places to keep a lookout. This duty to keep a lookout for persons is not specially imposed by statute, but arises from the likelihood that in such places there are persons on the track, and the bounden duty to duly guard against inflicting death or injury in places and under circumstances where it is likely that injury may result unless care be observed. The duty arises when the circumstances exist which call for its exercise * * * and when they are known to those operating the train.” —Nave v. A. G. S. Co., 96 Ala. 264, 11 South. 391; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Mitchell,. 134 Ala. 261, 32 South. 735; Haley’s Case, 113 Ala. 640, 21 South; 357. We are of the opinion that the evidence shows that the crossing where defendant was struck by the engine was such a place as made it the duty of the defendant’s servants to keep a lookout for persons wbo might be crossing.

The record shows that, after the evidence was introduced, the plaintiff withdrew “all the counts of the complaint except counts 4, 5, 8, and 9.” In this state of the record, plaintiff (appellant) has waived a review of the rulings of the court sustaining demurrers to'the other counts.

The plaintiff introduced two witnesses who testified, substantially, that the engine, with two or three cars attached, was approaching the “crossing” at a speed of about 12 or 15 miles an hour; that the engineer was in his place and appeared to be looking straight ahead, and that the fireman was shoveling coal; that, just before the engine reached the point where plaintiff was, witnesses turned their heads momentarily, and did not see the engine strike the plaintiff; that they looked back instantly, and saw the plaintiff, on her feet and knees, in a “scrambling” position, about 8 or 10 feet from the ties; that no bell was rung or whistle blown when the engine was approaching the point where plaintiff was crossing the transfer track, and there was nothing to obstruct the view of the engineer of the steps and of the crossing where plaintiff was injured. On cross-examination one of the witnesses testified that he was not absolutely certain with respect to the blowing of- the whistle or the ringing of the bell, “but to his best recollection it was not done.” One of the witnesses (Quillian) testified that when he saw the engine it was only a few feet away from the plaintiff and “bearing down on her.” The plaintiff, in her own behalf, testified that she was crossing the track at the foot crossing, and was going from the Indian Head Mills; that “from the top of the steps, and all the way down, and on the track, the engine and cars which struck her would have been in plain view, but she did not look in that direction before going on the track, being so near the end of the transfer track, but that she did look in a southern direction along the track (the evidence as to the direction in which the engine was going was in conflict) ; that she did not hear any noise made by a train in running, neither did she hear any whistle or bell, and knew nothing of the approach of the engine until she was struck and knocked off the track on the east side; that she was at the time of the trial 76 years old.”

As was said in the case of Peters v. Southern Railway Co., 135 Ala. 533, 538, 33 South. 333: “While the plaintiff had the right to cross the track along a private footpath without becoming a trespasser in so doing, yet this right was one to be exercised with due care. It must be conceded that if, in the exercise of this right in crossing, he had failed to stop, look, and listen for an approaching train, he would have been guilty of negligence in such failure, and for any injury received as a proximate consequence thereof there could be no recovery, except for wanton or willful misconduct on the part of the defendant or its agents.” — Ga. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Lee, 92 Ala. 262, 9 South. 230; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Richards, Adm’r, 100 Ala. 365, 13 South. 944; Kansas City, M. & B. R. R. Co. v. Weeks, 135 Ala. 615, 34 South. 16; Glass’ Case, 94 Ala. 587, 10 South. 215; Memphis & Charleston R. R. Co. v. Martin, 117 Ala. 367, 23 South. 231; Id., 131 Ala. 269, 30 South. 827. Applying the doctrine of “stop, look, and listen” to the undisputed evidence in the case, we are of the opinion that no reasonable conclusion can be reached other than that the plaintiff was guilty of negligence in going on the track.

The fourth count of the complaint charges an intentional injury, or one committed wantonly or willfully. Doubtless the plaintiff intended that .the ninth count should be one for intentional, willful, or wanton misconduct, and the trial court seems to have treated it as such. But it is apparent that it falls short, in its aver-ments, of being sufficient as a count charging willful or wanton injury. — Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Brown, 121 Ala. 221, 25 South. 609; Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Mitchell, 184 Ala. 261, 32 South. 735; Montgomery Street Railway Co. v. Lewis, 148 Ala. 134, 41 South. 736.

By counts 5 and 8 the case presents the doctrine, well settled in this court, that “where the injured party is negligent in assuming a position of danger, in such degree and so contributing to his hurt as that his fault will leave him without a right of recovery for any primary negligence of the other party, by which we mean any negligence which has, from the point of view of the person inflicting the injury, no relation to the other party’s situation, yet he may nevertheless recover if the person charged with the wrong and injury became aware of his peril in time to avoid injuring him by the proper use of all preventive means at his command, and lis-lessly, inadvertently, or negligently failed to resort to such means in conservation of his safety, provided he is himself free from negligence after he becomes conscious of his danger. In such case the original negligence of the injured party, whereby he is placed in a perilous position, does not in a legal sense contribute to the result. It is a remote, not a proximate, cause. It is a condition, indeed, rather than a cause, remote or proximate, and the law ascribes the disaster solely to a want of due care on the part of the person controlling the agency of the injury, but for whose negligence no hurt would have been done notwithstanding the injured party’s original fault.” — L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Brown, 121 Ala. 221, 25 South. 609, and cases there cited; Central of Georgia Railway Co. v. Lamb, 124 Ala. 172, 26 South. 969; Central of Georgia Railway Co. v. Partridge, 136 Ala. 587, 34 South. 927; Birmingham Railway, Light & Power Co. v. Brantley, 141 Ala. 614, 619, 37 South. 698, and cases there cited. Under this doctrine, if the evidence comes up to its requirements, recovery may be had upon a count charging simple negligence. In other Avords, a count for Avanton, Avillful, or intentional injury is not necessary. — Lamb’s Case, supra.

The engineer testified that his “engine Avas used on the transfer track in transferring cars; that Avhile standing on said transfer track, his engine headed nothwest, with two or three cars attached, he saAV an old woman near the top of the- steps described by plaintiff’s Avitness Walker, coming down in the direction of the track; that he started his engine and cars in that direction slowly, supposing that she Avould stop or cross over the track; that he saw that she was old and feeble, and he checked his train up, causing it to go very slowly, thinking she would get off; that his engine was headed northAvest, which was upgrade, and that he went very slow, at the rate of two or three miles an hour; that the Avoman finally stepped off the track on the east side, which was the dangerous side, it being steep on that side; that she had a bundle and umbrella, and as she went by the engine struck the umbrella or bundle; that he did not think the-engine struck the woman; that he saw it jerk her around, but his best recollection was that she did not fall down, and he passed on Avithout stopping. .On cross-examination he testified that he could have stopped his engine easily, as it was going upgrade, with only two or three cars, at the rate of only two or three miles an hour; that he saw the woman on the track was old and feeble, and that the east side of the track where she crossed was steep and narrow; that be conld have avoided striking the woman by stopping.” On the whole evidence, we are of the opinion that, applying the doctrine above adverted to, it was a jury question as to whether the plaintiff’s negligence proximately contributed to her injury. — A. G. S. R. R. Co. v. Guest, 136 Ala. 348-858, 34 South. 968; Memphis & Charleston R. R. Co. v. Martin, Adm’r, 131 Ala. 269, 278, 279, 30 South. 827, and'authorities there cited; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Welt, 97 Ala. 310, 12 South. 374.

At the written request of the defendant the court charged the jury that “the defendant was under no duty to blow the whistle while approaching the path across the track, ivhere plaintiff entered upon the track.” This charge, under the evidence, at least invades the province of the jury, and should have been refused. And this criticism is applicable alike to given charge 6. — Ga. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Lee, 92 Ala. 262, 9 South. 230; Meadors’ Case, 95 Ala. 137, 10 South. 141; Foshee’s Case, 125 Ala. 218, 27 South. 1006; A. G. S. R. R. Co. v. Guest, 136 Ala. 348, 352, 353, 34 South. 968; Central of Georgia Railway Co. v. Partridge, 136 Ala. 587, 34 South. 927.

“Consciousness” as hypothesized in charge 5 given at the request of the defendant, is an element of wantonness; but we have in this discussion shown that, under one phase of the case, wantonness is not indispensable to plaintiff’s right of recovery. Therefore this charge should have been refused.- — Birmingham Railway, Light & Power Co. v. Brantley, 141 Ala. 614, 619, 37 South. 698; Lamb’s Case, 124 Ala. 172, 26 South. 969.

Charge 7, given for the defendant, is abstract. There is no evidence in the record which tends to show that the plaintiff was “walking on the track towards the train.” For this reason the charge might well have been refused.

Charge 8 is subject to the criticism we have applied to charges 3 and 6 given at defendant’s request. Furthermore, it gives undue prominence to a single feature of the evidence, and assumes that failure to blow the whistle was the only act of negligence. — Montgomery Street Railway Co. v. Rice, 142 Ala. 674, 88 South. 857; Orr’s Case, 121 Ala. 504, 26 South. 35 (charge 33).

Charge 11, as shown by the amendment to the bill of exceptions, seems to be in accord with the utterances of this court found in the case of L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Brown, 121 Ala. 221, 226, 25 South. 609.

Charge 13 should have been refused. It calls for a verdict for the defendant, notwithstanding the jury may have found that the failure to blow the whistle occurred after the engineer discovered the perilous position of the plaintiff, and which failure the jury may have inferred was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury.

The giving of charge 14 is not insisted on as error in brief of appellant’s counsel.

Charge 15, under the principles heretofore discussed in respect to negligence vel non on the part of the engineer after he discovered the perilous situation of plaintiff, is clearly bad, and should have been refused.

We have disposed of all questions that arose in the case in respect to negligence; but there remains another feature of the case for consideration. The defendant, by pleas 5 and 6, set up a settlement and release. Demurrers to the pleas were overruled, and the judgment of the court overruling the demurrers has been assigned as error; but there is no insistence on the assignment in brief of appellant’s counsel, and we shall omit consideration of this assignment.

Several special replications were filed to pleas 5 and 6, all of which, however, were withdrawn, except those numbered 1, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The only questions to be determined in respect to this feature of the case are presented by charges given at the request of the defendant.

Charge 1 should have been refused, as under the issues made by the replications the question sought to be presented by the charge was not in the case. But, as to the sufficiency of the replication, see Harrison v. Alabama Midland Railway Co., 144 Ala. 246, 40 South. 394.

The testimony offered by the defendant tended to show that a settlement was fairly made with the plaintiff, and that after full explanation and understanding of its terms the plaintiff executed the release offered in evidence. In the light of this evidence, we can see no defect in given charge 2. Appellant insists that it is bad, because it does not “predicate” the jury’s belief on or from the evidence. This insistence is not well founded. — Hall v. Posey, 79 Ala. 84; Mansfield v. Morgan, 140 Ala. 567, 37 South. 393.

Charges 9, 10, and 12, given at the request of the defendant, ignore the question of fraud in the procurement of the release, and should have been refused.

For the errors pointed out, the judgment of the trial court must be reversed, and the cause remanded.

Reversed and remanded.

Tyson, C. J., and Haralson and Dowdell, JJ., concur.