Grant v. State , 379 P.3d 993 ( 2016 )

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
TRISTAN JAMALL GRANT,
Court of Appeals No. A-12619
Petitioner, Trial Court No. 3AN-11-7467 CR
v.
O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,
Respondent. No. 2512 — August 19, 2016
Petition for Review from the Superior Court, Third Judicial
District, Anchorage, Paul E. Olson, Judge.
Appearances: Michael T. Schwaiger, Assistant Public Defend­
er, and Quinlan Steiner, Public Defender, Anchorage, for the
Petitioner. Jenna L. Gruenstein, Assistant District Attorney,
Anchorage, and James E. Cantor, Acting Attorney General,
Juneau, for the Respondent.
Before: Mannheimer, Chief Judge, and Allard, Judge.
Judge MANNHEIMER.
While Tristan Jamall Grant was on probation for fourth-degree controlled
substance misconduct in this case, he committed a new crime — a federal offense — and
Grant’s state probation officer filed a petition to revoke his probation.
While that probation revocation petition was pending, the federal court
sentenced Grant to serve 6 months’ imprisonment for the new federal crime. Several
weeks later, the superior court revoked Grant’s probation in this case and sentenced him
to serve 2 months of his previously suspended jail time.
The superior court initially made this 2-month probation revocation
sentence concurrent with Grant’s federal sentence. But the superior court later
concluded that, under Alaska sentencing law, these two sentences had to run
consecutively. The court therefore amended Grant’s judgement to make the 2-month
probation revocation sentence consecutive to Grant’s federal sentence.
Grant now petitions this Court to reverse the superior court’s decision —
to order the superior court to again make the 2-month probation revocation sentence
concurrent with Grant’s federal sentence. Grant argues that the superior court violated
his rights under the double jeopardy clause when the court amended Grant’s probation
revocation sentence to make it consecutive to his federal sentence.
We grant the petition for review — and, for the reasons explained here, we
affirm the superior court’s decision.
The superior court’s interpretation of AS 12.55.127(a) was correct
Normally, once a criminal sentence is meaningfully imposed, any increase
in that sentence will violate the double jeopardy clause. 1 But a sentence is not
“meaningfully imposed” for these purposes if the sentence is illegal. 2 Thus, if a sentence
1
Sonnier v.State,483 P.2d 1003, 1005 (Alaska 1971); Forster v.State,236 P.3d1157,
1172 (Alaska App. 2010); Lapp v. State, 220 P.3d 534, 537 (Alaska App. 2009).
2
Smith v. State, 892 P.2d 202, 203 (Alaska App.1995); Dunham v. Juneau, 790 P.2d
(continued...)
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is illegally lenient, the sentencing court may adjust it upward — although only to the
extent necessary to cure the illegality. 3
In Grant’s case, the superior court concluded that, under Alaska law,
Grant’s 2-month probation revocation sentence had to be consecutive to the sentence
Grant received for his new federal crime. Thus, the court concluded, it had acted
illegally when it made the probation revocation sentence concurrent with Grant’s federal
sentence.
The superior court based its ruling on subsection (a) of AS 12.55.127, the
statute that governs consecutive sentencing. Subsection (a) declares:
If a defendant is required to serve a term of
imprisonment under a separate judgment, [then any] term of
imprisonment imposed in a later judgment, amended
judgment, or probation revocation shall be consecutive.
Admittedly, the meaning of this provision might not be immediately clear.
But in Smith v. State, 187 P.3d 511, 515 (Alaska App. 2008), we held that subsection (a)
was intended to re-codify Alaska’s pre-existing rule about consecutive sentencing in
cases where a defendant commits a new crime. More specifically, we held in Smith that
AS 12.55.127(a) was intended to re-codify the interpretation of former AS 12.55.025(e)
that this Court adopted in Wells v. State, 706 P.2d 711, 714 (Alaska App. 1985).
2
(...continued)
239, 240-41 (Alaska App. 1990); State v. LaPorte, 672 P.2d 466, 468-69 & n. 6 (Alaska App.
1983); Charles A. Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure: Criminal (2nd ed. 1982), § 582,
Vol. 3, pp. 380-89.
3
Byford v. State, 352 P.3d 898, 906 (Alaska App. 2015); Smith v. State, 892 P.2d 202,
203-04 (Alaska App. 1995); Christensen v. State, 844 P.2d 557, 558 (Alaska App. 1993);
Curtis v.State, 831 P.2d 359, 360 (Alaska App. 1992); Love v.State,799 P.2d1343,1346-47
(Alaska App. 1990); Joseph v. State, 712 P.2d 904, 905-06 (Alaska App.1986).
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Under former AS 12.55.025(e), as interpreted in Wells, when a defendant
was sentenced for a probation violation based on the defendant’s commission of a new
crime, the court was required to impose the probation revocation sentence consecutively
to the defendant’s sentence for the new crime. We clarified this matter in Jackson v.
State, 31 P.3d 105, 107-08 (Alaska App. 2001):
Under AS 12.55.025(e), when a defendant is sentenced
for a new crime and faces revocation of probation for a
previous crime, the sentences must be imposed consecutively.
To the extent that [the court] imposed Jackson’s sentence
concurrently, that sentence was illegal.
See also Callan v. State, 904 P.2d 856, 857 & n. 3 (Alaska App. 1995); Jennings v. State,
713 P.2d 1222, 1223-24 (Alaska App. 1986).
Because this was the rule before the enactment of AS 12.55.127(a), and
because AS 12.55.127(a) was intended to re-codify this rule, the superior court was
correct when it concluded that Grant’s probation revocation sentence had to be
consecutive to the sentence he received for his new crime.
Grant’s argumentthat AS 12.55.127(a) does not apply to defendants whose
new crime is a violation of federal law
Grant argues that even if AS 12.55.127(a) calls for this result when a
defendant’s probation is revoked for the commission of a new crime under Alaska law,
the statute does not apply when the defendant’s new crime is a violation of federal law
— or, presumably, a violation of any other state’s law.
In making this argument, Grant relies on the rule of lenity — that is, the rule
that penal statutes should be construed against the government. Grant argues that since
AS 12.55.127(a) does not explicitly refer to crimes defined under the laws of other
–4– 2512
jurisdictions, the statute should be interpreted as not applying when a defendant commits
a new crime under federal law or under the law of another state.
Under the rule of lenity, when a statute establishing a criminal penalty is
reasonably susceptible of more than one meaning, the statute should be construed so as
to provide the most lenient penalty. 4 But as this Court explained in De Nardo v. State,
“this rule of lenity or strict construction comes into play only when, after employing
normal methods of statutory construction, the legislature’s intent cannot be ascertained
or remains ambiguous.” 819 P.2d 903, 907 (Alaska App. 1991).
This Court has also explained that the rule of lenity does not require courts
to minutely probe statutes for any conceivable ambiguity or lack of clarity. Even though
criminalstatutes are generally construed strictly, “[s]trict construction ... does not require
that statutes be given the narrowest meaning allowed by [their] language”. State v.
Jones, 750 P.2d 828, 831 (Alaska App. 1988). Rather, criminal statutes should still be
given “a reasonable or common sense construction, consonant with the objectives of the
legislature.” Ibid., quoting Belarde v. Anchorage, 634 P.2d 567, 568 (Alaska App.
1981).
The rule of mandatory consecutive sentencing that was formerly codified
in AS 12.55.025(e), and that is currently codified in AS 12.55.127(a), was intended to
ensure that defendants receive some measure of additional punishment when they
commit new crimes after being sentenced for earlier crimes. Grant fails to offer any
plausible explanation as to why the legislature would not want this rule to apply to
defendants whose new crimes are violations of federal law or the laws of other states.
4
Ward v. Dept. of Public Safety, 288 P.3d 94, 97-98 (Alaska 2012); State v. Parker,
147 P.3d 690, 697 (Alaska 2006); State v. Andrews, 707 P.2d 900, 907 (Alaska App. 1985).
–5– 2512
We therefore reject Grant’s argument that AS 12.55.127(a) does not apply
when a defendant’s new crime is a violation of federal law.
Conclusion
The decision of the superior court is AFFIRMED.
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