State v. Scott ( 2018 )

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
LOVETTE SHARMAINE SCOTT, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 17-0116
FILED 2-27-2018
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CR2015-146850-001
The Honorable Dean M. Fink, Judge
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Alice Jones
Counsel for Appellee
Michael J. Dew Attorney at Law, Phoenix
By Michael J. Dew
Counsel for Appellant
STATE v. SCOTT
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Presiding Judge Randall M. Howe delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge Kenton D. Jones and Judge James B. Morse Jr. joined.
H O W E, Judge:
¶1 Lovette Sharmaine Scott appeals the trial court’s denial of his
motion to suppress evidence obtained through a protective sweep. For the
following reasons, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 In October 2015, an undercover officer working on an
operation looking for child prostitutes saw an advertisement for someone
who appeared to be an underage prostitute and arranged a meeting. They
met in an apartment building parking lot, and the woman, not underage,
took the undercover officer inside a three-bedroom apartment and led him
to one of the bedrooms. Inside the bedroom, the woman agreed to have sex
for $160. The undercover officer replied that he had left his cash in his car,
and they walked to the apartment entrance. When the undercover officer
and the woman opened the front door, other officers entered the apartment
and detained the woman in the living room.
¶3 Five to ten police officers conducted a sweep of the apartment.
During the sweep, one officer found Scott in an adjacent bedroom lying on
a bed. The officers detained Scott and continued to sweep that bedroom and
the adjacent bathroom. While an officer shook a blanket on the bed to see if
someone else was underneath it, he saw a long gun magazine underneath
the mattress. He could not say for certain that he saw a gun, however, and
he told the other officers not to include what he observed in the warrant
affidavit. Another officer swept a different bedroom and found several
guns inside a closet in plain view. During a sweep of the kitchen, the officers
found two handguns inside a stack of tires. After the sweep, the officers
obtained a search warrant for the apartment.
¶4 In total, the officers found six weapons in the apartment: (1) a
rifle with a handmade suppressor, (2) a shotgun with a sawed-off grip that
measured 23.5 inches in length, (3) a 9-millimeter semiautomatic handgun,
(4) a pistol, (5) a revolver, and (6) a handgun with a long magazine. After
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STATE v. SCOTT
Decision of the Court
an officer read Scott his Miranda1 rights, Scott admitted that the apartment
was his residence, his name was on the lease, and he had lived there for
about one year. He also admitted that he had been convicted of a felony and
that his right to possess firearms had not been restored. Although Scott did
not admit that he owned the guns, he did admit that he knew guns were in
his apartment and that he had touched and moved them. Scott stated that
the guns were owned by other people living in the apartment, but he did
not provide any names.
¶5 The State charged Scott with five counts of misconduct
involving weapons, each a class 4 felony. Three counts were based on Scott
knowingly possessing firearms while being a prohibited possessor and two
counts were based on Scott knowingly possessing prohibited weapons. The
State also alleged that Scott had five prior felony convictions. Scott moved
to suppress the evidence obtained during the search of his apartment,
alleging that the officers had conducted an unlawful sweep of the
apartment. He argued that (1) the woman had no authority to invite the
undercover officer into his residence; (2) the officers could search only the
areas immediately adjoining the place of arrest (the living room), but had
exceeded that scope by searching the rest of the apartment; and (3) the
sweep was impermissible because the officers did not have a reasonable
belief that other women were in the apartment. The State responded that
the officers conducted a proper sweep because (1) the woman, a co-
occupant, invited an undercover officer into the apartment; (2) she was
arrested for prostitution; and (3) the officers were permitted to conduct a
sweep for other individuals posing a danger to them.
¶6 The trial court held a suppression hearing. At the hearing,
multiple officers testified that the sweep’s purpose was to look for people
who posed a danger to the officers. The officers testified that they looked
only in places in which a person could hide, and the sweep lasted five
minutes at most. One officer stated that in his experience dealing with
prostitution, an armed person is typically near the woman for her
protection. He further testified that in a prostitution situation “there’s a
good chance there [is] going to be another person inside the residence or on
the outside” and that the officers “didn’t see anybody on the outside.”
Another officer testified that in his experience with prostitution that a
female prostitute usually worked with a male for “protection” and
“management.” He further stated that the male will usually be close enough
“to keep a visual confirmation[.]” The undercover officer testified that
sweeps are performed after prostitution arrests “to make sure that there’s
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
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STATE v. SCOTT
Decision of the Court
nobody hiding that could harm us while we’re doing the investigation.” He
further stated that although he did not feel threatened by the prostitute, he
believed the sweep was needed “to make sure that no one’s going to jump
out” and attack them because he had past experiences in which men had
been hiding with guns to protect the prostitute. Additionally, photographs
were admitted into evidence showing about six pairs of shoes and three
bicycles in the living room and kitchen.
¶7 The trial court denied the motion to suppress. The court
found that the undercover officer legally entered Scott’s residence when the
woman invited him into the apartment. The court also found that the
woman’s arrest occurred in the apartment and that the officers were not
required to remove her from the residence while the investigation took
place. Furthermore, the court found that the sweep was legal, and the
officers did not exceed the scope of the sweep because they looked only in
places where a person could be.
¶8 At trial, Scott stipulated that he had a prior felony conviction
and that his rights to possess a firearm had not been restored. The jury
found Scott guilty on all five counts. The trial court determined that the
State had proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Scott had five prior felony
convictions and used two convictions as historical prior felony convictions.
The trial court sentenced Scott to concurrent ten-year prison terms for the
five counts. Scott timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
¶9 Scott claims that the trial court erred by denying his motion
to suppress evidence obtained through the sweep. He argues that the sweep
was improper because the officers lacked a reasonable belief, based on
specific and articulable facts, that the area contained someone who posed a
danger to others.2 The denial of a motion to suppress is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion, and the facts are considered in the light most favorable
to sustaining the ruling. State v. Valenzuela, 239 Ariz. 299, 302 ¶ 9 (2016).
2 At the trial court, Scott also argued that (1) the sweep violated the
Arizona Constitution, (2) the sweep was too broad under the first exception
discussed in Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325 (1990), and (3) the woman did
not have legal authority to invite the undercover officer into his residence.
Scott has not raised these arguments in his appellate brief, and thus, has
abandoned and waived these claims. See State v. Carver, 160 Ariz. 167, 175
(1989).
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STATE v. SCOTT
Decision of the Court
While we defer to the trial court’s factual findings, we conduct de novo
review of its legal conclusions. State v. Adair, 241 Ariz. 58, 60 ¶ 9 (2016).
¶10 The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable
searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. “As a general rule, in order
to be reasonable, a search or seizure must be made upon probable cause
and pursuant to a legally issued warrant.” State v. Organ, 225 Ariz. 43, 46
¶ 11 (App. 2010). These general requirements for reasonable searches,
however, are subject to certain exceptions. Id. A protective sweep is a
recognized exception to the warrant requirement. Buie, 494 U.S. at 334; State
v. Fisher, 226 Ariz. 563, 565 ¶ 8 (2011). “A ‘protective sweep’ is a quick and
limited search of premises, incident to an arrest and conducted to protect
the safety of police officers or others. It is narrowly confined to a cursory
visual inspection of those places in which a person might be hiding.” Buie,
494 U.S. at 327.
¶11 In Buie, the Supreme Court identified two types of protective
sweeps. Id. at 334. First, without probable cause or reasonable suspicion,
officers may “look in closets and other spaces immediately adjoining the
place of arrest from which an attack could be immediately launched.” Id.Second, officers may conduct a broader search if “articulable facts which,
taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, would warrant
a reasonably prudent officer in believing that the area to be swept harbors
an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Id. The Court
also noted that the reasonable belief standard was the same as the
reasonable suspicion standard discussed in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
and Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 (1983). Id. Here, sufficient evidence
supports the trial court’s finding that the officers conducted a legal
protective sweep, and thus, the court did not abuse its discretion.
¶12 A woman led the undercover officer into the three-bedroom
apartment and agreed to have sex for money. Officers then arrested the
woman in the living room. Photographs admitted into evidence showed
that about six pairs of shoes and three bicycles were present in the living
room and kitchen. Furthermore, multiple officers testified that based on
their training and experience, women who engage in prostitution usually
have an armed male nearby for protection. Accordingly, these articulable
facts combined with the officers’ rational inferences would warrant an
officer to reasonably believe that another area of the apartment might
contain a person who posed a danger to others at the scene. Additionally,
the officers limited the sweep for people and did not look for evidence.
Thus, the officers conducted a lawful sweep under the second Buie
exception.
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STATE v. SCOTT
Decision of the Court
¶13 Relying on Fisher, Scott counters that the sweep of his
residence was unlawful. In Fisher, the sweep occurred after the defendant
and two other people voluntarily exited the defendant’s apartment. 226
Ariz. at 564–65 ¶ 3. The officers conducted the sweep to look for an
unaccounted-for weapon. Id. at 565 ¶ 4. Although a weapon was
unaccounted for, nothing indicated that anyone else was inside the
apartment. Id. at 567 ¶ 15. The court noted that “[o]fficers cannot conduct
protective sweeps based on mere speculation or the general risk inherent in
all police work.” Id. Because the officers did not articulate facts to establish
a reasonable belief that someone else was in the apartment, the court held
that the protective sweep was invalid. Id.
¶14 The current case is distinguishable from Fisher. Unlike Fisher,
the officers had a reasonable belief that another person could be in the
apartment because they saw that it had multiple bedrooms, bicycles, and
pairs of shoes. Also, the officers’ training and experience in prostitution
indicated that an armed male was likely nearby. And unlike Fisher, the
woman was arrested inside the apartment and the investigation occurred
within the residence. Although the officers were not certain that another
person was in the apartment, the facts support the officers’ reasonable belief
that someone else was in there. As such, the sweep here was not conducted
based on mere speculation or the general risk inherent to all police work,
and it fell within the second Buie exception.
CONCLUSION
¶15 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
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