State v. Horak ( 2022 )

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
EDWIN ANTON HORAK, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 21-0238
FILED 5-19-2022
Appeal from the Superior Court in Apache County
No. S0100CR201800331
The Honorable Michael D. Latham, Judge
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Michael Valenzuela
Counsel for Appellee
Law Office Of Elizabeth M. Hale, Lakeside
By Elizabeth M. Hale
Counsel for Appellant
STATE v. HORAK
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Vice Chief Judge David B. Gass delivered the decision of the court, in which
Presiding Judge Paul J. McMurdie and Judge Angela K. Paton joined.
G A S S, Vice Chief Judge:
¶1 Edwin Anton Horak appeals his convictions and sentences for
two counts of aggravated assault and one count of disorderly conduct. We
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 This court reviews the facts in the light most favorable to
sustaining the verdicts, resolving all reasonable inferences against Horak.
See State v. Felix, 237 Ariz. 280, 283, ¶ 2 (App. 2015).
¶3 On January 12, 2018, Horak’s 13-year-old child (S.H.) and
S.H.’s friends (A.S. and F.F.) had a slumber party at Horak’s home. During
the party, Horak became angry with the group and began yelling at them
because they refused to wash their hands before dinner. Horak eventually
grabbed S.H.’s hair and threw S.H. onto the couch, leaving a red mark on
S.H.’s forehead. When A.S. attempted to intervene, Horak yelled
obscenities at A.S. A.S.’s sibling (D.S.) soon arrived to pick up the group,
and Horak continued yelling at them as D.S. drove away.
¶4 On January 17, 2018, Horak became irritated with S.H.
because he was displeased with the dinner S.H. brought home. In the
ensuing argument, Horak “got on top of [S.H]” and “grabbed [S.H.] by the
throat.” S.H. escaped Horak’s grasp by kicking him in the stomach, then left
the home and called A.S. for help.
¶5 A few days later, a police officer investigated a third-party
report of the incidents between Horak and S.H. The officer arrested Horak
after obtaining written statements from S.H., A.S., and D.S. Following
Miranda warnings, Horak admitted to some of the events during the
slumber party, but he denied hitting S.H. and said he was entitled to
“discipline [S.H.] whenever he wants.”
¶6 The State charged Horak with eight crimes stemming from
the two incidents. From the slumber party incident, the State charged him
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with one count each of aggravated assault for knowingly touching S.H.
with the intent to injure, insult, or provoke S.H., a Class 6 felony (count 3);
aggravated assault for knowingly touching A.S. with the intent to injure,
insult, or provoke A.S., a Class 6 felony (count 4); disorderly conduct, a
Class 1 misdemeanor (count 7); and child abuse, a Class 4 felony (count 8).
From the dinner incident, the State charged Horak with one count of
aggravated assault for causing physical injury to S.H., a Class 6 felony
(count 1); one count of aggravated assault for knowingly touching S.H. with
the intent to injure, insult, or provoke S.H., a Class 6 felony (count 2); and
two counts of disorderly conduct, each a Class 1 misdemeanor (counts 5
and 6).
¶7 At trial, S.H. repeatedly testified S.H. had difficulty
remembering the two incidents, after which the State refreshed S.H.’s
recollection using S.H.’s written statement to the police. Ultimately, the
State submitted the written statements from S.H., A.S., and D.S. without
objection.
¶8 Throughout the proceedings, Horak asserted a justification
defense under A.R.S. § 13-403.1, which provides “[a] parent . . . entrusted
with the care and supervision of a minor . . . may use reasonable and
appropriate physical force upon the minor . . . when and to the extent
reasonably necessary and appropriate to maintain discipline.” At trial,
Horak explained his defense in his opening statement:
Now Arizona law allows a parent to exercise reasonable
physical force on a child, if it’s reasonable and if it is a matter
of discipline. And I think you are going to find at the end of
this, after you hear from [Horak’s father] and from what you
have already heard, I think you are going to find that a dad
. . . was exercising discipline.
As part of his defense, Horak had his father testify to show Horak was not
a violent person and had never—and would never—hurt S.H., even when
disciplining S.H. In the closing argument, Horak urged the jurors to find
his conduct was justified:
This is a case of a father trying to discipline his child. And he
may not do it the way that you have done it, the way that I
have done it, or anybody else. He’s allowed to [use] . . .
physical force against [S.H.], exercise it against [S.H.] if it’s
reasonable and if it’s for discipline. That is the justified . . .
conduct.
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¶9 The jury found Horak guilty on counts 2, 3, and 7 but
acquitted him on the remaining counts. The superior court sentenced him
to consecutive prison terms of 2.75 years on counts 2 and 3, followed by six
months’ jail on count 7.
¶10 Horak timely appealed. This court has jurisdiction under
article VI, section 9, of the Arizona Constitution, and A.R.S. §§ 13-4031 and
13-4033.A.1.
ANALYSIS
I. Admission of the Written Statements
¶11 Horak first argues the superior court violated his due process
rights by erroneously admitting the written statements from S.H., A.S., and
D.S. Specifically, Horak asserts the documents contained impermissible
other-act evidence and, as a result, “there is no way to know if [he] was
convicted because the jury thought he was a ‘bad man’ and deserved some
sort of punishment or if he was convicted on less evidence than usually
required[.]” Horak cites the following allegations found in the documents
to support his claim: (1) S.H. twice said Horak grabbed S.H. by the throat
and threw S.H. against a wall, and S.H. otherwise generally alleged he had
grabbed S.H. and yelled at S.H.; and (2) D.S. claimed D.S. regularly picked
up S.H. from Horak’s residence in the middle of the night “because of
[S.H.’s] dad” and had observed Horak become confrontational with A.S.
¶12 Because Horak did not object to the evidence, we review its
admission for fundamental, prejudicial error. See State v. Henderson, 210
Ariz. 561, 567, ¶ 19 (2005). To obtain relief under fundamental-error review,
Horak must show error exists, the error was fundamental, and he suffered
prejudice. See State v. Escalante, 245 Ariz. 135, 142, ¶ 21 (2018). Error is
fundamental when it (1) goes to the foundation of the case, (2) deprives the
defendant of an essential right, or (3) is so egregious the defendant could
not have received a fair trial. Id. Defendants must make a separate showing
of prejudice under prongs one and two. Id. To prove prejudice, Horak must
establish “a reasonable jury could have plausibly and intelligently returned
a different verdict” absent the error. Id. at 144, ¶ 31. In applying the
objective “could have” standard, this court examines the entire record,
including the parties’ theories and arguments, as well as the evidence. Id.
The “could have” inquiry “necessarily excludes imaginative guesswork.”
Id.
¶13 We address some preliminary matters to clarify Horak’s
arguments. Because Horak does not argue the error was fundamental
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STATE v. HORAK
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under prongs two or three, we need not consider them. See State v. Carver,
160 Ariz. 167, 175 (1989) (“Failure to argue a claim usually constitutes
abandonment and waiver of that claim.”). Horak also does not challenge
the trial testimony from S.H., A.S., and D.S. Instead, Horak bases his
fundamental-error claim solely on the admission of the three written
statements. To the extent Horak argues the written statements were
cumulative to the testimony—such as his challenge to D.S.’s written
statement—his argument fails. See State v. Moody, 208 Ariz. 424, 455, ¶ 121
(2004) (holding no fundamental error when the challenged evidence was
merely cumulative). As a final preliminary matter, though Horak mentions
A.S.’s written statement, he presents no meaningful argument to suggest
the superior court fundamentally erred when it admitted that document.
We, therefore, conclude he waived his claim of error with respect to A.S.’s
statement. See Carver, 160 Ariz. at 175; see also Ariz. R. Crim. P. 31.10(a)(7).
¶14 We next consider Horak’s only remaining cognizable
challenge: the admission of S.H.’s written statement.
¶15 Horak does not establish the superior court erred in admitting
S.H.’s statement. True, absent an applicable exception, Arizona Rule of
Evidence (Rule) 404(a) bars the introduction of character evidence to show
a person acted in conformity. But Rule 404(a)(1) contains a key exception,
allowing a defendant to offer evidence of a pertinent character trait to
establish conformity with it. Rule 404(a)(2) also authorizes the prosecution
to introduce evidence to rebut the asserted trait. Admissible character
evidence—under Rule 405(a)—“may be proved by testimony about the
person’s reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion,” or—under
Rule 405(b)—by specific instances of conduct when the character trait is an
“essential element of a charge, claim, or defense”.
¶16 Applying those principles, Horak introduced evidence he
was both generally nonviolent and a nonviolent parental disciplinarian.
Under those circumstances, the State could introduce specific instances of
his violent conduct to rebut his defense theory, particularly given the State
had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt his conduct was not justified. See
A.R.S. § 13-205.A; State v. Hausner, 230 Ariz. 60, 78–79, ¶¶ 72–73 (2012) (no
error in admitting evidence of the defendant’s prior violent acts when the
defendant opened the door to the evidence by testifying he was nonviolent
and “would never harm anything”).
¶17 Our conclusion stands even though the State offered S.H.’s
written statement in its case-in-chief rather than on cross-examination or
rebuttal. See Escalante, 245 Ariz. at 142, ¶ 21 (requiring courts to consider
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the entire record in determining whether an error is fundamental); see also
State v. Henry, 176 Ariz. 569, 580 (1993) (“[T]he state should not have elicited
the [challenged] testimony in its case-in-chief. Since it could have done so
on cross-examination, however, and did do so on rebuttal, the error does
not require reversal.”). Accordingly, Horak does not establish the jurors
here might have convicted him simply for being a “bad man.” And any
error in admitting S.H.’s written statement did not lessen the State’s burden
to prove its case. See State v. Wassenaar, 215 Ariz. 565, 577, ¶ 50 (App. 2007)
(“We may affirm on any basis supported by the record.”).
¶18 Assuming the superior court improperly admitted S.H.’s
written statement, Horak has not demonstrated the error went to the
foundation of his case. See Escalante, 245 Ariz. at 141, ¶ 18 (explaining errors
go to a case’s foundation when they relieve the prosecution of its burden to
prove an offense, directly impact a key factual dispute, or deprive the
defendant of constitutionally guaranteed procedures).
¶19 Horak does not explain how his justification defense was
damaged by admitting S.H.’s written statement. S.H. was reluctant to
testify against Horak. S.H. repeatedly said Horak was a good father, S.H.
wanted to live with Horak, S.H. was not afraid of Horak, and S.H. was
aware Horak was only disciplining S.H. Indeed, Horak relied on S.H.’s
testimony in his closing argument, reminding the jurors S.H. said the
aggravated assaults against S.H. “didn’t happen” and “he did it to
discipline [S.H.]” Given these circumstances, Horak has not shown a
reasonable jury could have returned different verdicts if S.H.’s written
statement been excluded.
¶20 Horak also contends admitting the evidence violated his
Confrontation Clause rights. This contention also fails. “The Confrontation
Clause bars admission of out of court testimonial evidence unless the
defense has had an opportunity to cross-examine the declarant.” State v.
Parker, 231 Ariz. 391, 402, ¶ 38 (2013). Because Horak had a full and fair
opportunity to cross-examine S.H., A.S., and D.S. at trial, the evidence’s
admission did not infringe on his confrontation rights. See State v. Salazar,
216 Ariz. 316, 318, ¶ 9 (App. 2007) (confrontation rights afford only a “full
and fair opportunity to probe and expose infirmities” in witnesses’
testimony “through cross-examination”) (citation omitted); State v. Real, 214
Ariz. 232, 235, ¶ 10 (App. 2007) (noting confrontation rights do not include
effective cross-examination).
¶21 Even if Horak could establish fundamental error, he fails to
show prejudice. Though he complains he may have been convicted on
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STATE v. HORAK
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insufficient evidence, he does not point to anything in the record to support
his claim, much less articulate a fact-intensive argument proving prejudice.
Instead, he speculates the challenged evidence may have affected the
verdicts. See State v. Dickinson, 233 Ariz. 527, 531, ¶ 13 (App. 2013)
(explaining defendants “must affirmatively prove prejudice and may not
rely upon speculation to carry [their] burden” on fundamental-error
review) (internal citation marks omitted). And the jury’s acquittals on five
of the eight charges—including the most serious charge of child abuse—
indicate the written statements did not improperly influence the jurors.
State v. Anderson, 199 Ariz. 187, 193, ¶ 33 (App. 2000) (rejecting an argument
on fundamental-error review that prejudicial evidence inflamed the jury
when the defendant was acquitted of several more serious charges).
II. Evidence of Horak’s Intoxication
¶22 Horak next asserts the superior court erred by admitting (1)
S.H.’s unobjected-to testimony about Horak losing his temper and arguing
with S.H. after he consumes alcohol and (2) over Horak’s objection, the
arresting officer’s testimony about Horak exhibiting physical signs
consistent with alcohol consumption when the arrest occurred and
admitting he had consumed “a couple of beers” earlier that day. This court
reviews the first instance for fundamental error and applies a harmless-
error review to the second instance. See Henderson, 210 Ariz. at 567, ¶¶ 18–
19. Error is harmless if the State proves “beyond a reasonable doubt that the
error did not contribute to or affect the verdict.” Id. at ¶ 18.
¶23 The cited instances do not provide a basis to disturb the
verdicts. First, similar to our reasoning supra ¶¶ 19–21, Horak offers mere
speculation when arguing the admission of S.H.’s testimony resulted in
prejudice. Second, the jury’s acquittals refute the notion the officer’s brief
testimony unduly inflamed the jurors. See State v. Stuard, 176 Ariz. 589, 600
(1993) (explaining acquittals on certain charges “demonstrate[s] the jury’s
careful and proper consideration of the evidence”); State v. Rushing, 156
Ariz. 1, 3 (1988) (concluding an acquittal on one charge and a lesser-
included offense conviction shows prejudicial evidence “did not so inflame
the jury as to render it incapable of making critical factual determinations”).
Third, the challenged instances were cumulative to several other
testimonial instances throughout the trial indicating Horak consumed
alcohol and became aggressive when he did so. See Moody, 208 Ariz. at 455,
¶ 121; State v. Weatherbee, 158 Ariz. 303, 305 (App. 1988) (explaining the
erroneous admission of cumulative evidence is harmless).
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STATE v. HORAK
Decision of the Court
CONCLUSION
¶24 We affirm.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
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