State v. Padilla ( 2022 )

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
BERIZA C. PADILLA, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 22-0069
FILED 9-27-2022
Appeal from the Superior Court in Yuma County
No. S1400CR202000812
The Honorable Roger A. Nelson, Judge
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Rebecca Jones
Counsel for Appellee
Yuma County Public Defender’s Office, Yuma
By Robert J. Trebilcock
Counsel for Appellant
STATE v. PADILLA
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Presiding Judge Jennifer M. Perkins delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge James B. Morse Jr. and Judge Michael J. Brown joined.
P E R K I N S, Judge:
¶1 Beriza C. Padilla appeals her convictions and sentences for
possession of a dangerous drug for sale, possession of a narcotic drug for
sale, possession of drug paraphernalia involving methamphetamine, and
misconduct involving weapons. For the following reasons, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶2 We view the facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the
verdicts. State v. Payne, 233 Ariz. 484, 509, ¶ 93 (2013). At approximately
12:30 a.m., police officers responded to an emergency call regarding a
possible sexual assault near a black vehicle at a motel. Officer Carey arrived
at the scene and found a man and woman standing near the open passenger
door of a dark-colored BMW. When the subjects saw Carey approaching
them on foot, one of them closed the BMW’s door, and they began walking
toward the motel. Recognizing the male subject as a known convicted felon,
Carey told the couple to “hold up.” The male stopped, but the female—later
identified as Padilla—“picked up her speed” and continued to the motel.
Meanwhile, Officer Robinson peered into the BMW and noticed a handgun
on the rear passenger side floor.
¶3 Officers then spoke with Padilla, and she denied any
knowledge of a possible sexual assault. Padilla explained that she was
unemployed and bought the BMW a few days before. Padilla also told the
officers that she and the male used the vehicle to go from “hotel to hotel”
where they lived, and he was the primary driver. Indeed, Padilla explained
that “she was the passenger when they arrived that evening[.]”
¶4 Apparently based on the gun observed in the BMW and the
male’s status as a prohibited possessor, police officers obtained a warrant,
and searched the BMW. See A.R.S. §§ 13-3101(A)(7)(b), -3102(A)(4). In
addition to the loaded handgun, they found a covered plastic cup in the
front center console containing 426 fentanyl pills. Next to the cup, officers
found two bullets in a small bag. Under the front passenger seat, officers
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located over 7.5 grams of methamphetamine in a tissue box. A small digital
scale and several small plastic baggies “consistent with the sale of drugs”
were also found in the vehicle. Police did not find any items commonly
associated with drug use.
¶5 Alleging both direct and accomplice liability, the State
charged Padilla with possession of a dangerous drug for sale
(methamphetamine), a class two felony; possession of a narcotic drug for
sale (fentanyl), a class two felony; possession of drug paraphernalia
involving methamphetamine, a class six felony; and two counts of
misconduct involving weapons (MIW), class four felonies. One of the MIW
counts referred to the handgun found in the BMW and alleged Padilla used
or possessed it “during the commission of any felony [drug] offense[.]” The
other MIW count charged Padilla as a prohibited possessor, and was
ultimately dismissed after being severed from the remaining charges before
trial. Regarding the narcotic drug charge, the State alleged Padilla
possessed $1,000 or more of fentanyl. See A.R.S. § 13-3401(36)(j).
¶6 After a two-day trial, the jury rejected Padilla’s mere presence
defense and found her guilty of the four offenses. The trial court imposed
concurrent prison sentences, the longest being seven years for possession
of a dangerous drug for sale. Padilla timely appealed, and we have
jurisdiction. See Ariz. Const. art. 6, § 9; A.R.S. §§ 13-4031, -4033(A)(1).
DISCUSSION
I. Sufficiency of Evidence
¶7 Padilla challenges the sufficiency of evidence supporting her
convictions, arguing the State failed to prove she possessed the drugs,
paraphernalia, and handgun located in the BMW. Specifically, Padilla
asserts the State presented no direct evidence showing she exercised
dominion or control over the contraband or that she had exclusive
ownership of the BMW. Padilla claims instead that the evidence only shows
she was near the vehicle, and her mere presence was insufficient to establish
her guilt.
¶8 We review claims of insufficient evidence de novo, State v.
Bible, 175 Ariz. 549, 595 (1993), and our review is limited to determining
whether substantial evidence exists to support the verdict. State v. Scott, 177
Ariz. 131, 138 (1993); see Ariz. R. Crim. P. 20(a) (directing courts to enter
judgment of acquittal “if there is no substantial evidence to warrant a
conviction”). Substantial evidence is such proof that “reasonable persons
could accept as adequate and sufficient to support a conclusion of
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defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Mathers, 165 Ariz. 64,
67 (1990) (quoting State v. Jones, 125 Ariz. 417, 419 (1980)). In evaluating the
sufficiency of the evidence, we test the evidence “against the statutorily
required elements of the offense,” State v. Pena, 209 Ariz. 503, 505, ¶ 8 (App.
2005), and “do not reweigh the evidence to decide if we would reach the
same conclusions as the trier of fact.” State v. Borquez, 232 Ariz. 484, 487, ¶
9 (App. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
¶9 To convict, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that Padilla possessed the drugs, handgun, and paraphernalia (scale and
baggies) that police officers seized from the BMW. See A.R.S. §§ 13-
3102(A)(8); 3407(A)(2); -3408(A)(2); -3415(A). “Possession may be actual or
constructive.” State v. Gonsalves, 231 Ariz. 521, 523, ¶ 9 (App. 2013).
“Constructive possession” is the exercise of dominion or control over an
object in the absence of actual physical possession. State v. Cox, 214 Ariz.
518, 520, ¶ 10 (App. 2007). Constructive possession exists when the object
“is found in a place under [the defendant’s] dominion [or] control and
under circumstances from which it can be reasonably inferred that the
defendant had actual knowledge of the existence of the [property].” Id.(quoting State v. Villavicencio, 108 Ariz. 518, 520 (1972)). Circumstantial
evidence alone may establish constructive possession. State v. Teagle, 217
Ariz. 17, 27, ¶ 40 (App. 2007); Cox, 214 Ariz. at 520, ¶ 10. And “it is not
necessary to show that a defendant exercised exclusive possession or
control over the substance itself or the place in which the illegal substance
was found; control or right to control is sufficient.” State v. Curtis, 114 Ariz.
527, 528 (App. 1977).
¶10 Here, the jury could reasonably conclude from the
circumstantial evidence that Padilla knowingly possessed the drugs,
handgun, and paraphernalia found in the BMW. As the vehicle’s owner,
Padilla generally had dominion and control over the BMW and its contents.
See State v. Murphy, 117 Ariz. 57, 61 (1977) (“[I]f contraband is found in an
arrestee’s home in an unsecluded or obvious place it is sufficient to sustain
a verdict for possession.”). She was a passenger in the BMW on the way to
the motel, and she was standing next to the BMW’s open passenger door
when officers arrived. The fentanyl was in the center console, an area
commonly used by a front-seat passenger, and the methamphetamine and
handgun were under and directly behind the passenger seat. See State v.
Petrak, 198 Ariz. 260, 266, ¶ 19 (App. 2000) (requiring the state to establish
the defendant “could have used the weapon to further the felony drug
offense” such as by “the spatial proximity and accessibility of the weapon
to the defendant and to the site of the drug offense.”).
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¶11 The evidence showed that Padilla continued walking away
from Officer Carey after he commanded her to “hold up.” The jury
therefore could reasonably infer Padilla’s consciousness of guilt. See State v.
Cota, 229 Ariz. 136, 142, ¶ 11 (2012) (“Evidence of flight is admissible to
show consciousness of guilt when the defendant flees in a manner which
obviously invites suspicion or announces guilt.”) (citation omitted).
¶12 Because officers did not find evidence consistent with drug
use in the BMW, the jury could reasonably infer that the fentanyl and
methamphetamine were not for personal use. The jury was entitled to infer
from these circumstances, including Padilla’s unemployment, that the
couple sold the drugs to support themselves. Based on the foregoing, the
jury could reasonably surmise that Padilla knew the drugs, paraphernalia,
and gun were in the BMW. Substantial evidence therefore supported
Padilla’s convictions under either theory of direct or accomplice liability.
¶13 Padilla also argues that a notebook found in the BMW alone
was insufficient to establish her possession of the drugs. But we need not
evaluate the evidentiary value of the notebook because, as explained,
evidence other than the notebook established Padilla’s unlawful
possession. Because substantial evidence supported Padilla’s convictions,
we need not separately address her argument that the trial court erred by
denying her motion for a judgment of acquittal under Arizona Rule of
Criminal Procedure 20. See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 20(a)(1) (providing that a
judgment of acquittal is only appropriate if there is “no substantial evidence
to support a conviction”).
II. Misconduct Involving Weapons
¶14 Padilla asserts that the statute prohibiting the use of a deadly
weapon while committing a felony drug offense is unconstitutionally
vague. See State v. Western, 168 Ariz. 169, 171 (1991) (“The due process
clause of the fourteenth amendment does not permit the state to deprive a
person of liberty for violating a statute whose terms are so vague, indefinite
and uncertain that their meaning cannot be reasonably ascertained.”)
(citation omitted).
¶15 We review de novo whether a statute passes constitutional
muster. State v. McMahon, 201 Ariz. 548, 550, ¶ 5 (App. 2002). A statute is
presumptively constitutional, and the party challenging its validity bears
the “heavy” burden of demonstrating otherwise. Id. “A statute is
unconstitutionally vague if it fails to provide ‘person[s] of ordinary
intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited’ and fails
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to contain explicit standards of application to prevent arbitrary and
discriminatory enforcement.” State v. Poshka, 210 Ariz. 218, 220, ¶ 5 (App.
2005) (quoting Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108–09 (1972)); State
v. Brown, 207 Ariz. 231, 237, ¶ 16 (App. 2004). A statute need not be drafted
with absolute precision to satisfy due process. State v. Lefevre, 193 Ariz. 385,
390, ¶ 18 (App. 1998).
¶16 A person commits MIW by “knowingly . . . [u]sing or
possessing a deadly weapon during the commission of any felony [drug]
offense[.]” A.R.S. § 13-3102(A)(8). In State v. Petrak, this court addressed a
vagueness challenge to § 13-3102(A)(8) and construed the statute’s plain
language as requiring proof “that the defendant intended to use or could
have used the weapon to further the felony drug offense underlying the weapons
misconduct charge.” 198 Ariz. at 264, 266, ¶¶ 13, 19 (emphasis added). We
reversed Petrak’s MIW conviction under § 13-3102(A)(8) because the trial
court’s jury instructions failed to inform the jurors of this required nexus
between the weapon and the underlying charge of possession of marijuana
for sale. Id. at 266, 268, ¶¶ 20, 30.
¶17 Here, the superior court instructed the jury as follows:
The crime of misconduct involving weapons during the
commission of a felony offense requires proof that the
defendant committed the offense of possession of the
dangerous drug for sale, [or] possession of a narcotic drug for
sale . . . and[,] during the commission of such offense[,]
knowingly possessed a deadly weapon that the defendant
used, intended to use, or could have used to further the offense.
(Emphasis added.) See Revised Arizona Jury Instructions (“RAJI”) Standard
Criminal 31.028 (5th ed. 2019).
¶18 Padilla’s vagueness claim focuses on the phrase “could have
used” in the jury instruction. She argues: “[B]y including the possibility of
. . . [a] conviction for a weapon that ‘could’ have been used still left the
statute unconstitutionally vague. . . . Whatever events that transpire in the
future that ‘could’ cause the person to use or intend to use the deadly
weapon are speculative.” But Padilla’s argument ignores the phrase “to
further the offense,” which—according to Petrak’s reasoning—properly
limited the weapon’s illegal use to that which facilitated the underlying
drug offenses at the time Padilla was possessing the drugs for sale. We find
that § 13-3102(A)(8) is not unconstitutionally vague.
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STATE v. PADILLA
Decision of the Court
¶19 Alternatively, Padilla contends § 13-3102(A)(8) “allows a
conviction with no guilty state of mind by the accused,” and therefore it
“violates established Arizona statutes assessing criminal liability.” This
argument fails. The statute expressly prohibits a person from knowingly
using or possessing a deadly weapon while committing a felony drug
offense.
CONCLUSION
¶20 We affirm Padilla’s convictions and sentences.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: JT
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