McCaw v. Az. Snowbowl ( 2022 )


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  •                                  IN THE
    ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
    DIVISION ONE
    VINCENT MCCAW; CARLY MCCAW; ANDREW MCCAW,
    Plaintiffs/Appellants,
    v.
    ARIZONA SNOWBOWL RESORT,
    Defendant/Appellee.
    No. 1 CA-CV 21-0585
    FILED 11-22-2022
    Appeal from the Superior Court in Coconino County
    No. S0300CV201800634
    The Honorable Dan R. Slayton, Judge
    VACATED AND REMANDED
    COUNSEL
    Fuller Law Group PC, San Diego, CA
    By Craig D. Fuller
    Counsel for Plaintiffs/Appellants
    Jones Skelton & Hochuli, Phoenix
    By Jack Klecan, Kristin W. Basha, Eileen Dennis GilBride,
    Elizabeth B.N. Garcia,
    Co-Counsel for Defendant/Appellee
    McClaugherty and Silver PC, Santa Fe, NM
    By Joe L. McClaugherty, admitted pro hac vice
    Co-Counsel for Defendant/Appellee
    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    OPINION
    Judge Jennifer B. Campbell delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
    Presiding Judge Brian Y. Furuya and Judge Paul J. McMurdie joined.
    C A M P B E L L, Judge:
    ¶1            Vincent, Carly, and Andrew McCaw (the McCaws) appeal
    from the superior court’s ruling granting summary judgment in favor of
    Arizona Snowbowl Resort (Snowbowl). Because the Arizona Ski Safety Act
    (the Act) does not shield a ski area operator from liability for injuries arising
    from ski lift accidents, it does not bar the McCaws’ negligence claims.
    Accordingly, we vacate the superior court’s summary judgment ruling and
    remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    BACKGROUND
    ¶2            In December 2016, Vincent and his two children, 17-year-old
    Andrew and 14-year-old Carly, visited Snowbowl for a day of skiing and
    snowboarding. While they waited to load the ski chair lift, Andrew’s
    snowboard crossed Carly’s skis, causing her skis to “[go] out [from]
    underneath her.” Unable to steady herself and sit properly, Carly’s arms
    caught the approaching lift chair, leaving her “in a very severe slouch”
    position. With the skis and snowboard still entangled and believing she
    “would be able to get back on” properly, Carly did not attempt to maneuver
    away from the chair as it proceeded five to ten feet along a cable wire before
    beginning its ascent.
    ¶3             Upon realizing Carly’s precarious position, Vincent and
    Andrew grabbed her arms, turned toward the ski lift operator, and yelled
    for him to “stop” the ski lift. As other ski lift passengers became aware of
    the situation, they also began shouting at the operator for help. By that time,
    however, the operator was attending to other skiers in the load line and
    could not hear the passengers’ pleas over the sound of blaring music.
    Andrew and Vincent tried to hold onto Carly, but as she began to slip from
    their grasp, they determined they would have to let her go. When their chair
    traveled over powdered snow, Vincent and Andrew dropped Carly,
    hoping the unpacked snow would provide a safe landing. Carly fell over 34
    feet but “popped right up” and waved to Vincent and Andrew upon
    landing.
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    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    ¶4            After the ski lift incident, the McCaws resumed their normal
    lives and activities. However, Carly, Vincent, and Andrew began having
    recurring nightmares.
    ¶5             Alleging the ski lift incident caused them “emotional distress”
    and “psychiatric injuries,” the McCaws filed a negligence complaint against
    Snowbowl. Snowbowl answered, denying liability, and moved for
    summary judgment. Specifically, Snowbowl asserted that it “owed no
    duty” to the McCaws under the Act. Snowbowl also claimed that the
    McCaws failed to present evidence they sustained emotional distress
    “result[ing] in the kind of bodily manifestation of physical injury or illness
    cognizable under Arizona law.”
    ¶6            After oral argument on the motion, the superior court granted
    summary judgment in favor of Snowbowl, agreeing that the ski area
    operator owed no duty to the McCaws. The superior court found that the
    Act “comprehensively defines the duties of skiers and the duties of a ski
    area operator.” Construing the Act’s provisions, the court determined that
    “the duty to safely (1) load, (2) ride, and (3) unload a chair lift is the skier’s
    exclusive duty and not a duty of the ski area operator.” Without ruling on
    Snowbowl’s alternative argument regarding insufficient evidence of
    cognizable damages, the superior court dismissed the matter with
    prejudice.1
    ¶7          Over the McCaws’ objection, the superior court awarded
    Snowbowl its requested costs and entered a final judgment in its favor. The
    McCaws timely appealed.
    DISCUSSION
    ¶8             The McCaws challenge the superior court’s summary
    judgment ruling, contending Snowbowl owed them a duty to monitor the
    ski lift and promptly intercede when the misloading occurred. Disagreeing
    with the superior court’s determination that the Act assigns all duties
    related to ski lift safety “exclusively” to skiers, the McCaws argue that the
    Act provides ski area operators the affirmative defenses of contributory
    negligence and assumption of the risk. As a corollary, and for the first time
    on appeal, the McCaws assert that the superior court’s ruling violated
    Article 18, Section 5, of the Arizona Constitution by infringing on their right
    1      Contrary to Snowbowl’s assertion, the superior court did not enter a
    “ruling” regarding the legal sufficiency of the McCaws’ damages evidence.
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    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    to have a jury determine the existence or extent of their contributory
    negligence and assumption of risk.
    ¶9             In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we view the facts
    and the reasonable inferences drawn from those facts in the light most
    favorable to the non-moving party and affirm “if the evidence produced in
    support of the defense or claim has so little probative value that no
    reasonable person could find for its proponent.” State Comp. Fund v. Yellow
    Cab Co. of Phx., 
    197 Ariz. 120
    , 122, ¶ 5 (App. 1999). We review de novo the
    superior court’s application of the law. Id.; see also Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(a)
    (“The court shall grant summary judgment if the moving party shows that
    there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is
    entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”).
    ¶10           “To establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must prove
    four elements: (1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain
    standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that standard; (3) a causal
    connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; and
    (4) actual damages.” Gipson v. Kasey, 
    214 Ariz. 141
    , 143, ¶ 9 (2007). “Whether
    the defendant owes the plaintiff a duty of care is a threshold issue[,]” subject
    to our de novo review. Id. at ¶¶ 9, 11; Guerra v. State, 
    237 Ariz. 183
    , 185, ¶ 7
    (2015). To survive a motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff must show
    a duty exists; “absent some duty, an action for negligence cannot be
    maintained.” Quiroz v. ALCOA Inc., 
    243 Ariz. 560
    , 563, ¶ 2 (2018); Gipson,
    214 Ariz. at 143, ¶ 11.
    ¶11            A duty is an “obligation, recognized by law, which requires
    the defendant to conform to a particular standard of conduct in order to
    protect others against unreasonable risks of harm.” Gipson, 214 Ariz. at 143,
    ¶ 10 (quotation and citation omitted). “The existence of a duty of care is a
    distinct issue from whether the standard of care has been met in a particular
    case.” Id.; Markowitz v. Ariz. Parks Bd., 
    146 Ariz. 352
    , 355 (1985) (noting the
    existence of a duty must not “be confused with details of the standard of
    conduct” required to satisfy the duty); see also Stephens v. Bashas’ Inc., 
    186 Ariz. 427
    , 431 (App. 1996) (explaining that the existence of a duty must be
    determined “on the basis of the parties’ relationship, not on the details of
    their conduct”).
    ¶12           “As a legal matter, the issue of duty involves generalizations
    about categories of cases.” Gipson, 214 Ariz. at 143, ¶ 10. “Thus, a conclusion
    that no duty exists is equivalent to a rule that, for certain categories of cases,
    defendants may not be held accountable for damages they carelessly cause,
    no matter how unreasonable their conduct.” Id. at 143-44, ¶ 11.
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    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    ¶13            “Duties of care may arise from special relationships based on
    contract, family relations, or conduct undertaken by the defendant,” as well
    as from public policy considerations. Id. at 145, ¶¶ 18, 23. “Foreseeability of
    harm is not a relevant consideration in determining the threshold legal
    issue of whether a duty exists, nor are case-specific facts.” Guerra, 237 Ariz.
    at 185, ¶ 8; see also Quiroz, 243 Ariz. at 563, ¶ 2; Gipson, 214 Ariz. at 144,
    ¶ 15.
    ¶14           In this case, the McCaws assert that Snowbowl owed them a
    duty of care based on their special relationship and status as Snowbowl’s
    business invitees. “A business visitor is a person who is invited to enter or
    remain on land for a purpose directly or indirectly connected with business
    dealings with the possessor of the land.” Nicoletti v. Westcor, Inc., 
    131 Ariz. 140
    , 143 (1982) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Under the
    common law, a business owner has a duty to both maintain its premises in
    a reasonably safe condition and conduct its business in a reasonably safe
    manner to avoid causing injury to invitees. Stephens, 186 Ariz. at 430-31; see
    also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 cmt. b (1965) (stating that “an
    invitee enters [land] upon an implied representation or assurance that [it]
    has been prepared and made ready and safe for his reception”).
    ¶15            It is undisputed that the McCaws were Snowbowl’s business
    invitees at the time of the ski lift incident. The question is whether the Act
    abrogates common-law negligence principles, relieving ski area operators
    of a duty of care they would otherwise owe to ski lift passengers.
    ¶16            “When interpreting a statute, our primary goal is to give effect
    to the legislature’s intent.” Wilks v. Manobianco, 
    237 Ariz. 443
    , 446, ¶ 8 (2015)
    (quotation and citation omitted). To derive that intent, we consider the
    “statutory language in view of the entire text, considering the context and
    related statutes on the same subject.” Nicaise v. Sundaram, 
    245 Ariz. 566
    , 568,
    ¶ 11 (2019). “If the language is clear and unambiguous,” we follow the text
    as written and “need not resort to other methods of statutory construction.”
    Indus. Comm’n of Ariz. v. Old Republic Ins. Co., 
    223 Ariz. 75
    , 77, ¶ 7 (App.
    2009). Only if a statute is ambiguous will we examine “the statute’s history,
    context, consequences, and purpose.” Wilks, 237 Ariz. at 446, ¶ 8. When
    statutes relate to the same subject or general purpose, they “should be read
    in connection with, or should be construed with other related statutes, as
    though they constituted one law.” Pinal Vista Props., L.L.C. v. Turnbull, 
    208 Ariz. 188
    , 190, ¶ 10 (App. 2004) (quotation and citation omitted). “Further,
    each word or phrase of a statute must be given meaning so that no part is
    rendered void, superfluous, contradictory or insignificant.” 
    Id.
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    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    ¶17            “If the legislature seeks to preempt a cause of action[,] . . . the
    law’s text or at least the legislative record should say so explicitly.” Orca
    Commc’ns Unlimited, LLC v. Noder, 
    236 Ariz. 180
    , 182, ¶ 10 (2014) (quotation
    and citation omitted). “Absent a clear manifestation of legislative intent to
    displace a common-law cause of action, we interpret statutes with every
    intendment in favor of consistency with the common law.” 
    Id.
     (quotation
    and citation omitted); see also A.R.S. § 1-201 (“Adoption of common law;
    exceptions”). To be clear, “it is not the function of the courts to rewrite
    statutes,” and we will not “interpret a statute in favor of denial or
    preemption of tort claims - even those that are not or may not be
    constitutionally protected - if there is any reasonable doubt about the
    legislature’s intent.” Id. at ¶¶ 10-11 (quotations and citations omitted).
    ¶18             In 1997, the legislature enacted the Act, A.R.S. §§ 5-701
    through -707, which regulates ski areas and delineates the responsibilities
    of both operators and skiers. Section 5-702 requires ski area operators to
    “prominently display signs” outlining “pertinent information for the
    protection and instruction” of ski lift passengers. A.R.S. § 5-702(A), (B). As
    relevant here, ski area operators must post a sign at the loading point of
    each ski lift admonishing “any person not familiar with the operation” of
    the ski lift to “ask ski area personnel for assistance and instruction.” A.R.S.
    § 5-702(B)(1) (emphasis added). In addition, ski area operators must place
    a sign on the interior of each ski lift chair “that gives instructions for procedures
    in the case of emergencies.” A.R.S. § 5-702(B)(3) (emphasis added). Similarly,
    A.R.S. § 5-703 requires ski area operators to display signs containing
    “pertinent information for the protection and instruction of skiers.” Among
    the required postings, ski area operators must display signs indicating the
    difficulty level of each slope and trail. A.R.S. § 5-703(B), (C). Ski area
    operators must also clearly mark the ski area boundaries and either place a
    warning sign or rope off closed areas. A.R.S. § 5-703(D), (F). Apart from
    posting signs at designated areas, ski area operators must maintain certain
    equipment, A.R.S. § 5-704, and mark all ski lift tickets and passes with the
    following admonition:
    Warning: Under Arizona law, a skier accepts the risk of any
    injury to person or property resulting from any of the inherent
    dangers and risks of skiing, including changing weather
    conditions, existing and changing snow surface conditions,
    surface or subsurface conditions, whether marked or
    unmarked, collisions with natural or man-made objects,
    whether marked or unmarked and the failure of skiers to ski
    within their own abilities.
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    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    A.R.S. § 5-703(G). This mandatory warning derives from A.R.S. § 5-701(5)’s
    definition of “[i]nherent dangers and risks of skiing”:
    [T]hose dangers or conditions that are an integral part of the
    sport of skiing, excluding acts of ordinary or gross negligence,
    or reckless or intentional conduct on the part of the ski area
    operator. Inherent dangers and risks of skiing include:
    (a) Changing weather conditions.
    (b) Existing and changing snow surface conditions,
    such as ice, hard pack, powder, packed powder, wind pack,
    corn, crust, slush, cut-up and machine-made snow.
    (c) Surface or subsurface conditions, whether marked
    or unmarked, such as bare spots, forest growth, rocks,
    stumps, streambeds, trees or other natural objects.
    (d) Impacts with lift towers, signs, posts, fences or
    other enclosures, hydrants, water pipes or other man-made
    structures and their components, whether marked or
    unmarked.
    (e) Variations in steepness or terrain, including roads,
    catwalks and other terrain modifications, whether natural or
    as a result of slope design, snowmaking or grooming
    operations.
    (f) Collisions with other skiers.
    (g) The failure of skiers to ski within their own abilities.
    (Emphasis added.)
    ¶19               In turn, A.R.S. § 5-705 outlines the “duties of a skier” for
    purposes of “any civil action brought by a skier against a ski area operator.”
    First and foremost, A.R.S. § 5-705(1) provides that “[a] skier expressly accepts
    the total risk of and all legal responsibility for injury to person or property
    resulting from any of the inherent dangers and risks of skiing.” (Emphasis
    added.) Specific to this appeal, subsection (2) states: “Before using a chair
    lift . . . a skier shall have the knowledge and ability to safely load, ride and
    unload from the device,” and subsection (5) states: “A skier shall heed all
    posted information, signs and other warnings and shall refrain from acting
    in a manner that may cause or contribute to the injury of the skier or other
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    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    persons or property.” A.R.S. § 5-705(2), (5). The remaining enumerated
    duties pertain to skiers’ conduct on slopes and trails. A.R.S. § 5-702(3), (4),
    (6)-(12).
    ¶20             Reading these related provisions together, the legislature
    adopted an analytical framework under which skiers assume all legal
    responsibility for injuries arising out of the inherent dangers of skiing while ski
    area operators retain common-law liability for both ordinary and gross
    negligence. As part of this framework, the legislature also imposed duties on
    ski area operators and skiers. Sections 5-702 to -704 impose certain posting
    and equipment maintenance duties on ski area operators, the breach of
    which constitutes negligence per se. Likewise, A.R.S. § 5-705 imposes
    certain responsibilities on skiers, the violation of which constitutes a
    defense to a civil action. This reading is consistent with the plain language
    of the Act.
    ¶21          While no previous Arizona case has interpreted the Act,
    courts in numerous other jurisdictions have construed similar ski safety acts
    enacted by their legislatures. Although not controlling, we find the two-tier
    assumption of risk analysis conceptualized in many of these out-of-state
    cases persuasive.
    ¶22            Under the first tier, or “primary assumption of risk,” a ski area
    operator owes no duty to a skier as a matter of law, and a negligence action
    cannot stand. Van Dyke v. S.K.I. Ltd., 
    79 Cal. Rptr. 2d 775
    , 778 (Cal. Ct. App.
    1998); see also Lopez v. Ski Apache Resort, 
    836 P.2d 648
    , 653 (N.M. Ct. App.
    1992) (“[P]rimary assumption of the risk is an alternative expression for the
    proposition that the defendant . . . owed no duty to the plaintiff.”). The
    primary assumption of the risk principle applies only when the plaintiff has
    engaged in a sport, or other activity regarded as dangerous and “the injury
    suffered arises from an inherent risk in the activity.” Van Dyke, 
    79 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 778
     (emphasis added); see also Jagger v. Mohawk Mountain Ski Area, Inc.,
    
    849 A.2d 813
    , 828 (Conn. 2004) (“[F]or inherent hazards, ski area operators
    owe skiers no duty of care and skiers assume the risk of those hazards in
    the primary sense.”); Murray v. Great Gorge Resort, Inc., 
    823 A.2d 101
    , 106
    (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 2003) (“In the skiing context, an inherent risk is
    one that cannot be removed through the exercise of due care if the sport is
    to be enjoyed.” (citation omitted)); Horvath v. Ish, 
    979 N.E.2d 1246
    , 1251
    (Ohio 2012) (“To be covered under the [primary-assumption-of-the-risk]
    doctrine, the risk must be one that is so inherent to the sport or activity that
    it cannot be eliminated.” (citation omitted)). Determining what constitutes
    an “inherent risk” presents a legal question for the court. Van Dyke, 
    79 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 778
    .
    8
    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    ¶23             In contrast, under the secondary assumption of the risk tier,
    both the ski area operator and the skier have reciprocal responsibilities. See
    Horvath, 979 N.E.2d at 1251 (determining the duties of operators and skiers
    “are reciprocal,” with “skiers ow[ing] ski-area operators certain
    enumerated responsibilities”); see also Jagger, 849 A.2d at 828 (“For those
    hazards which are not an innate part of the sport of skiing, or over which
    an operator can act reasonably to eliminate or minimize the potential for
    harm, operators owe skiers a duty of reasonable care.”). Whether the parties
    breached their respective duties of care, and the comparative negligence of
    the parties, if any, present questions of fact for a jury. See Jagger, 849 A.2d at
    829.
    ¶24            Applied to the Act, the primary assumption of risk tier
    governs any injury arising from the “inherent dangers and risks of skiing,”
    as statutorily defined. A.R.S. §§ 5-705(1), -701(5). Because a ski area operator
    owes no duty to eliminate or guard against risks inherent to skiing, it is only
    liable for a plaintiff’s injuries arising out of the dangers inherent to skiing if
    it breached its posting and equipment requirements as delineated in A.R.S.
    §§ 5-702 through -704, thereby contributing to the injuries sustained. “This
    is a rational solution for limiting ski area operators’ liability and promoting
    safety.” Grieb v. Alpine Valley Ski Area, Inc., 
    400 N.W.2d 653
    , 656 (Mich. Ct.
    App. 1986); see also Gipson, 214 Ariz. at 146, ¶ 29 (“When a court or
    legislature adopts a no-duty rule, it generally does so based on concerns
    that potential liability would chill socially desirable conduct or otherwise
    have adverse effects.”).
    ¶25             When an injury does not arise out of a risk inherent to skiing,
    common-law negligence principles apply, including a duty of care owed to
    business invitees. See Horvath, 979 N.E.2d at 1251. Because an operational
    failure with a ski lift is not an “inherent risk” of skiing, as that term is
    statutorily defined, the Act does not immunize a ski area operator from
    liability for ski lift negligence. See Pietruska v. Craigmeur Ski Area, 
    614 A.2d 639
    , 641 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 1992) (“Improper operation of a ski lift is
    not an inherent risk of skiing since, with due care, it can be eliminated.
    While the [ski safety act] imposes certain duties on a skier who uses a lift, it
    does not identify proper usage thereof as an inherent risk.”). This, too, is a
    rational solution because, unlike the slopes and trails, where a skier has
    “freedom of movement and choice,” a skier has no control over the
    movement of a ski lift. See Mannhard v. Clear Creek Skiing Corp., 
    682 P.2d 64
    ,
    66 (Colo. Ct. App. 1983).
    ¶26         In sum, the Act provides a liability framework that generally
    maintains common-law negligence principles while immunizing ski area
    9
    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    operators from lawsuits for injuries arising from the inherent risks of skiing.
    By its clear terms, the Act imposes a duty on skiers to have the knowledge
    and ability to safely load, ride, and unload from a ski lift, but it does not
    identify passage on a ski lift as an inherent risk of skiing. Indeed, other
    provisions in the Act demonstrate that a ski area operator owes a duty of
    care to ski lift passengers. For example, A.R.S. § 5-702(B)(1) requires ski area
    operators to assist inexperienced passengers in loading ski lifts, and A.R.S.
    § 5-702(B)(3) requires ski lift operators to have predetermined emergency
    procedures in place in the event of a ski lift mishap. While the Act charges
    a ski lift passenger with a duty of care to safely ride a ski lift,2 it does not
    relieve a ski area operator of the common-law duty to maintain and operate
    ski lifts with care for its business invitees. Had the legislature intended to
    foreclose a passenger from bringing a negligence claim against a ski area
    operator for an injury arising out of passage on a ski lift, it was required to
    do so by expressly abrogating the common law and including passage on a
    ski lift within the enumerated inherent risks of skiing. Young v. Beck, 
    227 Ariz. 1
    , 4, ¶ 13 (2011) (“We generally do not find that a statute changes
    common law unless the legislature clearly and plainly manifests an intent
    to have the statute do so.” (cleaned up)). Absent express preemption
    language, we will not construe the Act as barring common-law negligence
    claims. See Bayer v. Crested Butte Mountain Resort, Inc., 
    960 P.2d 70
    , 72 (Colo.
    1998) (“A ski lift operator must exercise the highest degree of care
    commensurate with the lift’s practical operation . . . .”); D’Amico v. Great
    Am. Recreation, Inc., 
    627 A.2d 1164
    , 1166-67 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 1992)
    (concluding ski lift operators “should be held to the highest standard of
    care” because a “skier has no ability to stop the cable from moving” and
    cannot “exit the chair once it has begun its ascent”).
    ¶27            Having determined that ski area operators owe a duty of care
    to maintain and operate ski lifts safely and that passengers owe a duty of
    care to safely board, ride, and disembark ski lifts, whether Snowbowl or the
    McCaws, or both, breached their respective duties presents a question of
    2      The McCaws posit that A.R.S. § 5-705(2) requires ski lift passengers
    only to possess the requisite knowledge to safely ride a ski lift, without
    requiring them to conform to that knowledge for both their protection and
    the safety of others. Stated differently, the McCaws argue that ski lift
    passengers have no duty to safely ride ski lifts under the Act. We reject this
    construction as nonsensical. See Walgreen Ariz. Drug Co. v. Ariz. Dep’t of
    Revenue, 
    209 Ariz. 71
    , 73, ¶ 12 (App. 2004) (explaining courts “interpret
    statutes to give them a fair and sensible meaning and to avoid absurd
    results”).
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    MCCAW, et al. v. ARIZONA SNOWBOWL
    Opinion of the Court
    fact.3 See Wilks, 237 Ariz. at 447, ¶ 15. Therefore, the superior court erred by
    granting summary judgment in Snowbowl’s favor on the basis that it owed
    no duty as a matter of law.4
    CONCLUSION
    ¶28           For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the superior court’s
    summary judgment ruling and award of costs and remand for proceedings
    consistent with this opinion. In their briefing, the McCaws requested their
    attorneys’ fees incurred on appeal, failing to cite any supporting legal
    authority, but withdrew their request at oral argument. We award the
    McCaws their costs incurred on appeal, conditioned upon compliance with
    ARCAP 21.
    AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
    FILED:    JT
    3     In this case, the extent of the plaintiffs’ contributory negligence, if
    any, must be determined individually.
    4     Given our resolution of the duty issue, we need not address the
    McCaws’ constitutional claim.
    11