State v. Robertson ( 2021 )

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
DEMITRES ROBERTSON, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 17-0491
FILED 1-12-2021
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CR2002-015076
The Honorable John R. Doody, Judge Pro Tempore
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General's Office, Phoenix
By Jana Zinman
Counsel for Appellee
Maricopa County Public Defender's Office, Phoenix
By Lawrence S. Matthew
Counsel for Appellant
STATE v. ROBERTSON
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Presiding Judge James B. Morse Jr. delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Chief Judge Peter B. Swann and Judge Randall M. Howe joined.
M O R S E, Judge:
¶1 This appeal is on remand from the Arizona Supreme Court,
which has instructed this court to "consider the merits of [Demitres]
Robertson's appeal concerning the legality of her sentence under [A.R.S.]
§ 13-116 . . . . " State v. Robertson, 249 Ariz. 256, 263, ¶ 30 (2020). For the
following reasons, we reject Robertson's argument and affirm the superior
court.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶2 A more detailed recitation of the facts and procedural
background can be found in the supreme court's opinion and our prior
opinion in this matter. See Robertson, 249 Ariz. at 258, ¶¶ 2-6; State v.
Robertson, 246 Ariz. 438, 439, ¶¶ 2-8 (App. 2019), vacated, 249 Ariz. 256.
¶3 In brief, Robertson recklessly killed her child by smoking
cocaine in the limited confines of her apartment. She was then charged with
one count of first-degree murder, a class 1 felony, and two counts child
abuse, class 2 felonies and dangerous crimes against children. See A.R.S. §§
13-705, -1105, -3623(A)(1).1 The court later dismissed the first count of child
abuse for lack of probable cause. Robertson eventually pled guilty to one
amended count of manslaughter, a class 2 dangerous felony, and one
amended count of child abuse, a class 3 felony. See A.R.S. §§ 13-
1103, -3623(A)(2).
¶4 The superior court sentenced Robertson to ten years'
imprisonment for the manslaughter count, with credit for 602 days of
presentence incarceration. For the child abuse count, the superior court
placed Robertson on a lifetime term of probation, to commence upon
completion of her prison sentence. Robertson completed her prison
sentence for the manslaughter count in August 2010.
1 Absent material revision, we cite the statute's current version.
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STATE v. ROBERTSON
Decision of the Court
¶5 Robertson violated her probation at least four times after she
was released from prison. The superior court ultimately revoked
Robertson's probation and ordered her imprisoned for a period of 3.5 years.
Robertson timely appealed.
¶6 This court found that Robertson was precluded from
challenging any sentencing error and affirmed Robertson's sentence.
Robertson, 249 Ariz. at 258, ¶ 6. Robertson appealed and the supreme court
vacated our decision, remanding the matter with instructions to consider
the merits of Robertson's appeal. Id. at 263, ¶ 30. At our invitation, the
parties filed supplemental briefs on remand. We have jurisdiction under
A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21(A)(1), 13-4031, and -4033(A)(1).
DISCUSSION
¶7 In its supplemental brief, the State argues Robertson's appeal
is moot because she has completed the term of imprisonment at issue. Even
if we were inclined to agree, the Arizona Supreme Court has instructed us
to consider the merits of Robertson's appeal. Robertson, 249 Ariz. at 263,
¶ 30. Accordingly, we address the merits of her argument.
¶8 Citing A.R.S. § 13-116, Robertson argues the superior court
illegally sentenced her to a term of imprisonment because she already
served a prison sentence for the same act involving the same victim.
¶9 "We review a challenge to the legality of a sentence de novo."
State v. Regenold, 227 Ariz. 224, 225 n.2 (App. 2011); see also State v. Urquidez,
213 Ariz. 50, 52, ¶ 6 (App. 2006) ("We review de novo a trial court's decision
to impose consecutive sentences in accordance with A.R.S. § 13-116.").
Imposition of an illegal sentence constitutes fundamental error. State v.
Martinez, 226 Ariz. 221, 224, ¶ 17 (App. 2011).
¶10 In relevant part, A.R.S. § 13-116 states that "[a]n act or
omission which is made punishable in different ways by different sections
of the laws may be punished under both, but in no event may sentences be
other than concurrent." To determine whether a defendant's conduct
constitutes a single act, and accordingly, whether consecutive sentencing is
appropriate, we use the test set forth in State v. Gordon, 161 Ariz. 308 (1989).
See Urquidez, 213 Ariz. at 52, ¶ 6.
¶11 The first prong of the Gordon test requires that we "subtract[]
from the factual transaction the evidence necessary to convict on the
ultimate charge—the one that is at the essence of the factual nexus and that
will often be the most serious of the charges." Gordon, 161 Ariz. at 315. "If
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STATE v. ROBERTSON
Decision of the Court
the remaining evidence satisfies the elements of the other crime, then
consecutive sentences may be permissible under A.R.S. § 13-116." Id. When
applying this framework, we must "then consider whether, given the entire
'transaction,' it was factually impossible to commit the ultimate crime
without also committing the secondary crime." Id. "If so, then the
likelihood will increase that the defendant committed a single act . . . ." Id.
Last, we consider whether the defendant's conduct in committing the lesser
crime caused the victim to suffer a different or additional risk of harm
beyond that inherent in the ultimate crime. Id. at 314-15. If the lesser crime
caused a different harm "then ordinarily the court should find that the
defendant committed multiple acts and should receive consecutive
sentences." Id. at 315.
¶12 Both parties rely on the facts presented at Robertson's
preliminary hearing to support their arguments. Therefore, we rely on
those facts to determine the legality of Robertson's sentence.
¶13 Here, the ultimate crime is manslaughter and the secondary
crime is child abuse. See A.R.S. §§ 13-1103(C) (providing that manslaughter
is a class 2 felony), -3623(A)(2) (providing that child abuse, when done
recklessly, is a class 3 felony). To prove Robertson committed
manslaughter, the State had to show that Robertson "recklessly caus[ed] the
death of another person." A.R.S. § 13-1103(A)(1). "Reckless manslaughter
involves being aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that one's
conduct will cause another's death and consciously disregarding that risk."
State v. Valenzuela, 194 Ariz. 404, 406, ¶ 11 (1999).
¶14 To prove Robertson committed the class 3 felony of child
abuse, the State had to show that Robertson: (1) recklessly; (2) under
circumstances likely to produce death or serious physical injury; (3) caused
or permitted the health of the child to be injured while having the care or
custody of the child, or caused or permitted the child to be placed in a
situation where the health of the child was endangered.
A.R.S. § 13-3623(A). "'Serious physical injury' means physical injury that
creates a reasonable risk of death or that causes serious or permanent
disfigurement, serious impairment of health or loss or protracted
impairment of the function of any bodily organ or limb."
A.R.S. § 13-3623(F)(5).
¶15 In applying the first element of the Gordon test, we must
determine whether, after subtracting the evidence necessary to establish the
"ultimate charge" of manslaughter, evidence remains to prove child abuse.
161 Ariz. at 315. As to this prong, Robertson says her child died from
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STATE v. ROBERTSON
Decision of the Court
necrotizing enterocolitis, a condition which is caused by "many factors."
Those factors include dehydration, malnutrition, and continued exposure
to cocaine. Robertson argues her failure to feed her child and the cocaine
exposure "must be treated as an ongoing single transaction" because it was
the combination of these factors that led to her child's necrotizing
enterocolitis. We disagree.
¶16 In support of her argument, Robertson points to the testimony
of Dr. Sergio Bustamante, who explained:
Necrotizing enterocolitis is like the final catastrophic event
that occurs in the intestine in response to multiple factors,
which isolated may not cause necrotizing enterocolitis, but
when they are together cause the intestine to suffer necrosis
and infection.
¶17 The record supports Robertson's contention that dehydration
and malnutrition significantly contributed to the development of
necrotizing enterocolitis. But even if Robertson's failure to feed her child
was necessary for the necrotizing enterocolitis, that does not mean that
evidence supporting the malnourishment was "necessary to convict on the
ultimate charge." Gordon, 161 Ariz. at 315. Evidence from Robertson's
preliminary hearing shows that her child would not have died but for
Robertson repeatedly exposing her to cocaine.2 Subtracting the exposure to
cocaine, Robertson committed child abuse when she recklessly caused
injury by failing to feed her child.
¶18 In an attempt to avoid this conclusion, Robertson suggests
that starving her child was inextricably connected with exposing her child
to cocaine. But she cites no law to support this contention. And, in any
case, we do not find Robertson's argument persuasive. Imagine a scenario
where a parent malnourishes a child and, as a result, the child become
abnormally weakened. If the parent then strikes the child and causes the
child's death, that would be sufficient to support a conviction for
manslaughter even if the blow was fatal due to weakness caused by the
malnourishment. The only evidence needed to support the conviction is
the reckless action that caused the victim's death. So too here. But for
Robertson recklessly exposing her child to cocaine, the death would not
2 Specifically, one of the State's medical experts was asked "if the
necrosis caused the dehydration . . . then but for the postbirth cocaine [her
child] would not have died?" He responded, "Yes."
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STATE v. ROBERTSON
Decision of the Court
have occurred. Removing that evidence from the equation, ample evidence
remains to support Robertson's conviction for child abuse.
¶19 As to Gordon's second prong, we find it cuts slightly in
Robertson's favor. Robertson's child's death was the culmination of
Robertson's neglect and abuse. The State suggests we can parse out "the
collectively-life-ending acts" from other discrete acts of abuse that could
substantiate the child abuse conviction. This misreads Gordon. We are
tasked with analyzing whether, "given the entire 'transaction,'" it was
factually impossible for Robertson to kill her child without also committing
child abuse. 161 Ariz. at 315 (emphasis added). Considering the facts, we
do not see how Robertson could have killed her child without also
committing child abuse. But while this factor increases the likelihood the
defendant committed a single act, it is not dispositive. Id.¶20 Turning to Gordon's third prong, we find that Robertson's
abuse caused her child to suffer an additional or different harm besides
death. See Gordon, 161 Ariz. 314-15. Robertson killed her child in a painful
and drawn-out manner. While causing the death of a child requires
circumstances likely to produce death or serious physical injury, the extent
of Robertson's abuse exceeded the harm caused by the child's death.
¶21 Robertson "submits there is no greater risk of harm beyond
death" and, therefore, she argues the third prong cuts in her favor. Here, it
is Robertson who misreads Gordon. The third Gordon prong turns on
whether the secondary crime "subjected the victim 'to a different or
additional risk of harm than that inherent in the ultimate offense.'" State v.
Roseberry, 210 Ariz. 360, 370, ¶ 58 (2005) (quoting Gordon, 161 Ariz. at 314).
Robertson did not just kill her child. According to expert testimony, she
caused her child to suffer "enormous pain" prior to death. The "enormous
pain" suffered by Robertson's child extended for days preceding her death
and was a different and additional harm above the child's death. Thus, this
prong weighs strongly against Robertson. See Gordon, 161 Ariz. at 315(stating that "ordinarily the court should find that the defendant committed
multiple acts and should receive consecutive sentences" if the defendant's
conduct in the lesser crime caused additional harm (emphasis added)).
¶22 Weighing all three Gordon factors, we find that Robertson's
conduct constituted separate acts punishable by separate convictions and
her sentences were lawful. Accordingly, we affirm the superior court in all
respects.
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STATE v. ROBERTSON
Decision of the Court
CONCLUSION
¶23 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Robertson's sentences.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
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