State v. Freeny ( 2021 )

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
RAYMOND EDWIN FREENY, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 20-0167
FILED 7-15-2021
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CR2018-001790-001
The Honorable Ronee Korbin Steiner, Judge
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Joshua C. Smith
Counsel for Appellee
Maricopa County Public Defender’s Office, Phoenix
By Jennifer Roach
Counsel for Appellant
STATE v. FREENY
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Judge Randall M. Howe delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Jennifer M. Perkins and Judge Maria Elena Cruz joined.
HOWE, Judge:
¶1 Raymond Edwin Freeny appeals his conviction and sentence
for aggravated assault. For the following reasons, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 A.W. was riding the light rail when he noticed Freeny
behaving erratically and “aggressive[ly]” towards other passengers. A.W.
informed a security guard of Freeny’s behavior, and realizing he needed to
purchase a light rail ticket, he also asked the guard how to do so. The guard
removed Freeny from the train at the next stop.
¶3 A.W. got off the train at the next stop thereafter. He purchased
a ticket on the platform, and while waiting to re-board the next train, saw
Freeny walking towards him. As Freeny approached A.W., Freeney raised
a metal tent spike above his head and threatened to gouge out A.W.’s eyes.
Just then, a train arrived. A.W. pushed Freeny aside, entered the train, and
informed a security guard of Freeny’s threat. The security guard called 911.
¶4 An officer responded to the call, which the 911 dispatcher
labeled as an armed robbery. The officer spoke with A.W., who explained
how Freeny had threatened him. After he finished interviewing A.W., the
officer changed the dispatch call label to aggravated assault instead of
armed robbery. Officers eventually located Freeny nearby, and A.W.
positively identified Freeny as the individual who had threatened him with
the tent spike.
¶5 The State charged Freeny with one count of aggravated
assault, a class 3 dangerous felony. Freeny filed numerous evidentiary
requests before trial. In one, Freeny requested a copy of the 911 call, which
he intended to use as impeachment evidence because the victim allegedly
reported the incident as an armed robbery. A Phoenix Police Department
letter stated that the 911 call recording was no longer available since 911
calls are only retained for 190 days and then they are destroyed. The police
department did provide the dispatch report.
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¶6 Freeny also raised the issue of his inability to view some of
the surveillance videos of the light rail that the State disclosed. Freeny
further asserted that the State failed to disclose certain video clips described
in a supplemental report. Some of the videos that the State initially received
from the third-party vendors in control of the footage, however, were for
the wrong date and did not show the incident. When the State tried to get
the correct footage, it learned that the tapes had already been deleted or
were overwritten by the third-party vendors.
¶7 Because of these issues, Freeny moved both to compel the
State provide the footage and for sanctions against the State. The trial court
denied Freeny’s motions, finding that “all the discovery concerned [in the
motions had] been made available” and disclosed to Freeny. Although
Freeny still had some issues with getting some of the videos to play, he was
able to view the videos that were introduced at trial before the open of
evidence.
¶8 Eight days before trial, Freeny requested a 30-day
continuance to allow his newly appointed investigator time to obtain
discovery from Freeny’s former investigator. Before the superior court
ruled, Freeny’s new investigator was able to “go through [with Freeny] all
of the video clips that were provided . . . from the County Attorney’s
Office[.]” After considering the evidence at a hearing two days before the
trial start date, the superior court granted Freeny a one-week continuance.
¶9 Freeny represented himself at trial and requested an
instruction on the lesser-included offense of disorderly conduct that stated
“disorderly conduct by recklessly handling a dangerous instrument is a
lesser-included offense of aggravated assault with a dangerous
instrument.” The trial court granted the request and included a definition
of recklessly that stated “‘[r]ecklessly’ means that a defendant is aware of
and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that conduct
will result in handling or displaying the dangerous weapon or dangerous
instrument.” The instruction also included the statement that the lesser
included is only to be considered if the jury could not find that Freeny had
committed aggravated assault.
¶10 Freeny also requested an adverse inference instruction for the
destroyed 911 recording and light rail surveillance footage, arguing that he
had lost impeachment evidence that impaired his defense. The court denied
the request.
¶11 The jury found Freeny guilty as charged. The jury also found
as aggravating circumstances that the offense involved the use of a
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Decision of the Court
dangerous instrument, and caused physical, emotional, or financial harm
to the victim. During the sentencing phase, the court found three
aggravating circumstances: Freeny’s use of a dangerous instrument; A.W.’s
physical, emotional, or financial harm; and Freeny’s two historical prior
felony convictions. The court weighed the aggravating factors against the
mitigating factors—Freeny’s traumatic upbringing, long-term substance
abuse, and family support—and imposed a presumptive prison term of
11.25 years. Freeny timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
¶12 Freeny argues that the superior court erred in denying
Freeny’s motion for discovery sanctions against the State and in ordering a
continuance for a week instead of 30 days. He also argues that the court
gave an improper lesser-included offense instruction and erred in denying
his request for an adverse inference instruction. In his final argument, he
claims that the court erred in using the “dangerous instrument” as an
aggravating factor at sentencing. Freeny’s arguments fail, however, because
they either lack merit or he has not shown that any error has prejudiced
him.
I. The State’s Purported Discovery Violations
¶13 Freeny asserts that the superior court abused its discretion in
denying his motion for sanctions for the State’s purported discovery
violations. He argues that the State violated Ariz. R. Crim. P. 15 by
disclosing light rail surveillance videos in a format that he could not use to
view the video, and he was therefore entitled to a “continuance.” We review
the imposition or denial of sanctions for a violation of a discovery rule for
an abuse of discretion. See State v. Martinez-Villareal, 145 Ariz. 441, 448
(1985).
¶14 The technical issues that initially inhibited Freeny’s ability to
view the videos were mostly resolved before trial. Whatever technical
issues remained cannot be attributed to the State. The record reveals that
the State made multiple disclosures of the videos in various formats to
accommodate Freeny’s disclosure requests. Freeny cites no authority that
recognizes a Rule 15 violation under these circumstances. The court did not
err in denying Freeny’s request for sanctions.
II. Motion to Continue Trial
¶15 Freeny argues that the court erred by failing to continue trial
for 30 days so that his new investigator could review all the material. The
superior court must grant a continuance “only on a showing that
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STATE v. FREENY
Decision of the Court
extraordinary circumstances exist and that delay is indispensable to the
interests of justice.” Ariz. R. Crim. P. 8.5(b). We review the denial of a
requested continuance for an abuse of discretion and resulting prejudice.
State v. Forde, 233 Ariz. 543, 555 ¶ 18 (2014).
¶16 The court did not error in continuing the trial for a week
instead of 30 days. The record indicates that before the superior court
granted the seven-day continuance, Freeny’s new investigator was able to
“go through [with Freeny] all of the video clips that were provided . . . from
the County Attorney’s Office[.]” Given the stated purpose of Freeny’s
motion to continue—a transfer of discovery from his former investigator to
the current one—the trial court did not abuse its discretion in continuing
the trial for a week instead of 30 days as Freeny requested.
¶17 Freeny nonetheless argues that the additional delay was
necessary to resolve issues related to his inability to view light rail
surveillance video that the State disclosed. He does not sufficiently explain,
however, what “extraordinary circumstances” existed to necessitate an
additional 23 days of delay and he cites no authority that compels a
different conclusion. Moreover, he does not specify the prejudice resulting
from the superior court’s decision. He only surmises that his investigator
“may have been able to” review material and interview a witness, which in
turn, “may have” led to a “different defense that could have resulted in a
different verdict.” His inability to show prejudice further supports that no
error occurred.
III. Jury Instruction on Lesser-Included Offense
¶18 Freeny argues that the substance of the disorderly conduct
instruction was improper. He claims that the trial court erred in
“formatting” the elements of the offense and contends that the instruction
incorrectly defined “recklessly.” Because he did not object to the
instruction, he bears the burden of establishing fundamental error, which
requires him to prove that error occurred and that the error either
prejudiced him, or “was so egregious that he could not possibly have
received a fair trial.” State v. Escalante, 245 Ariz. 135, 140, 142 ¶¶ 12, 21
(2018).
¶19 During the reading of the jury instructions, the trial court
instructed the jurors to consider the disorderly conduct offense only if they
either found Freeny not guilty of aggravated assault or could not agree on
a verdict for aggravated assault. We presume the jury followed the court’s
directive. State v. Newell, 212 Ariz. 389, 403 ¶ 68 (2006). Thus, by finding him
guilty of aggravated assault, the jury did not confront whatever error—if
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STATE v. FREENY
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any—occurred in the disorderly conduct instruction. He therefore fails to
establish either prejudice or error so egregious that it resulted in an unfair
trial. See State v. Turner, 2 CA-CR 2019-0276, 2021 WL 1782541, at *5 ¶ 24
(Ariz. App. May 5, 2021) (in first-degree murder trial, concluding purported
error in placing burden of proof on defendant in manslaughter instruction
was harmless because trial court instructed jurors to consider the lesser
offense only if they found defendant not guilty of first-degree murder or
could not agree on a verdict for first-degree murder).
IV. Adverse Inference Instruction
¶20 Freeny argues that he was entitled to an adverse-inference
instruction under State v. Willits, 96 Ariz. 184 (1964), because the State did
not preserve the light rail surveillance video or the recording of the 911 call.
See State v. Fulminante, 193 Ariz. 485, 503 ¶ 62 (1999) (“When police
negligently fail to preserve potentially exculpatory evidence, [a Willits
instruction] permits the jury to infer that the evidence would have been
exculpatory.”). To obtain a Willits instruction, a defendant must prove that
the State failed to preserve evidence that is material and accessible and that
might tend to exonerate the defendant. State v. Murray, 184 Ariz. 9, 33
(1995). We review the superior court’s refusal to give a Willits instruction
for an abuse of discretion. Id.¶21 The State did not negligently fail to preserve the light rail
surveillance video. The State was not responsible for whatever technical
issues continued to hinder Freeny’s ability to view the videos. Regarding
video evidence that the State was unable to obtain, Freeny concedes that a
third-party contractor who maintains the light rail surveillance video
initially provided the State with video depicting a date different from the
date of the offense, and that by the time he was indicted in this case, the
light rail video system had recorded over the video from the date of the
offense. Cf. State v. Perez, 141 Ariz. 459, 463-64 (1984) (failure of police to
request videotape “that is obviously material” entitles defendant to a Willits
instruction if defendant can show prejudice).
¶22 As for the destroyed recording of the 911 call, Freeny argues
the “call notes” included an incorrect reference to an armed robbery, which
“potentially . . . could have been used to impeach A.W.” Freeny’s
speculation about the recording’s exonerative tendency is insufficient. See
State v. Glissendorf, 235 Ariz. 147, 150 ¶ 9 (2014) (“To show that evidence had
a ‘tendency to exonerate,’ the defendant must do more than simply
speculate about how the evidence might have been helpful.”). The
speculative nature of Freeny’s argument is amplified by the fact that a
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STATE v. FREENY
Decision of the Court
security guard, not A.W., called 911. The superior court did not abuse its
discretion by denying Freeny’s request for a Willits instruction.
V. “Dangerous Instrument”
¶23 Freeny also argues that the trial court erred by relying on his
use of a dangerous instrument as an aggravating circumstance for
sentencing purposes because that conduct is also an essential element of
aggravated assault as charged in this case. Recognizing that he received the
presumptive sentence under the repetitive offender statutes, he contends
that he should be resentenced because, without the improper aggravator,
the trial court “could have found that [the] substantial mitigation warranted
a mitigated sentence[.]” He did not object in superior court to the State
alleging use of a dangerous instrument as an aggravating factor. We
therefore review for fundamental error. Escalante, 245 Ariz. at 140 ¶ 12.
¶24 We agree that use of a dangerous instrument was an improper
aggravator in this case. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. (A.R.S.) §§ 13–701(D)(2)
(threatened use of a dangerous instrument during commission of a crime
may be used as an aggravating factor “except if this circumstance is an
essential element of the offense of conviction”); –1204(A)(2) (a person
commits aggravated assault by assaulting another with a dangerous
instrument). But Freeny’s argument ultimately fails because he does not
demonstrate that the trial court would have imposed a mitigated sentence
absent the improper aggravator. See id. at 142 ¶ 21 (under fundamental
error review, defendant has burden to establish prejudice or egregious error
resulting in unfair trial).
¶25 In addition to considering Freeny’s use of a dangerous
weapon, the court considered two proper aggravating factors, namely
A.W.’s physical, emotional, or financial harm, and Freeny’s two historical
prior felony convictions. See, e.g., State v. Bonfiglio, 228 Ariz. 349, 354 ¶ 21
(App. 2011) (“A trial court may use the same convictions to enhance or
increase the sentencing range and to aggravate a defendant's sentence
within the enhanced range.”). The court then weighed those factors against
the mitigating factors of Freeny’s traumatic upbringing, long-term
substance abuse, and family support. Freeny does not identify anything in
the record that affirmatively shows the court would have imposed a
mitigated sentence had it not considered the improper aggravator. Instead,
he merely speculates that the court “could have” done so. We will not
presume prejudice where none appears affirmatively in the record. State v.
Trostle, 191 Ariz. 4, 13–14 (1997); see State v. Munninger, 213 Ariz. 393, 397
¶ 14 (App. 2016) (holding appellant’s speculation—that trial court would
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impose specific sentence had improper aggravating factor not been
considered—does not establish prejudice).
CONCLUSION
¶26 Freeny’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
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