Pinnacle Enters. v. City of Papillion , 302 Neb. 297 ( 2019 )


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    www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
    03/29/2019 01:06 AM CDT
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    302 Nebraska R eports
    PINNACLE ENTERS. v. CITY OF PAPILLION
    Cite as 
    302 Neb. 297
    Pinnacle Enterprises, Inc., appellant, v.
    City of Papillion, Nebraska, appellee.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed February 22, 2019.   No. S-18-365.
    1.	 Statutes. Statutory interpretation presents a question of law.
    2.	 Judgments: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Determination of a juris-
    dictional issue which does not involve a factual dispute is a matter of
    law which requires an appellate court to reach its conclusions indepen-
    dent from a trial court.
    3.	 Trial: Appeal and Error. The standard of review of a trial court’s
    determination of a request for sanctions is whether the trial court abused
    its discretion.
    4.	 Actions: Waiver: Appeal and Error. Under the law-of-the-case doc-
    trine, a well-recognized waiver rule has emerged: A decision made at
    a previous stage of litigation, which could have been challenged in the
    ensuing appeal but was not, becomes the law of the case; the parties are
    deemed to have waived the right to challenge that decision.
    5.	 Actions: Appeal and Error. When an appellate court remands a case to
    an inferior tribunal, the law-of-the-case doctrine prevents that court from
    taking action inconsistent with the judgment of the appellate court.
    6.	 Trial: Judgments: Pleadings. A trial court, in its discretion, may per-
    mit the renewal and resubmission of a motion which has previously
    been overruled.
    7.	 Courts: Judgments: Time. No court is required to persist in error, and,
    if the court concludes that a former ruling was wrong, the court may
    correct it at any time while the case is still in the court’s control.
    8.	 Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory language is to be given its plain
    and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort to inter-
    pretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain,
    direct, and unambiguous.
    9.	 Eminent Domain: Jurisdiction: Notice: Appeal and Error. In a con-
    demnation action, only the filing of the notice of appeal and, by exten-
    sion, service of this notice is jurisdictional.
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    PINNACLE ENTERS. v. CITY OF PAPILLION
    Cite as 
    302 Neb. 297
    10.	 Courts: Judgments: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. Under Neb. Rev.
    Stat. § 76-717 (Reissue 2018), only where it becomes necessary for a
    district court to order an appealing party to file a petition on appeal does
    it also become necessary for the court to impose such sanctions as are
    reasonable. In crafting a reasonable sanction, a court should consider the
    circumstances and any resulting prejudice to other parties.
    11.	 Actions: Attorney Fees: Words and Phrases. Under Neb. Rev. Stat.
    § 25-824(4) (Reissue 2016), the term “frivolous” connotes an improper
    motive or legal position so wholly without merit as to be ridiculous.
    Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: George
    A. Thompson, Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part reversed and
    remanded for further proceedings.
    Jason M. Bruno and James L. Schneider, of Sherrets, Bruno
    & Vogt, L.L.C., for appellant.
    Daniel J. Fischer and Julie A. Ward, of Koley Jessen, P.C.,
    L.L.O., and Karla R. Rupiper, Papillion City Attorney, and
    Amber L. Rupiper for appellee.
    Heavican, C.J.,           Cassel,      Stacy,      Funke,      Papik,     and
    Freudenberg, JJ.
    Cassel, J.
    INTRODUCTION
    The City of Papillion, Nebraska (Papillion), condemned
    land owned by Pinnacle Enterprises, Inc. (Pinnacle). Pinnacle
    appealed the award to district court. After 41⁄2 years and one
    judicial recusal, the court dismissed the appeal for lack of juris-
    diction. Because the plain language of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 76-717
    (Reissue 2018) confers jurisdiction once a notice of appeal is
    filed, the court erred in dismissing the appeal and we reverse
    that dismissal. But the court did not abuse its discretion in
    denying Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions relating to Papillion’s
    motion for summary judgment, and we affirm that denial.
    BACKGROUND
    Because much of this appeal centers upon the meaning of
    § 76-717, we quote it in full:
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    PINNACLE ENTERS. v. CITY OF PAPILLION
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    302 Neb. 297
    Within thirty days after the filing of such notice of
    appeal, the county judge shall prepare and transmit to the
    clerk of the district court a duly certified transcript of all
    proceedings had concerning the parcel or parcels of land
    as to which the particular condemnee takes the appeal
    upon payment of the fees provided by law for prepara-
    tion thereof. When notice of appeal is filed by both the
    condemner and the condemnee, such transcript shall be
    prepared only in response to the first notice of appeal.
    The transcript prepared in response to the second notice
    of appeal shall contain only a copy of such notice and the
    proceedings shall be filed in the district court as a single
    cause of action.
    The filing of the notice of appeal shall confer jurisdic-
    tion on the district court. The first party to perfect an
    appeal shall file a petition on appeal in the district court
    within fifty days after the filing of the notice of appeal. If
    no petition is filed, the court shall direct the first party to
    perfect an appeal to file a petition and impose such sanc-
    tions as are reasonable. The appeal shall be tried de novo
    in the district court. Such appeal shall not delay the acqui-
    sition of the property and placing of same to a public use
    if the condemner shall first deposit with the county judge
    the amount assessed by the appraisers.
    Although § 76-717 was amended in 2018,1 the amendment did
    not change any of the language relevant to this appeal and for
    convenience, we quote the current statute.
    Papillion initiated condemnation proceedings in the county
    court. An amended return of the appraisers’ award was entered
    on July 23, 2013. On August 13, Pinnacle filed its notice of
    appeal.
    On October 15, 2013, 13 days after the 50-day time period
    for filing the petition on appeal,2 Papillion filed a motion
    1
    2018 Neb. Laws, L.B. 193, § 89.
    2
    See § 76-717.
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    PINNACLE ENTERS. v. CITY OF PAPILLION
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    302 Neb. 297
    to dismiss the appeal, which was scheduled for hearing in
    November. Two days later, on October 17, Pinnacle filed its
    petition on appeal. At the time Pinnacle did so, no order had
    been entered by the district court addressing the filing of a
    petition on appeal. In due course, the court held a hearing on
    Papillion’s motion to dismiss, which the original district court
    judge summarily denied.
    Pinnacle later filed a motion in limine, which sought to pre-
    clude Papillion from introducing evidence that would diminish
    the taking. The court granted the motion in limine. That ruling
    relates to the arguments asserted now regarding the denial of
    Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions.
    After 3 years of discovery and settlement discussions, the
    original judge informed the parties that he had a close personal
    friendship with one of Pinnacle’s appraisers. Papillion moved
    for recusal. The original judge sustained the motion, and the
    court reassigned the case to the second judge.
    In September 2017, Papillion moved for partial summary
    judgment. Papillion asserted summary judgment on the follow-
    ing issues: (1) Papillion took a limited permanent easement; (2)
    Papillion took a permanent easement for the purpose of con-
    structing, relocating, and maintaining 84th Street in Papillion
    as part of a larger project; (3) Papillion’s permanent easement
    does not include a taking of Pinnacle’s right of access to and
    from 84th Street; and (4) the easement does not prohibit or
    restrict Pinnacle’s right of access to 84th Street. A few days
    later, Pinnacle moved for sanctions, asserting that Papillion’s
    motion was “legally frivolous.”
    At the sanctions hearing, the court addressed its concern
    with its jurisdiction. The court appears to have been con-
    cerned that “under [§ 76-717], [the first judge was] sup-
    posed to take certain actions. And the [first judge] did not
    take those actions, [make] specific[] findings, and it says
    shall.” The court denied Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions and
    ordered the parties to “brief [the] jurisdictional issue[] and/or
    enter [into] a stipulation to [that] issue[].” After the hearing
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    PINNACLE ENTERS. v. CITY OF PAPILLION
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    302 Neb. 297
    on partial summary judgment, the court took the matters
    under advisement.
    In March 2018, the court issued an order solely determin-
    ing jurisdiction. The court reasoned that the 50-day require-
    ment under § 76-717 was mandatory and jurisdictional as
    opposed to directory. Even though the appeal was timely filed
    and perfected, the court reasoned that Pinnacle failed to show
    good cause to justify filing its petition on appeal past the
    time it was due. The court elucidated that Pinnacle failed to
    explain why there was a delay in retaining new counsel and
    it failed to provide a timeline for the court to consider. The
    court noted that by the time Pinnacle took action, the 50-day
    limit had run, and Papillion had already filed a motion to dis-
    miss. The court dismissed the condemnation appeal for lack
    of jurisdiction.
    Pinnacle filed a timely appeal, which we moved to our
    docket.3
    ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    Pinnacle assigns, consolidated and restated, that the district
    court erred in (1) sua sponte reversing its previous denial of
    Papillion’s motion to dismiss and in dismissing the condemna-
    tion on the grounds that timely filing a petition on appeal was
    jurisdictional and that good cause did not exist for Pinnacle’s
    late filing and (2) denying Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions.
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [1,2] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law.4
    Determination of a jurisdictional issue which does not
    involve a factual dispute is a matter of law which requires an
    appellate court to reach its conclusions independent from a
    trial court.5
    3
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Cum. Supp. 2018).
    4
    State v. McGuire, 
    301 Neb. 895
    , 
    921 N.W.2d 77
    (2018).
    5
    Sandoval v. Ricketts, ante p. 138, ___ N.W.2d ___ (2019).
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    PINNACLE ENTERS. v. CITY OF PAPILLION
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    [3] The standard of review of a trial court’s determination
    of a request for sanctions is whether the trial court abused
    its discretion.6
    ANALYSIS
    Dismissal of Condemnation A ppeal
    On appeal, Pinnacle argues that the district court erred in
    sua sponte reversing its earlier denial of Papillion’s motion
    to dismiss, dismissing the condemnation appeal for lack of
    jurisdiction, determining that good cause was necessary to file
    a petition on appeal out of time, and finding that Pinnacle did
    not have good cause.
    [4,5] Pinnacle contends that the law-of-the-case doctrine
    prohibited the second district court judge from reconsidering
    the motion to dismiss. We disagree. Under the law-of-the-case
    doctrine, a well-recognized waiver rule has emerged: A deci-
    sion made at a previous stage of litigation, which could have
    been challenged in the ensuing appeal but was not, becomes
    the law of the case; the parties are deemed to have waived
    the right to challenge that decision.7 When an appellate court
    remands a case to an inferior tribunal, the law-of-the-case doc-
    trine prevents that court from taking action inconsistent with
    the judgment of the appellate court.8
    Here, both decisions were made in the same case and at the
    same level of Nebraska’s court system. A second district court
    judge merely reconsidered an earlier, purely interlocutory order
    of his predecessor in the same proceeding and without any
    intervening opportunity for appellate review. The law-of-the-
    case waiver rule simply does not apply here.
    [6,7] Pinnacle more broadly contends that it was error for
    the court to reconsider the denial of the motion to dismiss.
    Again, we disagree. A trial court, in its discretion, may permit
    6
    LeRette v. Howard, 
    300 Neb. 128
    , 
    912 N.W.2d 706
    (2018).
    7
    State v. Sundquist, 
    301 Neb. 1006
    , 
    921 N.W.2d 131
    (2019).
    8
    New Tek Mfg. v. Beehner, 
    275 Neb. 951
    , 
    751 N.W.2d 135
    (2008).
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    PINNACLE ENTERS. v. CITY OF PAPILLION
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    the renewal and resubmission of a motion which has previ-
    ously been overruled.9 “No court is required to persist in error,
    and, if [the court] concludes that a former ruling was wrong,
    [the court] may correct it at any time while the case is still in
    [the court’s] control.”10 Contrary to Pinnacle’s contention, the
    district court had the power to review its previous interlocutory
    orders if it believed there had been an error. On appeal to this
    court, we must consider whether the district court’s ultimate
    decision was correct. We now turn to its merits.
    Pinnacle relies on the plain language of § 76-717 for several
    arguments. First, it argues that § 76-717 explicitly states that
    the district court’s jurisdiction is conferred when the notice
    of appeal is filed in the county court. Second, it contends that
    this language directly contradicts the district court’s dismissal
    for lack of jurisdiction. Third, it argues that amendments to
    § 76-717 erased the court’s discretionary authority to review
    the late filing of a petition on appeal for good cause. Pinnacle
    also argues that because the 15-day delay did not cause any
    prejudice to Papillion, the court erred in dismissing the appeal
    and that regardless of jurisdiction, Pinnacle did show good
    cause for filing out of time.
    [8,9] On the question of jurisdiction, the plain language of
    § 76-717 is conclusive. Statutory language is to be given its
    plain and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not
    resort to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory
    words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous.11 The sec-
    ond paragraph of § 76-717 begins, “The filing of the notice
    of appeal shall confer jurisdiction on the district court.” In a
    condemnation action, only the filing of the notice of appeal
    and, by extension, service of this notice is jurisdictional.12
    9
    See Bringewatt v. Mueller, 
    201 Neb. 736
    , 
    272 N.W.2d 37
    (1978).
    10
    Tady v. Warta, 
    111 Neb. 521
    , 526, 
    196 N.W. 901
    , 903 (1924).
    11
    Leon V. v. Nebraska Dept. of Health & Human Servs., ante p. 81, 
    921 N.W.2d 584
    (2019).
    12
    See Wooden v. County of Douglas, 
    275 Neb. 971
    , 
    751 N.W.2d 151
    (2008).
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    Because there is no dispute of fact that Pinnacle filed its notice
    of appeal within 30 days of the return of appraisers, the district
    court acquired jurisdiction.
    Although the court acquired jurisdiction, Papillion argues
    that the dismissal should be upheld as a reasonable sanction
    under § 76-717. Although § 76-717 required Pinnacle to file a
    petition on appeal within 50 days after the filing of the notice
    of appeal, it goes on to state, “If no petition is filed, the court
    shall direct the first party to perfect an appeal to file a petition
    and impose such sanctions as are reasonable.” This, Papillion
    argues, justified dismissal as a sanction. We disagree.
    [10] Clearly, the purpose of the quoted language is to keep
    cases moving and to ensure their orderly progression. By the
    time the district court first considered Papillion’s motion to
    dismiss, Pinnacle had already filed its petition on appeal. At
    that point, it was no longer a situation where “no petition is
    filed.” The provision requiring imposition of “sanctions” was
    conditioned on the absence of a filed petition. Thus, we hold
    that under § 76-717, only where it becomes necessary for a
    district court to order an appealing party to file a petition on
    appeal does it also become necessary for the court to impose
    such sanctions as are reasonable. In crafting a reasonable sanc-
    tion, a court should consider the circumstances and any result-
    ing prejudice to other parties.
    Because the court had no cause to issue an order direct-
    ing Pinnacle to file a petition on appeal, the court lacked
    statutory authority to impose sanctions. Under other circum-
    stances, a failure to file the petition on appeal required by
    § 76-717 in violation of a court order might justify dismissal
    as a sanction.
    But even if sanctions had been permissible here, Pinnacle’s
    filing of the petition on appeal 15 days after the 50-day limit
    ran did not so prejudice Papillion as to warrant dismissal.
    Papillion received additional time to file an answer, and the
    court oversaw the case for nearly 41⁄2 years. Clearly, the initial
    untimeliness was a minor matter in the distant past.
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    Moreover, when the court employed a good cause analysis
    as to the propriety of allowing the filing, rather than as a sanc-
    tion for having failed to file the petition before being ordered
    to do so, the court deviated from the statutory procedure. In
    other words, the court employed a good cause analysis in order
    to determine retroactively whether the late filing should have
    been accepted. The district court cited to Pettit v. Nebraska
    Dept. of Corr. Servs.13 for a definition of good cause. But in
    Pettit, the controlling statute specified an analysis for good
    cause. Section 76-717 does not.
    The district court may have been misled by our previous
    case law under § 76-717, examining a late filing for good
    cause.14 Those cases were decided before the 1983 amend-
    ment.15 Between 1951, when the statute was enacted, and 1973,
    prior to an amendment, § 76-717 directed a party appealing
    a condemnation award to take his or her appeal in the same
    manner in which someone appeals from county court to district
    court.16 During that time, the statute controlling an appeal from
    county court to district court instructed that if the plaintiff
    failed to timely file his or her petition on appeal within 50
    days of the rendition of judgment, good cause must be shown
    or the plaintiff shall become nonsuited.17 Because the pre-1983
    version of § 76-717 specifically referred to the manner of
    13
    Pettit v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs., 291 Neb 513, 
    867 N.W.2d 553
          (2015).
    14
    See, Singleton v. South Platte Nat. Resources Dist., 
    215 Neb. 504
    , 
    339 N.W.2d 751
    (1983); Estate of Tetherow v. State, 
    193 Neb. 150
    , 
    226 N.W.2d 116
    (1975); Neumeyer v. Omaha Public Power Dist., 
    188 Neb. 516
    , 
    198 N.W.2d 80
    (1972); Jensen v. Omaha Public Power Dist., 
    159 Neb. 277
    , 
    66 N.W.2d 591
    (1954); City of Seward v. Gruntorad, 
    158 Neb. 143
    , 
    62 N.W.2d 537
    (1954).
    15
    See 1983 Neb. Laws, L.B. 270, § 1.
    16
    See, § 76-717 (Reissue 1971); 1973 Neb. Laws, L.B. 226, § 29 (eff. May
    3, 1973).
    17
    See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-1307 (Reissue 1964) (repealed 1972 Neb. Laws,
    L.B. 1032, § 287).
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    appeal being the same as from county court to district court, it
    was proper before 1983 for a district court to employ a good
    cause analysis regarding a condemnation petition on appeal
    filed out of time.18 Because the current version of § 76-717
    does not specify a good cause standard (either explicitly or by
    incorporation of another statute), our earlier cases have been
    superseded by the legislative amendments to § 76-717.
    In summary, the district court incorrectly concluded that it
    lacked jurisdiction. To the extent that Papillion argues the dis-
    missal should be sustained as a sanction for Pinnacle’s late fil-
    ing, we reject its argument. We therefore reverse the dismissal
    and remand the cause for further proceedings.
    Sanctions
    Pinnacle argues that the district court abused its discretion
    in denying Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions, which asserted that
    Papillion’s motion for summary judgment was legally frivo-
    lous. Pinnacle contends that Papillion was merely repackaging
    its motion to reconsider the motion in limine in the form of
    a motion for partial summary judgment. It follows, Pinnacle
    argues, that because the original judge granted the motion in
    limine and denied the motion to reconsider, the issues Papillion
    reasserted were legally frivolous.
    [11] Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions was based upon Neb.
    Rev. Stat. § 25-824(4) (Reissue 2016), which permits a court
    to assess attorney fees and costs if “the court finds that an
    attorney or party brought or defended an action or any part of
    an action that was frivolous or that the action or any part of
    the action was interposed solely for delay or harassment.” The
    term “frivolous” connotes an improper motive or legal position
    so wholly without merit as to be ridiculous.19
    Although the court did not explain why it denied Pinnacle’s
    motion for sanctions, we do not find that the court abused
    18
    See Singleton v. South Platte Nat. Resources Dist., supra note 14.
    19
    White v. Kohout, 
    286 Neb. 700
    , 
    839 N.W.2d 252
    (2013).
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    its discretion. The district court might well have concluded
    that Papillion’s motion did not meet the legal standard under
    § 25-824(4). However, we are mindful that but for this appeal
    resulting from the court’s erroneous dismissal for lack of juris-
    diction, the court’s order would have remained interlocutory.
    Upon remand, the court remains free to reassess the situation
    in the light of subsequent developments. We simply determine
    that based upon the state of the record at the time of the court’s
    denial of Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions, the court did not
    abuse its discretion in doing so.
    CONCLUSION
    We conclude that the district erred in dismissing the condem-
    nation appeal for lack of jurisdiction. Therefore, we reverse the
    court’s dismissal and remand the cause for further proceedings.
    The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied
    Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions. We affirm the district court’s
    denial of Pinnacle’s motion for sanctions.
    A ffirmed in part, and in part reversed and
    remanded for further proceedings.
    Miller-Lerman, J., not participating.