Rita Radwan v. Ameriprise Insurance Company ( 2018 )


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  •                            STATE OF MICHIGAN
    COURT OF APPEALS
    RITA RADWAN,                                                      UNPUBLISHED
    December 20, 2018
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    and
    JAGANNATHAN NEUROSURGICAL
    INSTITUTE,
    Intervening Plaintiff,
    v                                                                 No. 341500
    Oakland Circuit Court
    AMERIPRISE INSURANCE COMPANY,                                     LC No. 2015-148340-NI
    Defendant-Appellee,
    and
    THOMAS PENRI THOMAS,
    Defendant.
    Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and SERVITTO and CAMERON, JJ.
    PER CURIAM.
    In this first-party no-fault action, plaintiff, Rita Radwan, appeals an order denying her
    motion to vacate an arbitration award, which relied upon the doctrine of collateral estoppel to
    award her $0 against defendant Ameriprise Insurance Company. We affirm.
    This case arises from a motor vehicle accident involving Radwan and defendant Thomas
    Penri Thomas. Radwan filed a third-party lawsuit against Thomas and a first-party lawsuit
    against her no-fault insurer, Ameriprise. A jury trial began on November 29, 2016. On that
    same day, Radwan and Ameriprise entered a stipulated order dismissing Ameriprise without
    prejudice and stating that “the parties have agreed to arbitrate their dispute pursuant to an
    Arbitration Agreement executed by and between the parties.”
    -1-
    The case proceeded to trial on Radwan’s third-party lawsuit against Thomas. On
    December 2, 2016, the jury rendered a special verdict, finding that Thomas was negligent, but
    Radwan was not injured. Accordingly, the jury did not reach the questions regarding proximate
    cause, economic damages, serious impairment of a body function or permanent serious
    disfigurement, or noneconomic losses. On December 12, 2016, ten days after the jury’s verdict,
    Radwan and Ameriprise entered into a binding arbitration agreement. However, on February 15,
    2017, Ameriprise filed a motion for relief from arbitration and for summary disposition pursuant
    to MCR 2.116(C)(7), (8), and (10). On February 22, 2017, Radwan and Thomas entered a
    “Stipulation and Order of Dismissal with Prejudice,” which provided:
    The Plaintiff having filed the Complaint against the Defendant; a Trial
    having commenced on November 29, 2016, ending December 2, 2016; the
    Plaintiff and Defendant having had the opportunity to offer evidence; and, the
    jury finding in favor of the Defendant and against the Plaintiff resulting in a No
    Cause of Action in favor of the Defendant and against the Plaintiff;
    Post-verdict, the Plaintiff advising that the Plaintiff would file a Motion
    for New Trial and possible appeals; post-verdict the Defendant having advised the
    Plaintiff that the Defendant would file a Motion for case evaluation sanctions and
    to tax costs as the prevailing party Defendant; and, the Plaintiff and Defendant
    having resolved its post-verdict issues and entered into a resolution and settlement
    agreement and stipulating to the entry of this Order for dismissal with prejudice;
    IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that any and all claims of the Plaintiff, Rita
    Radwan, against the Defendant, Thomas Penri Thomas, shall be dismissed with
    prejudice and without any costs or fees to any party.
    THIS IS A FINAL ORDER AND DISPOSES OF THE ENTIRE CASE.
    On March 23, 2017, the circuit court entered an order finding that it lacked jurisdiction to
    rule on Ameriprise’s motion and the case proceeded to arbitration. On August 22, 2017, the
    arbitrator entered an arbitration award of $0 against Ameriprise. In an opinion attached to the
    award, the arbitrator stated:
    The Arbitrator has read all materials submitted by the parties. I am in
    agreement with the defense position that there has been a factual finding, that the
    plaintiff Rita Radwan did not incur any injury from the motor vehicle accident of
    April 24, 2014.
    It is the arbitrators position that collateral estoppel would apply to the facts
    of this case. The case of Monant -v- State Farm Insurance Company, 
    469 Mich. 679
    (2004) appears to be directly on point.
    Plaintiff relies on the semantics of the entry of final judgement. It is clear
    that the matter was fully decided on its merits, subsequent to the jury findings, the
    case was dismissed by stipulation to avoid appeals along with case evaluation
    sanctions. To now indicate that there is no “final judgement” and avoiding the
    -2-
    adverse verdict, plaintiff would simply be attempting to circumvent the rule of
    collateral estoppel.
    For the above stated reasons, the arbitrator grants the motion filed by
    defendant and grants summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116 (7), (8) and
    (10).
    Subsequently, Radwan filed a motion with the circuit court to vacate the arbitration
    award, arguing that the arbitrator exceeded his powers by failing to hear evidence, weigh
    damages, and render an arbitration award, and by erroneously deciding that collateral estoppel
    applied to this case. Ameriprise opposed the motion.
    After a hearing, the circuit court agreed with the arbitrator’s determination that the
    doctrine of collateral estoppel precluded Radwan from relitigating the issue of whether she
    sustained injuries in the motor vehicle accident. The circuit court found that the arbitrator did
    not commit an error of law or exceed his powers by refusing to hear evidence and denied
    Radwan’s motion. The circuit court also denied Radwan’s motion for rehearing. This appeal
    followed.
    Radwan contends that the circuit court erred by refusing to vacate the arbitration award
    because the award improperly applied collateral estoppel to a consent judgment. We disagree.
    “This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion to vacate or modify an
    arbitration award. This means that we review the legal issues presented without extending any
    deference to the trial court.” Washington v Washington, 
    283 Mich. App. 667
    , 671; 770 NW2d
    908 (2009) (citations and quotation marks omitted). “Whether an arbitrator exceeded his or her
    authority is also reviewed de novo.” 
    Id. at 672.
    The application of collateral estoppel is a legal
    issue that is similarly reviewed de novo. Rental Props Owners Ass’n of Kent Co v Kent Co
    Treasurer, 
    308 Mich. App. 498
    , 526; 866 NW2d 817 (2014).
    Radwan moved to vacate the arbitration award under MCR 3.602(J)(2)(c), which requires
    the trial court to vacate an award if the “arbitrator exceeded his or her powers.” However, the
    Uniform Arbitration Act (UAA), MCL 691.1681 et seq., not the court rule, applies in this case.
    See Fette v Peters Constr Co, 
    310 Mich. App. 535
    , 542; 871 NW2d 877 (2015) (stating that the
    UAA became effective on June 1, 2013); MCL 691.1683(1) (stating that the UAA governs
    agreements to arbitrate made on or after July 1, 2013); MCR 3.602(A) (stating that the court rule
    applies to arbitrations not governed by the UAA). Nonetheless, the UAA similarly provides,
    under MCL 691.1703(1)(d), that a court shall vacate an arbitration award if “[a]n arbitrator
    exceeded the arbitrator’s powers.”
    “Arbitrators exceed their powers whenever they act beyond the material terms of the
    contract from which they draw their authority or in contravention of controlling law.” Miller v
    Miller, 
    474 Mich. 27
    , 30; 707 NW2d 341 (2005). In 
    Washington, 283 Mich. App. at 672
    , this
    Court stated:
    [A]ny error of law must be discernible on the face of the award itself. By “on its
    face” we mean that only a legal error that is evident without scrutiny of
    intermediate mental indicia, will suffice to overturn an arbitration award. Courts
    -3-
    will not engage in a review of an arbitrator’s mental path leading to [the] award.
    Finally, in order to vacate an arbitration award, any error of law must be so
    substantial that, but for the error, the award would have been substantially
    different. [Citations and some quotation marks omitted.]
    Radwan asserts that the arbitrator misapplied the law of collateral estoppel. In Rental
    Props Owners Ass’n of Kent 
    Co, 308 Mich. App. at 528-529
    , this Court stated:
    Collateral estoppel precludes relitigation of an issue in a subsequent,
    different cause of action between the same parties when the prior proceeding
    culminated in a valid final judgment and the issue was actually and necessarily
    determined in that prior proceeding. Collateral estoppel is a flexible rule intended
    to relieve parties of multiple litigation, conserve judicial resources, and encourage
    reliance on adjudication.
    Generally, application of collateral estoppel requires (1) that a question of
    fact essential to the judgment was actually litigated and determined by a valid and
    final judgment, (2) that the same parties had a full and fair opportunity to litigate
    the issue, and (3) mutuality of estoppel. [Citations omitted.]
    Our Supreme Court has analyzed the issue of collateral estoppel involving a set of
    circumstances similar to those in this case. In Monat v State Farm Ins Co, 
    469 Mich. 679
    , 680-
    681, 695; 677 NW2d 843 (2004), our Supreme Court held that collateral estoppel barred a
    plaintiff’s first-party claim after a no-cause-of-action jury verdict was reached on the third-party
    claim. In so ruling, the Court held that “where collateral estoppel is being asserted defensively
    against a party who has already had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue, mutuality is
    not required.” 
    Id. The plaintiff
    in Monat sued the driver of the other vehicle involved in an
    accident, as well as her no-fault insurer that discontinued the payment of benefits. 
    Id. at 681.
    Before the trial on the third-party action, the plaintiff and the driver entered an agreement to
    forgo their opportunity to appeal in lieu of the plaintiff agreeing to place a cap on damages and
    the driver agreeing to pay an undisclosed sum of damages regardless of the jury’s verdict. 
    Id. The jury
    found that the plaintiff was not injured and rendered a “no cause of action” verdict.
    Thereafter, the defendant insurer moved for summary disposition in the plaintiff’s first-party
    action, arguing that “collateral estoppel precluded plaintiff’s first-party claim because plaintiff
    litigated and lost the issue of injury in the third-party action.” 
    Id. The trial
    court denied the
    motion. 
    Id. This Court
    affirmed the trial court’s decision, concluding that collateral estoppel
    could not apply because there was no mutuality of estoppel. 
    Id. at 682.
    Our Supreme Court reversed this holding, concluding that there was a final judgment,
    i.e., the jury verdict, the plaintiff had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue concerning
    his injury, and mutuality of estoppel was not required under the circumstances. 
    Monat, 469 Mich. at 685
    . The Court stated that “[w]hile the ‘full and fair opportunity to litigate’ normally
    encompasses the opportunity to both litigate and appeal, plaintiff here voluntarily relinquished
    the opportunity to pursue an appeal in return for consideration—the guaranteed receipt of a
    minimal sum of damages regardless of the jury’s verdict.” 
    Id. The Court
    further reasoned that
    “to describe this type of agreement as anything other than ‘full and fair’ would be to encourage a
    plaintiff to negotiate away appeals with one defendant while keeping in suspense other lawsuits
    -4-
    in the event that the plaintiff’s first lawsuit proves unsuccessful.” 
    Id. at 686.
    The Court
    concluded that the exceptions to the requirement of mutuality of estoppel should be extended
    because “allowing the defensive use of collateral estoppel in these circumstances would enhance
    the efficient administration of justice and ensure more consistent judicial decisions.” 
    Id. at 688.
    Radwan primarily focuses on the first requirement of collateral estoppel—“that a
    question of fact essential to the judgment was actually litigated and determined by a valid and
    final judgment.” Rental Props Owners Ass’n of Kent 
    Co, 308 Mich. App. at 529
    . Radwan argues
    that a question of fact essential to the judgment was not determined by a valid and final
    judgment. Radwan does not appear to dispute that the stipulated order of dismissal was a “final
    judgment” or that the issue of her injuries was “actually litigated”; rather, she argues that the
    issue of her injuries was not determined by the stipulated order of dismissal because the order
    was not based on the jury’s verdict.
    In Monat, the Court applied collateral estoppel without analyzing whether the first
    requirement—a final judgment—existed. Nonetheless, the jury’s verdict was a final judgment,
    and, even though the jury found no cause of action, the plaintiff received a guarantee that
    damages would be capped pursuant to the pretrial agreement. 
    Monat, 469 Mich. at 681
    . In this
    case, following the jury’s verdict of no cause of action, Radwan agreed to a dismissal of her
    claims. Unlike in Monat, the jury’s verdict did not identify the amount of damages. However,
    the stipulated order of dismissal did expressly mention the outcome of the trial, specifically the
    jury’s finding of no cause of action. Moreover, the opportunities relinquished by the parties—
    Radwan’s post-trial rights and Thomas’s right to seek case evaluation sanctions—both depended
    on the jury’s verdict in favor of Thomas. Without the verdict in Thomas’s favor, Radwan could
    not move for a new trial or appeal and Thomas could not seek case evaluation sanctions. The
    fact that the agreement was entered into following the conclusion of the trial further suggests that
    it depended on the jury’s verdict. Thus, under Monat, the stipulated order of dismissal, which
    incorporated the jury’s verdict, is sufficient to satisfy the first requirement for collateral estoppel.
    This conclusion is consistent with the Restatement Judgments, 2d, § 13, p 132, which
    states:
    The rules of res judicata are applicable only when a final judgment is rendered.
    However, for purposes of issue preclusion (as distinguished from merger and bar),
    “final judgment” includes any prior adjudication of an issue in another action that
    is determined to be sufficiently firm to be accorded conclusive effect.
    In this regard, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals has held that, under Tennessee law, a judgment
    has preclusive effect, even if it is vacated by settlement. Sentinel Trust Co v Universal Bonding
    Ins Co, 316 F3d 213, 221-223 (CA 3, 2003). Similarly, in Hudson Ins Co v Chicago Hts, 48 F3d
    234, 236, 238 (CA 7, 1995), the Seventh Circuit concluded that a jury verdict had preclusive
    effect, even though the case settled and judgment was never entered. The court stated:
    Moreover, a jury verdict need not be final to have collateral estoppel effect. The
    settlement disputed in this case arose from the jury verdict; it was designed to
    settle the very claims submitted to the jury. Logic counsels that those claims, and
    -5-
    whatever ultimate facts would be necessary to prove them, should determine what
    the settlement settled. [Id. at 238 (citations omitted).]
    Similarly, the supplemental authority relied upon by Ameriprise supports the
    applicability of collateral estoppel in this case. Ameriprise cites a recent Sixth Circuit decision
    concluding that the Michigan Supreme Court would adopt the teaching of Sentinel and other
    courts that have held that judgments can support issue preclusion even though they are set aside
    or vacated upon settlement. Watermark Senior Living Retirement Communities, Inc v Morrison
    Mgt Specialists, Inc, 905 F3d 421, 427 (CA 6, 2018). The court stated that “[a]lthough, as a
    formal matter, there is no judgment in these circumstances, a court’s decision may remain
    sufficiently firm to be given preclusive effect.” 
    Id. at 428.
    The court further stated:
    A decision that issue preclusion does not apply in the present circumstances
    similarly would be at odds with the purposes of the doctrine. It would incentivize
    losing parties to pay to settle adverse judgments in order to avoid their issue-
    preclusive effects. While such a rule might encourage settlement of the first
    action, it also would authorize losing parties to take another stab at litigating their
    claims, in the hope that they might garner a more favorable result the second time
    around. Permitting this litigation strategy therefore would increase the probability
    of inconsistent decisions and require the judicial system to expend its scarce
    resources readjudicating these issues. [
    Id. at 428.
    ]
    The court, however, stated that judgments that are vacated because a court has decided that the
    ruling is faulty and judgments that become moot through no fault of the party asserting issue
    preclusion should be given preclusive effect. 
    Id. at 428.
    But the equities are otherwise when a litigant elects to settle rather than appeal
    after receiving an adverse judgment. In such circumstances, the losing party
    acquiesces in the court’s decision, even if he disagrees with it. The party has had
    his day in court and waived his right to an appeal. See Monat, 677 NW2d at 847
    (applying issue preclusion when party negotiated away its right to appeal prior to
    judgment in first action). That is all that fairness requires: “One bite at the apple
    is enough.” [Id. at 429 (second citation omitted).]
    Radwan attempts to distinguish Sentinel and Watermark, in which a judgment was
    vacated, by arguing that no judgment on the jury’s verdict was ever entered in this case. For the
    reasons discussed above, this argument is without merit. Nonetheless, in Hudson, judgment was
    never entered and the court still found that the jury verdict should be given preclusive effect.1 As
    in that case, the stipulated order of dismissal in this case “arose from the jury verdict” and was
    designed to settle the claims submitted to the jury. Hudson, 48 F3d at 238. Likewise, in
    1
    Plaintiff argues that Hudson’s finding of preclusive effect “was grounded upon an idiosyncrasy
    of Illinois law deriving from what happens when, after favorable verdict, a plaintiff dies.” But
    the court also expressly stated that “a jury verdict need not be final to have collateral estoppel
    effect.” Hudson, 48 F3d at 238.
    -6-
    Watermark, although the judgment was set aside, the court stated that there was formally “no
    judgment,” yet still applied collateral estoppel. Watermark, 905 F3d at 428. Thus, even if
    judgment was not entered on the jury’s verdict, the verdict was sufficiently firm to be given
    preclusive effect.
    Radwan further argues that collateral estoppel does not apply to consent judgments. This
    Court has held that “collateral estoppel does not apply to consent judgments where factual issues
    are neither tried nor conceded.” In re Bibi Guardianship, 
    315 Mich. App. 323
    , 332; 890 NW2d
    387 (2016) (citation and quotation marks omitted). But for the reasons discussed earlier, the
    issue of Radwan’s injury was actually tried and incorporated into the stipulated order of
    dismissal. Therefore, even if the stipulated order of dismissal was a consent judgment, collateral
    estoppel applies in this case.
    In support of her argument, Radwan also argues that the jury verdict was clearly not
    dispositive given the fact that Ameriprise signed the arbitration agreement 10 days after the
    jury’s verdict. Radwan argues that if the verdict was dispositive, then there was nothing to
    arbitrate. Nonetheless, although the arbitration agreement was apparently not signed until
    December 2016, the record establishes that the stipulated order of dismissal regarding
    Ameriprise was entered on November 29, 2016, the day that trial began. That order expressly
    stated that “the parties have agreed to arbitrate their dispute pursuant to an Arbitration
    Agreement executed by and between the parties.” Therefore, Radwan and Ameriprise agreed to
    arbitrate before the jury’s verdict was rendered.
    Finally, it is apparent that, in the circuit court, Radwan attempted to avoid the future
    application of collateral estoppel against her by entering the stipulated order of dismissal in order
    “to avoid any judgment.” The words of the order, however, not Radwan’s subjective intent, are
    dispositive. As discussed earlier, the stipulated order of dismissal was clearly based on the jury’s
    verdict and, thus, collateral estoppel applies under Monat. We agree with the arbitrator’s
    assessment that Radwan’s argument regarding the “semantics” of the order is an attempt to
    circumvent the application of collateral estoppel. Radwan’s argument also flouts the purposes of
    collateral estoppel, which are “to relieve parties of multiple litigation, conserve judicial
    resources, and encourage reliance on adjudication.” Rental Props Owners Ass’n of Kent 
    Co, 308 Mich. App. at 529
    . In addition, Radwan’s position would increase the probability of inconsistent
    decisions. Watermark, 905 F3d at 428. As the Sixth Circuit stated, Radwan had her day in court
    and waived her right to appeal; “[t]hat is all that fairness requires[.]” 
    Id. at 429.
    Because we conclude there was a final judgment, the issue turns on whether the last two
    elements of collateral estoppel—a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue and mutuality of
    estoppel—have been met. In this case, Radwan had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the
    issue of her injuries in the third-party trial against Thomas. While Radwan argues that her
    inability to appeal means that she did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue, the
    fact remains that she made the tactical decision to relinquish her opportunity to appeal in
    consideration for Thomas’s agreement to forgo case evaluation sanctions. Thus, as in Monat,
    Radwan had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue of her injuries. 
    Monat, 469 Mich. at 685
    . Radwan further argues that the issue to be decided in this first-party case is different than
    the issue in the third-party case because a higher standard regarding the injury is required in the
    third-party case. However, the jury did not reach the question of serious impairment of a body
    -7-
    function or permanent serious disfigurement, instead finding that Radwan suffered no injury at
    all. The relevant question in the first-party suit is whether Radwan suffered any accidental
    bodily injury. See MCL 500.3105(1). That question was decided by the jury. Finally,
    Ameriprise asserted collateral estoppel defensively against Radwan, and therefore, a showing of
    mutuality of estoppel is not required. See 
    Monat, 469 Mich. at 695
    . Therefore, the trial court did
    not err when it denied Radwan’s motion to vacate the arbitration award on the basis of collateral
    estoppel.
    Affirmed.
    /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
    /s/ Deborah A. Servitto
    /s/ Thomas C. Cameron
    -8-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 341500

Filed Date: 12/20/2018

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 4/17/2021