State v. Alvarado , 27 Neb. Ct. App. 334 ( 2019 )


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    STATE v. ALVARADO
    Cite as 
    27 Neb. Ct. App. 334
    State of Nebraska, appellee, v. Wilder A.
    Interiano A lvarado, appellant.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed June 11, 2019.     No. A-18-052.
    1. Convictions: Evidence: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a criminal
    conviction for a sufficiency of the evidence claim, whether the evidence
    is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the
    same: An appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass
    on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such matters
    are for the finder of fact. The relevant question for an appellate court
    is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
    prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential ele-
    ments of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
    2. Sentences: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not disturb a sen-
    tence imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion
    by the trial court.
    3. Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and Error. Whether a claim of inef-
    fective assistance of trial counsel may be determined on direct appeal is
    a question of law.
    4. Sentences. When imposing a sentence, the sentencing court should cus-
    tomarily consider the defendant’s (1) age, (2) mentality, (3) education
    and experience, (4) social and cultural background, (5) past criminal
    record or record of law-abiding conduct, and (6) motivation for the
    offense, as well as (7) the nature of the offense and (8) the violence
    involved in the commission of the offense. However, the sentencing
    court is not limited to any mathematically applied set of factors.
    5. Effectiveness of Counsel: Postconviction: Appeal and Error. When a
    defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or her counsel on direct
    appeal, the defendant must raise on direct appeal any issue of trial
    counsel’s ineffective performance which is known to the defendant or
    is apparent from the record, otherwise, the issue will be procedurally
    barred in a subsequent postconviction proceeding.
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    6. Effectiveness of Counsel. As a matter of law, counsel cannot be ineffec-
    tive for failing to raise a meritless argument.
    7. ____. Defense counsel does not perform in a deficient manner simply by
    failing to make the State’s job more difficult.
    8. ____. The Sixth Amendment guarantees a right not just to counsel, but
    to effective assistance of counsel.
    9. Effectiveness of Counsel: Presumptions. If counsel entirely fails to
    subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing, then
    there has been a denial of Sixth Amendment rights that makes the adver-
    sary process itself presumptively unreliable.
    10. Trial: Attorney and Client: Effectiveness of Counsel: Testimony:
    Waiver. Defense counsel’s advice to waive the right to testify can
    present a valid claim of ineffective assistance in two instances: (1) if
    the defendant shows that counsel interfered with his or her freedom to
    decide to testify or (2) if counsel’s tactical advice to waive the right
    was unreasonable.
    Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Jodi L.
    Nelson, Judge. Affirmed.
    Darik J. Von Loh, of Hernandez Frantz, Von Loh, for
    appellant.
    Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Siobhan E.
    Duffy for appellee.
    R iedmann, Bishop, and Welch, Judges.
    R iedmann, Judge.
    I. INTRODUCTION
    Wilder A. Interiano Alvarado appeals his conviction and
    sentence for first degree sexual assault, claiming that the evi-
    dence was insufficient to support his conviction and that the
    sentence imposed was excessive. Based upon our standard of
    review, we affirm his conviction and sentence. Alvarado also
    asserts multiple claims of ineffective assistance of counsel
    which we address below.
    II. BACKGROUND
    B.H., a 22-year-old college student, attended a St. Patrick’s
    Day party at the law firm at which she was working on March
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    17, 2017. She consumed approximately 21⁄2 “Solo cups” of
    alcoholic beverages between the hours of 5 and 8:30 p.m. At
    that point, she felt “buzzed.” She left the law firm with one of
    the attorneys and traveled with him in his car to a nearby bar.
    They stayed at the bar until about 11:30 p.m., during which
    time she consumed another 11⁄2 to 2 alcoholic beverages.
    About halfway through the first of those drinks, B.H. started to
    “get fuzzy,” and by the time she stopped drinking the second
    drink, she was “losing [her] balance” and felt “intoxicated.”
    When they exited the bar, she tried to perform field sobriety
    tests to determine her level of intoxication and determined
    she was unable to keep her balance. They decided to “split an
    Uber,” a ride-sharing service, that would take each of them to
    their respective houses.
    The attorney that accompanied B.H. to the bar testified that
    he decided it was time for them to leave the bar when B.H.
    “started rubbing her back against” the man on the barstool next
    to her. When B.H. paid her bar bill, she wrote her name “four
    or five times” on the charge slip and pretended that she was
    going to take the tip money that the attorney set on the bar.
    The attorney testified that based upon the way B.H. was act-
    ing, he would not have been comfortable letting her drive his
    car home from the bar and he did not want to drive because he,
    too, had been drinking.
    B.H. has little recollection of the Uber ride home. The Uber
    driver testified that when B.H. and the attorney got in her car,
    B.H. was “chatty,” but then she got “rather tired-like.” She
    described the decline as if “she drank a bottle of cold medi-
    cine . . . she just became this really zoned-out kind of person.”
    According to the driver, B.H. was leaning against her com-
    panion “to brace herself.” After they dropped off the attorney,
    B.H. leaned against the door and then “sprawl[ed] out along
    the back seat” and began singing along to the radio. The driver
    described B.H.’s speech as “sloshy slurry” but not necessarily
    intoxicated. By the time they reached B.H.’s house, B.H. was
    asleep and it took the driver “a little bit to actually wake her
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    up.” Upon exiting the car, B.H. “had to catch herself” and
    used a “zombie walk” to her door. The driver saw B.H. search
    her purse and then disappear around the side of the house
    before the driver left for her next trip.
    According to B.H., when she arrived at her house, she real-
    ized that she had left her house key in her car, which was
    parked at the law firm. She recalls talking on her cell phone
    to her boyfriend and one of her friends, who were already
    downtown, to ask for a ride, but they had been drinking and
    did not want to drive. She planned to call an Uber, but when
    she tried to use her cell phone, it looked like “the setting had
    been changed to, like, Japanese or something.” At that point,
    B.H. started walking toward downtown. She recalled “taking
    five steps on the sidewalk” in front of her house, but does not
    remember walking beyond that.
    The evidence reveals that B.H. planned to stop at her house
    near 9th and F Streets in Lincoln, Nebraska, get something
    to eat, and then head downtown to meet her friends and boy-
    friend. According to a friend of B.H., she had texted B.H. sev-
    eral times throughout the night. At approximately 8:30 p.m.,
    B.H. indicated that she planned to meet them downtown. At
    about 10:30 p.m., she sent B.H. a text to let her know that
    B.H.’s boyfriend had joined them downtown. And then about
    midnight, in a cell phone conversation, B.H. said that she had
    taken an Uber home and that she was going to walk downtown
    to meet them. At some point in the conversation, B.H. said
    she was across the street from her house, which her friend
    interpreted to mean she was across 10th Street on her way
    downtown. When B.H. did not arrive, the friend continued to
    send text messages to B.H. and call her, but she did not receive
    any response. When B.H. did not arrive, the friends set out on
    foot and bicycle to find her, but were unable to do so.
    B.H. testified that she had a “snapshot” memory of sitting
    in a kitchen with a man, who was later identified as Alvarado.
    She did not know him prior to March 17, 2017. She also had a
    memory of lying on her back with Alvarado on top of her.
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    STATE v. ALVARADO
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    27 Neb. Ct. App. 334
    In the early morning hours of March 18, 2017, B.H. awoke,
    naked, in a strange bed. Alvarado was lying next to her with
    one hand on her breast and the other hand touching her
    “[i]nside of the lips” of her vagina. When she tried to get out
    of the bed, he held her down and told her “stay, stay; you’re
    so beautiful.” B.H. was ultimately able to free herself, locate
    her clothes, and retrieve her cell phone from him. When she
    ran out of the house, she realized she was across the street and
    approximately one-half block from her house. She ran home,
    where her boyfriend and friend were waiting.
    Upon her arrival, her boyfriend and friend told her that they
    had reported her missing the night before so they needed to
    call the police to let them know she was home. The police
    responded, interviewed B.H., and took her to the hospital for a
    forensic examination. While at the hospital, investigators asked
    B.H. to “go through” her cell phone. She located a photograph
    of the inside of a house that she did not recognize. Based on
    the photograph and information from B.H., the police can-
    vassed the area and Alvarado was arrested and charged with
    first degree sexual assault, a Class II felony, and false impris-
    onment, a Class IIIA felony.
    At trial, the evidence revealed that B.H. did not remember
    text messages that her friend had sent the night of March 17,
    2017, and early morning of March 18, nor did she remember
    conversations that her cell phone reflected she had. Her cell
    phone also contained video of her trying to get into her house
    after the Uber driver dropped her off, but B.H. did not recall
    taking that video.
    The State produced photographs taken after the incident of
    various bruises on B.H., as well as photographs of Alvarado
    depicting scratches and cuts on his back, side, chest, neck, and
    face. B.H.’s gynecologist testified that scratch marks would
    be consistent with an individual trying to resist sexual inter-
    course. He further testified that shortly after this incident, B.H.
    was diagnosed with genital herpes. The evidence revealed that
    Alvarado had herpes. Results of the forensic examination were
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    also presented that revealed the presence of DNA from both
    Alvarado and B.H. on samples taken from Alvarado’s penis
    shaft and from around B.H.’s rectum.
    Following a jury trial, Alvarado was found guilty of first
    degree sexual assault and was acquitted on the charge of false
    imprisonment. He was sentenced to 25 to 35 years’ imprison-
    ment with credit for 298 days served. Alvarado timely appeals.
    III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    Alvarado assigns, restated and renumbered, that the district
    court erred in (1) finding him guilty of first degree sexual
    assault, because the evidence was insufficient, and (2) impos-
    ing an excessive sentence. Alvarado also asserts that trial coun-
    sel was ineffective for stipulating to certain exhibits, in failing
    to object to other exhibits and testimony, and in instructing
    Alvarado not to testify.
    IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [1] In reviewing a criminal conviction for a sufficiency of
    the evidence claim, whether the evidence is direct, circum-
    stantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the same:
    An appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence,
    pass on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence;
    such matters are for the finder of fact. The relevant question
    for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence
    in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational
    trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
    crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. McCurdy, 
    301 Neb. 343
    , 
    918 N.W.2d 292
     (2018).
    [2] An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed
    within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion by
    the trial court. State v. Leahy, 
    301 Neb. 228
    , 
    917 N.W.2d 895
     (2018).
    [3] Whether a claim of ineffective assistance of trial coun-
    sel may be determined on direct appeal is a question of law.
    State v. Schwaderer, 
    296 Neb. 932
    , 
    898 N.W.2d 318
     (2017).
    In reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on
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    direct appeal, an appellate court decides only questions of
    law: Are the undisputed facts contained within the record suf-
    ficient to conclusively determine whether counsel did or did
    not provide effective assistance and whether the defendant
    was or was not prejudiced by counsel’s alleged deficient per-
    formance? Id.
    V. ANALYSIS
    1. Sufficiency of Evidence
    Alvarado argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove
    the elements of first degree sexual assault beyond a reasonable
    doubt. This argument ignores recent case law and the circum-
    stantial evidence that was presented at trial.
    First degree sexual assault is defined as follows:
    Any person who subjects another person to sexual pen-
    etration (a) without the consent of the victim, (b) who
    knew or should have known that the victim was mentally
    or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the
    nature of his or her conduct, or (c) when the actor is nine-
    teen years of age or older and the victim is at least twelve
    but less than sixteen years of age is guilty of sexual
    assault in the first degree.
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-319(1) (Reissue 2016).
    Under the facts of this case, subsection (c) of § 28-319 is
    inapplicable; therefore, the State was required to prove either
    that Alvarado sexually penetrated B.H. without her consent
    or that he knew or should have known that she was mentally
    or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the nature
    of his conduct. Alvarado claims that the “touching and ‘pet-
    ting’ of the alleged victim’s vaginal lips” is not enough to find
    penetration. Brief for appellant at 24. However, the Nebraska
    Supreme Court recently addressed this issue in State v. Smith,
    
    302 Neb. 154
    , 922 N.W.2d at 444 (2019).
    In State v. Smith, supra, the defendant argued that the evi-
    dence was insufficient to convict him of first degree sexual
    assault of a child because there was no credible evidence he
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    had sexually penetrated the child. Rather, the evidence was
    that he had touched her “‘between the skin folds known as
    the labia’” and “‘between the lips of her vagina.’” Id. at 183,
    922 at 465. Relying upon Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-318(6) (Reissue
    2016), the court defined sexual penetration to include, inter
    alia, “‘any intrusion, however slight, of any part of the actor’s
    or victim’s body or any object manipulated by the actor into
    the genital or anal openings of the victim’s body.’” Id.
    Quoting State v. Archie, 
    273 Neb. 612
    , 
    733 N.W.2d 513
    (2007), the Smith court iterated: “‘The slightest intrusion into
    the genital opening is sufficient to constitute penetration, and
    such element may be proved by either direct or circumstantial
    evidence. It is not necessary that the vagina be entered or that
    the hymen be ruptured; the entry of the vulva or labia is suf-
    ficient.’” 302 Neb. at 183, 922 N.W.2d at 465.
    In the present case, B.H. testified that when she awoke on
    March 18, 2017, Alvarado was touching her “[i]nside of the
    lips” of her vagina. This evidence was sufficient for the jury to
    determine Alvarado sexually penetrated B.H.
    In addition to the penetration on the morning of March 18,
    2017, circumstantial evidence supports a finding of penetra-
    tion the night of March 17. B.H. testified that following this
    incident, her vagina was sore. Alvarado points to testimony
    that B.H. did not have any physical evidence of a vaginal
    injury; however, a gynecologist testified that one would not
    necessarily expect to see a traumatic injury to the vaginal area
    from nonconsensual intercourse if the patient had prior sexual
    activity. Additionally, B.H. testified that she was menstruat-
    ing on March 17 and that she was using tampons. Her nor-
    mal practice was to flush a used tampon down the toilet and
    insert a new one. However, a used tampon containing B.H.’s
    blood was found in the trash at Alvarado’s apartment and B.H.
    awoke without a tampon in her vagina. She had no recollec-
    tion of removing her tampon that night.
    Furthermore, the rectal swab taken from B.H. revealed semen
    with a DNA profile that included Alvarado as a contributor
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    with a population frequency of 1 in 31.96 sextillion. B.H.
    was included as a contributor of the DNA sample taken from
    Alvarado’s penis shaft. The evidence was therefore sufficient
    for a jury to find penetration.
    Alvarado argues that if penetration is found, “then this case
    turns solely on the intoxication of the victim.” Brief for appel-
    lant at 24. He relies upon State v. Rossbach, 
    264 Neb. 563
    ,
    
    650 N.W.2d 242
     (2002), for the proposition that the issue of
    consent is not reached if the alleged victim is intoxicated to
    the point to be incapable of resisting or apprising the nature
    of her conduct. Relying on an exhibit, a Nebraska State Patrol
    Crime Laboratory report, he claims there was no alcohol in
    B.H.’s urine when tested. He cites B.H.’s testimony that she
    consumed four drinks, but that she did not believe them to
    be particularly strong. He claims there is a lack of evidence
    that B.H. was physically or mentally incapable of resisting or
    appraising the nature of her conduct.
    The State presented evidence regarding the amount of alco-
    hol B.H. consumed, what she had eaten that day, and her
    approximate weight. The attorney that accompanied B.H. to
    the bar testified as to her behavior, as did the Uber driver.
    B.H., herself, testified to her inability to operate her cell
    phone and her lack of recollection of the night’s events. From
    this evidence, the jury could conclude that B.H. was intoxi-
    cated and incapable of resisting or appraising the nature of
    her conduct.
    But even if the evidence was insufficient for a jury to con-
    clude that B.H. was intoxicated beyond the point of resisting
    or appraising the nature of her conduct, first degree sexual
    assault can also be found where sexual penetration occurs
    without the consent of the victim. See § 28-319(1)(a). B.H.
    testified that she was sleeping while Alvarado was touching
    her inside the lips of her vagina; therefore, she could not have
    given consent. A jury could have determined on the basis of
    this testimony that Alvarado sexually penetrated her without
    her consent.
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    Additionally, the physical evidence depicted in the photo-
    graphs of Alvarado taken after the incident shows numerous
    red marks and scratches. He is shown with scratches and
    cuts to his side, chest, face, and neck. One of the investigat-
    ing officers testified that those injuries were “consistent with
    fingernail markings.” B.H., likewise, had numerous bruises
    that appeared over the course of the next 2 days that were not
    there before the incident. The nurse who performed the foren-
    sic examination testified B.H. had red marks, “like, finger
    mark[s],” on her hips. Viewing the evidence in the light most
    favorable to the State, a jury certainly could have determined
    that these marks were a result of B.H.’s resisting Alvarado’s
    advances the night before, and thus, that there was nonconsen-
    sual sexual penetration.
    In reviewing a criminal conviction, an appellate court does
    not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the credibility
    of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such matters are for
    the finder of fact, and a conviction will be affirmed, in the
    absence of prejudicial error, if the evidence admitted at trial,
    viewed and construed most favorably to the State, is sufficient
    to support the conviction. State v. Sanders, 
    269 Neb. 895
    , 
    697 N.W.2d 657
     (2005). Reviewing the evidence in this matter,
    we determine that there was sufficient evidence from which
    the jury could have determined that B.H. did not consent.
    The photographs introduced at trial show bruising to various
    parts of B.H.’s body. Additionally, and perhaps more compel-
    ling, are the photographs of scratches and cuts on Alvarado’s
    back, chest, side, neck, and face. This evidence, coupled with
    the gynecologist’s testimony that such markings are consist­
    ent with an individual’s resisting sexual intercourse, provides
    ample support for the jury to conclude that B.H. did not con-
    sent to sexual penetration.
    2. Excessive Sentence
    Alvarado’s assigned error regarding the court’s sentence is
    that the district court failed to consider the relevant sentencing
    factors when imposing sentence upon him. We disagree.
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    [4] When imposing a sentence, the sentencing court should
    customarily consider the defendant’s (1) age, (2) mentality, (3)
    education and experience, (4) social and cultural background,
    (5) past criminal record or record of law-abiding conduct, and
    (6) motivation for the offense, as well as (7) the nature of the
    offense and (8) the violence involved in the commission of the
    offense. However, the sentencing court is not limited to any
    mathematically applied set of factors. See State v. Mora, 
    298 Neb. 185
    , 
    903 N.W.2d 244
     (2017). The appropriateness of a
    sentence is necessarily a subjective judgment and includes the
    sentencing judge’s observation of the defendant’s demeanor
    and attitude and all the facts and circumstances surrounding
    the defendant’s life. Id.
    At sentencing, the court indicated that it had reviewed the
    presentence investigation. Our review of that same presen-
    tence investigation reveals information regarding Alvarado’s
    age, mentality, education and experience, social and cultural
    background, and past criminal record. Additionally, the court
    stated that having sat through the trial, it was clear to the court
    that Alvarado took advantage of B.H. “in ways that should
    never happen to anyone.” Before imposing its sentence, the
    court indicated that by “virtue of comments made in the
    pre-sentence, [Alvarado] does not take full responsibility for
    his actions in this case.” The court further noted the impact
    his actions had on B.H. and her family. As a result, it found
    that “[h]aving regard for the nature and circumstances of this
    crime, . . . Alvarado’s history, character and condition; I abso-
    lutely find that imprisonment is necessary for the protection of
    the public.”
    We find nothing in the court’s sentencing to support a
    determination that it failed to consider the appropriate fac-
    tors; to the contrary, the record reflects that it did consider the
    appropriate factors and based upon what it found, a sentence
    of imprisonment was necessary. Alvarado was convicted of
    a Class II felony, which carries with it a maximum sentence
    of 50 years’ imprisonment and minimum sentence of 1 year’s
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    imprisonment. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-105 (Reissue 2016).
    He was sentenced to 25 to 35 years’ imprisonment. This is
    well within the statutory guidelines, and we find no abuse
    of discretion.
    3. Ineffective Assistance
    of Counsel
    [5] Alvarado, who has new counsel on appeal, claims that
    his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in nine sepa-
    rate ways, which we condense to six. When a defendant’s
    trial counsel is different from his or her counsel on direct
    appeal, the defendant must raise on direct appeal any issue of
    trial counsel’s ineffective performance which is known to the
    defendant or is apparent from the record, otherwise, the issue
    will be procedurally barred in a subsequent postconviction
    proceeding. State v. Garcia, 
    302 Neb. 406
    , 
    923 N.W.2d 725
    (2019). The fact that an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
    is raised on direct appeal does not necessarily mean that it can
    be resolved. Id. The determining factor is whether the record is
    sufficient to adequately review the question. Id.
    (a) Stipulation to Exhibits
    Defense counsel stipulated to exhibits regarding herpes
    virus testing of both B.H. and Alvarado, chain of custody of
    urine samples, and chain of custody of medical items from
    B.H. Alvarado asserts that counsel was ineffective for stipu-
    lating to these exhibits. We find the record is insufficient to
    address the issue of trial counsel’s failure to question the gyne-
    cologist regarding the exhibits relating to the herpes virus, but
    that the record refutes the remaining claims.
    Alvarado claims that the herpes virus testing results
    should have been objected to and that their admission should
    have been challenged through a motion in limine. However,
    one of the elements of the charged crime was penetration.
    Medical evidence at trial indicated that the herpes virus can
    be transferred via oral or vaginal intercourse and that skin-
    to-skin contact is necessary. Its incubation period is 2 to 12
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    days. B.H. testified that a few days after the incident, she
    came down with a fever and began experiencing vaginal
    lesions. A culture taken on March 24, 2017, confirmed that
    B.H. had genital herpes. She had not been infected with the
    virus before.
    [6] The testimony and exhibits regarding herpes were rel-
    evant and admissible to support a finding that penetration
    occurred. Therefore, a motion in limine likely would not
    have been successful. As a matter of law, counsel cannot be
    ineffective for failing to raise a meritless argument. State v.
    Schwaderer, 
    296 Neb. 932
    , 
    898 N.W.2d 318
     (2017). Counsel
    was not ineffective for failing to challenge the admissibility of
    herpes evidence through a motion in limine.
    Alvarado also asserts that counsel should have questioned
    B.H.’s gynecologist regarding the interpretation of the test
    results. His failure to do so does not require a reversal,
    because although Alvarado has accurately described what was
    not done, the record does not show why trial counsel did
    not explore this issue on cross-examination. See State v.
    Mrza, 
    302 Neb. 931
    , 
    926 N.W.2d 79
     (2019). Because the
    undisputed facts in the record cannot conclusively determine
    whether counsel did or did not provide effective assistance
    and whether Alvarado was prejudiced by the alleged deficient
    performance, the record is not sufficient to address the claim
    on direct review.
    [7] Alvarado asserts that counsel was ineffective for stipu-
    lating to the herpes virus test results and to the chain of
    custody items in the exhibits because Alvarado received no
    benefit from the stipulation. However, defense counsel does
    not perform in a deficient manner simply by failing to make
    the State’s job more difficult. State v. Ash, 
    293 Neb. 583
    , 
    878 N.W.2d 569
     (2016). Alvarado “surmised” that the State could
    not have proved the chain of custody; hence, the need for the
    stipulation. Brief for appellant at 13. However, he does not
    support this surmise with any reason for it. We therefore reject
    this assigned error. See State v. Ash, supra.
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    (b) Photographs of B.H.
    and Alvarado
    Numerous photographs of both B.H. and Alvarado were
    offered into evidence by the State without objection from
    Alvarado’s counsel. Alvarado claims that counsel was defi-
    cient in not objecting to the exhibits on the basis of foundation
    and relevancy. He asserts that there was no comparison of the
    condition of either B.H. or Alvarado before the pictures were
    taken and therefore they lacked foundation and were irrelevant.
    We determine that the record refutes this assertion.
    B.H. testified that she did not have the bruises depicted in
    the exhibits prior to the morning of March 18, 2017; therefore,
    it was not necessary to have “before and after” pictures in
    order to make them relevant or to establish foundation. She
    explained where each of the bruises were located, when the
    photographs were taken, and that the bruises had not existed
    prior to the night of March 17.
    Alvarado also takes issue with the fact that the examining
    nurse did not identify any of the injuries shown in the pictures.
    However, the pictures were taken on March 18 and 19, 2017.
    Testimony indicated that bruises typically take 1 to 2 days to
    appear. The examining nurse did identify red “finger marks”
    on B.H.’s hips and a small abrasion on her palm. Alvarado
    asserts that “there was testimony from the examining nurse
    that the alleged victim fell down the steep stairs leading to
    [Alvarado’s] second-floor apartment.” Brief for appellant at 16.
    However, no citation to the record is provided and our review
    of the bill of exceptions contains only the following statement
    from the examining nurse regarding a fall: “She had a small
    abrasion, I believe it was on her left palm. And she said she
    thought she remembered falling.”
    Regarding the photographs of Alvarado, those pictures
    depicted numerous scratches and red marks on his upper body,
    neck, and face. The investigating officer who took the photo-
    graphs explained that the purpose of taking photographs is to
    document the condition of a person when he is brought in to
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    show either injuries or lack thereof. He established the proper
    foundation that the photographs depicted Alvarado’s physical
    condition at the time he was brought into the police station.
    And those pictures were relevant to establish Alvarado’s physi-
    cal condition upon arrest. While no one testified that the inju-
    ries were inflicted by B.H., one of the investigating officers
    testified that they were “consistent with fingernail markings.”
    Because the proper foundation was laid and the photographs
    were relevant, counsel was not ineffective for failing to object
    to them.
    (c) United States v. Cronic
    Relying upon United States v. Cronic, 
    466 U.S. 648
    , 
    104 S. Ct. 2039
    , 
    80 L. Ed. 2d 657
     (1984), Alvarado argues that
    because trial counsel made only eight objections during the
    4-day trial, and none of those were directed to the admissibility
    of an exhibit, trial counsel was ineffective.
    [8,9] United States v. Cronic, supra, stands for the principle
    that the Sixth Amendment guarantees a right not just to coun-
    sel, but to effective assistance of counsel. The Court explained
    “if counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to
    meaningful adversarial testing, then there has been a denial
    of Sixth Amendment rights that makes the adversary process
    itself presumptively unreliable.” United States v. Cronic, 406
    U.S. at 659. But the Court also held that because the surround-
    ing circumstances did not make it unlikely that the defendant
    could have received effective assistance, he could “make out
    a claim of ineffective assistance only by pointing to specific
    errors made by trial counsel.” Id., 466 U.S. at 666.
    The Nebraska Supreme Court addressed United States v.
    Cronic, supra, in State v. Jedlicka, 
    297 Neb. 276
    , 
    900 N.W.2d 454
     (2017). It noted that Cronic provides narrow exceptions
    to the analysis in Strickland v. Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
    , 
    104 S. Ct. 2062
    , 
    80 L. Ed. 2d 674
     (1984), where prejudice will
    be presumed, identifying those circumstances “‘(1) where the
    accused is completely denied counsel at a critical stage of the
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    proceedings, (2) where counsel [entirely] fails to subject the
    prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing, and (3)
    where the surrounding circumstances may justify the presump-
    tion of ineffectiveness without inquiry into counsel’s actual
    performance at trial.’” State v. Jedlicka, 297 Neb. at 294-95,
    900 N.W.2d at 469.
    Here, while it is true that trial counsel did not object to any
    exhibits offered, we have addressed the specific errors argued
    by appellate counsel as they relate to his failure to object
    and have concluded either that counsel was not ineffective
    for failing to object or that the record is insufficient to make
    a determination of his performance. And we note that trial
    counsel did make objections and presented a closing argument
    calling into question the State’s proof. Counsel recognized,
    “We entered into a lot of stipulations that are in evidence,
    because those things are not in dispute. And some things in
    cross-examination I didn’t contest because we agree.” Counsel
    instead chose to focus on whether B.H. knew she was having
    sex and whether Alvarado knew that she was incapable of con-
    senting, if in fact, she was incapable.
    Because counsel did not entirely fail to subject the pros-
    ecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing, the record
    refutes the assertion that counsel was ineffective under United
    States v. Cronic, supra, for having made only eight objections
    at trial.
    (d) Evidence of Plan B Medication
    When Alvarado’s apartment was searched on March 18,
    2017, investigators found a “Plan B” medication instruction
    sheet and a pair of pants with a “Plan B” pill in the pocket.
    A search of his vehicle also revealed two pharmacy receipts,
    dated March 16, 2017, and March 18, 2017, for Plan B pills
    and a plastic bag containing Plan B packaging. This testimony,
    and photographs of the evidence, were admitted without objec-
    tion. Plan B was described as a medication for women to take
    following unprotected intercourse. Alvarado claims that “trial
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    counsel was ineffective by not objecting and/or challenging
    the ‘Plan B’ pill evidence since urine testing revealed only the
    presence of marijuana, lidocaine, and flecainide in the alleged
    victim.” Brief for appellant at 19. Consequently, he claims the
    evidence was irrelevant.
    The State’s theory, as explained in closing arguments, was
    that Alvarado kept Plan B medication on hand so he would
    be prepared for opportunities such as the one with B.H. It
    used the evidence as circumstantial evidence that B.H. and
    Alvarado had intercourse. To this extent, the evidence was rel-
    evant. The absence of the medication in B.H.’s urine does not
    controvert the State’s theory; it simply indicates that B.H. may
    not have ingested one of the pills, if, in fact, her urine was
    tested for this drug. We note that the forensic scientist respon-
    sible for the testing of B.H.’s urine sample testified that there
    are seven categories of drugs that she screens for including
    amphetamine, methamphetamine, cannabinoids, barbiturates,
    benzodiazepines, cocaine metabolite, opiates, and methadone.
    The record is not clear whether Plan B medication would have
    registered in the samples.
    Alvarado also claims that counsel should have objected to
    this evidence or filed a motion in limine because it was inflam-
    matory and prejudicial. Whether the decision not to object to
    this testimony was trial strategy cannot be determined from
    the record, and we therefore conclude that the record is insuf-
    ficient to address this argument.
    (e) Instructing Not to Testify
    [10] Alvarado asserts he was advised by his trial counsel not
    to testify. Defense counsel’s advice to waive the right to tes-
    tify can present a valid claim of ineffective assistance in two
    instances: (1) if the defendant shows that counsel interfered
    with his or her freedom to decide to testify or (2) if counsel’s
    tactical advice to waive the right was unreasonable. State v.
    Iromuanya, 
    282 Neb. 798
    , 
    806 N.W.2d 404
     (2011). Although
    the record affirmatively shows that Alvarado stated on the
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    record that he was choosing not to testify, the record does not
    contain the substance of counsel’s advice and whether that
    advice was reasonable. Therefore, the record is insufficient to
    address this assigned error.
    (f) Evidence of Lidocaine
    Alvarado asserts that counsel was ineffective for failing to
    object or file a motion in limine regarding the presence of lido-
    caine in B.H.’s urine, because there was no evidence Alvarado
    had the drug in his apartment or vehicle. As a result, Alvarado
    claims the evidence was speculative.
    The gynecologist who testified explained that lidocaine is
    a numbing-type medication sometimes given to people who
    have herpes to decrease the pain. The State’s theory was
    that Alvarado was infected with herpes, that Alvarado was
    using lidocaine for the pain, and that it entered B.H.’s system
    through intimate contact. Alvarado claims that a plausible
    explanation was that B.H. “suffered from herpes and used the
    lidocaine as treatment for her condition. The record is absent
    facts and evidence to rebut this plausible conclusion.” Brief for
    appellant at 22. However, B.H. testified that she was not using
    any form of lidocaine on March 17, 2017, and that she did not
    have herpes before her encounter with Alvarado.
    Given the other admissible testimony regarding herpes,
    this testimony was circumstantial evidence supporting the
    State’s theory that B.H. and Alvarado engaged in intercourse,
    and given the other testimony regarding herpes, it was not so
    prejudicial and inflammatory that an objection would have
    been sustained. Counsel is not ineffective for failing to make
    a meritless objection. State v. Schwaderer, 
    296 Neb. 932
    , 
    898 N.W.2d 318
     (2017). Therefore, we reject this claim.
    VI. CONCLUSION
    Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
    prosecution, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to
    support Alvarado’s conviction of first degree sexual assault
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    and find no abuse of discretion in the sentence imposed. We
    determine that the record is insufficient to determine whether
    counsel was ineffective in advising Alvarado not to testify or
    in failing to object to evidence regarding the Plan B medica-
    tion. We therefore affirm the conviction and sentence.
    A ffirmed.