Friar v. Erwin , 450 S.W.3d 666 ( 2014 )

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SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CR-14-380
ROBERT FRIAR Opinion Delivered November 20, 2014
PETITIONER
PETITION FOR WRIT OF
V. MANDAMUS OR, IN THE
ALTERNATIVE, WRIT OF
CERTIORARI
HONORABLE HAROLD S. ERWIN,
JACKSON COUNTY CIRCUIT [NO. CR-2013-75]
COURT, CRIMINAL DIVISION
RESPONDENT HONORABLE HAROLD S. ERWIN,
JUDGE
WRIT OF MANDAMUS DENIED;
WRIT OF CERTIORARI GRANTED
IN PART; DENIED IN PART.
KAREN R. BAKER, Associate Justice
The present case stems from one count of capital murder, two counts of attempted
capital murder, seven counts of terroristic acts, and one count of possession of a firearm by
certain persons filed against the petitioner, Robert Friar, in Jackson County Circuit Court,
Arkansas, on April 17, 2013. The incident that gives rise to the charges occurred on February
27, 2013. If found guilty, the State intends to seek the death penalty. On March 5, 2014,
pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-305, the State filed a motion for an order for a mental-
health evaluation of Friar. On March 10, 2014, Friar responded to the motion objecting to
the request asserting that Friar was not raising “mental disease or defect as a defense, nor will
[Friar] claim a lack of fitness to proceed,” but would seek “to bar the State from seeking the
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death penalty due to his mental retardation.”1 On April 17, 2014, the circuit court, the
Respondent here, held a hearing on the motion and orally ruled that the circuit court would
grant the State’s motion and would enter orders for the examinations. On April 23, 2014,
Friar filed a motion to reconsider the orders for mental-health evaluations of Friar. On April
25, 2014, the circuit court entered two separate orders, an “Order for Fitness-To-Proceed
Examination of Defendant” and an “Order for Criminal Responsibility Examination of
Defendant.” From those orders, on April 29, 2014, Friar filed a petition for writ of
mandamus and emergency petition for stay or, in the alternative, for expedited consideration
with this court. On May 1, 2014, the circuit court responded. On May 2, 2014, we granted
the stay and took the petition for writ of mandamus as a case.2 On June 13, 2014, Friar filed
a petition of writ of mandamus or in the alternative a writ of certiorari directing the circuit
court to rescind its orders for fitness-to-proceed and criminal-responsibility evaluations of
Friar. On July 30, 2014, the circuit court responded, and Friar replied on August 13, 2014.
This court has jurisdiction pursuant to Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 6-1(a) (2014) as Friar requests this
court to grant an extraordinary writ.
Friar presents three points in his petition for extraordinary writ: (1) the circuit court
1
On January 14, 2014, Friar filed a motion to bar the State from seeking the death
penalty due to Friar’s mental retardation.
2
In his original petition, Friar only requested we issue a writ of mandamus. However,
we have treated petitions for mandamus as petitions for writs of certiorari. Ark.
Democrat-Gazette v. Zimmerman, 341 Ark. 771, 20 S.W.3d 301(2000)(we treat the petition
for mandamus as one for certiorari); see Childress v. Humphrey, 329 Ark. 504, 950 S.W.2d 220
(1997) (per curiam)(petition for mandamus treated as petition for certiorari).
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failed and refused to follow the plain mandatory language of Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-305
(Repl. 2013) in ordering simultaneous fitness-to-proceed and criminal-responsibility
examinations of Friar; (2) the circuit court failed and refused to follow the plain mandatory
language of Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-305 in ordering a fitness-to-proceed examination of Friar;
and (3) the circuit court failed and refused to follow the plain mandatory language of Ark.
Code Ann. § 5-2-305 in ordering a criminal-responsibility examination of Friar.
Friar has requested that this court issue a writ of mandamus directing the circuit court
to rescind the orders. In State ex rel. Purcell v. Nelson, we explained the function of the writ
of mandamus:
The primary function of the writ of mandamus is to require an inferior court
or tribunal to act when it has improperly failed or declined to do so. It is never applied
to control the discretion of a trial court or tribunal. Nor can it be used to correct an
erroneous exercise of discretion.
246 Ark. 210, 215–16, 438 S.W.2d 33, 37–38 (1969) (internal citations omitted).
Alternatively, Friar has requested that this court issue a writ of certiorari directing the
circuit court to rescind the orders. A writ of certiorari is also extraordinary relief. “In
determining its application, we will not look beyond the face of the record to ascertain the
actual merits of a controversy, or to review a circuit court’s discretionary authority.” S. Farm
Bureau Cas. Ins. Co. v. Parsons, 2013 Ark. 322, at 5, 429 S.W.3d 215, 218. A writ of
certiorari lies to correct proceedings erroneous on the face of the record when there is no
other adequate remedy; it is available to the appellate court in its exercise of superintending
control over a lower court that is proceeding illegally where no other mode of review has
been provided. Casement v. State, 318 Ark. 225, 884 S.W.2d 593 (1994) (citing Lupo v.
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Lineberger, 313 Ark. 315, 316–17, 855 S.W.2d 293, 293–94 (1993)).
There are two requirements that must be satisfied in order for the court to grant a writ
of certiorari. First, there can be no other adequate remedy but for the writ of certiorari. No
other adequate remedy exists where the issuing court has no legal authority to support its
order. Ark. Game & Fish Comm’n v. Herndon, 365 Ark. 180, 183, 226 S.W.3d 776, 779
(2006). Second, the writ of certiorari lies only where (1) it is apparent on the face of the
record that there has been a plain, manifest, clear, and gross abuse of discretion, or (2) there
is a lack of jurisdiction, an act in excess of jurisdiction on the face of the record, or the
proceedings are erroneous on the face of the record. Id. Accordingly, a writ lies when the
judge has acted in excess of his or her authority. See Conner v. Simes, 355 Ark. 422, 139
S.W.3d 476 (2003).
Additionally, as the parties have noted, Friar’s petition for extraordinary writ involves
our interpretation of Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-305. We note that the question of the correct
application and interpretation of an Arkansas statute is a question of law, which this court
decides de novo. Broussard v. St. Edward Mercy Health Sys., Inc., 2012 Ark. 14, 386 S.W.3d
385. “When reviewing issues of statutory interpretation, we are mindful that the first rule
in considering the meaning and effect of a statute is to construe it just as it reads, giving the
words their ordinary and usually accepted meaning.” Voltage Vehicles v. Ark. Motor Vehicle
Comm’n, 2012 Ark. 386, at 7, 424 S.W.3d 281, 286. We construe the statute so that no word
is left void, superfluous, or insignificant, and meaning and effect are given to every word in
the statute if possible. Id. “When a statute is clear, we give it its plain meaning, and this court
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will not search for legislative intent; rather, that intent will be gleaned from the plain meaning
of the language used.” Id. at 7–8, 424 S.W.3d at 286. It is for this court to decide what a
statute means. Chase Bank USA, N.A. v. Regions Bank, 2013 Ark. 129.
Fitness-To-Proceed Examination
With these standards in mind, we turn to the merits of Friar’s petition. First, we
address Friar’s assertion that the circuit court erred in ordering the fitness-to-proceed
examination because the circuit court was required to make a finding of reasonable suspicion.
Friar contends that facts were not presented upon which the circuit court could make a
reasonable-suspicion finding prior to ordering the examination.
The circuit court’s order provides in pertinent part:
Pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 5- 2-305, this Court finds reasonable suspicion
to believe that the defendant may not be fit to proceed and therefore ORDERS [an
examination.]
The applicable statute, Ark Code Ann. § 5-2-305, provides in pertinent part:
(a)(1) Subject to the provisions of §§ 5-2-304 and 5-2-311, the court shall immediately
suspend any further proceedings in a prosecution if:
...
(B)(i) Any party or the court raises the issue of the defendant’s fitness to
proceed.
(ii) The court shall order a fitness-to-proceed examination if it finds there is a
reasonable suspicion that a defendant is not fit to proceed.
The circuit court contends that it did not err because the plain language of the statute
authorizes the circuit court to make the reasonable suspicion finding and requires the circuit
court to order the examination once a finding is made. Specifically, the circuit court asserts
that the language in subsection (a)(1)(B)(i), “[a]ny party or the court raises the issue of the
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defendant’s fitness to proceed,” plainly authorizes the circuit court to raise the issue. The
circuit court further responds that the following subsection, (a)(1)(B)(ii), which states, “The
court shall order a fitness-to-proceed examination if it finds there is a reasonable suspicion that
a defendant is not fit to proceed,” means that once the court finds such suspicion, the circuit
court must order the examination.
With our rules of statutory construction in mind, in reviewing Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-
305, we agree with the circuit court. The plain language of subsection (a)(1)(B)(i) authorizes
the circuit court to raise the issue of Friar’s fitness to proceed and requires the circuit court
to order the examination once a finding of reasonable suspicion has been made. Here, the
record demonstrates that the State and the circuit court both raised the issue of fitness to
proceed and the circuit court’s order clearly stated that “this Court finds reasonable suspicion
to believe that the defendant may not be fit to proceed.” Accordingly, the reasonable-
suspicion finding was made, and the examination ordered. Therefore, we deny Friar’s request
for this court to rescind that order on this basis.
Criminal-Responsibility Examination
We now turn to Friar’s next basis for extraordinary relief. Friar asserts that the circuit
court erred in ordering a criminal-responsibility examination of Friar. The circuit court’s
“Order for Criminal Responsibility Examination of Defendant” states in pertinent part,
The Defendant filed a Motion to Bar the State from Seeking the Death Penalty
due to the Defendant’s Mental Retardation on January 22, 2014.
The definition of “mental retardation” in A.C.A.§ 5-4-618( a)( 1)( A) is set out
as follows:
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“Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning accompanied by a
significant deficit or impairment in adaptive functioning manifest in the
development period, but no later than age eighteen( 18) years of age.”
This is essentially the same as the definition of “mental disease or defect”
contained in A.C.A §5-2-301(6)(A)(ii):
“A state of significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing
concurrently with a defect of adaptive behavior that developed during the
developmental period.”
Therefore the issue of Mental Disease or Defect has been raised by the
Defendant’s Motion to Bar the State from Seeking the Death Penalty due to the
Defendant’s Mental Retardation.
Pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-305, the State of Arkansas has petitioned
the Court for a criminal responsibility examination and opinion.
It is therefore ORDERED[.]
Two statutes are applicable to the criminal-responsibility order at issue, Ark. Code
Ann. §§ 5-2-304 and 5-2-305. First, Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-304, “Notice of defense,”
provides in pertinent part,
(a) When a defendant intends to raise mental disease or defect as a defense in a
prosecution or put in issue his or her fitness to proceed, the defendant shall notify the
prosecutor and the court at the earliest practicable time.
Next, Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-305, “Mental health examination of defendant,” provides in
pertinent part:
(a)(1) Subject to the provisions of §§ 5-2-304 and 5-2-311, the court shall immediately
suspend any further proceedings in a prosecution if:
(A)(i) A defendant charged in circuit court files notice that he or she intends to
rely upon the defense of mental disease or defect.
(ii) After the notice of intent to raise the defense of not guilty for reason of mental disease
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or defect is filed, any party may petition the court for a criminal responsibility
examination and opinion.
Id. (emphasis added).
Relying on the plain language of Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-305(a)(1)(A)(ii), Friar asserts
that the circuit court is without authority to order the criminal-responsibility examination
because Friar must give notice of the intent to raise the defense of not guilty for reason of
mental disease or defect. Once notice is filed, then and only then can an examination be
ordered. Friar further contends that the circuit court does not have authority to raise the issue
of criminal responsibility on its own nor can any party raise the issue.
The circuit court responds that it was justified in its decision to order the criminal
responsibility examination because the notice of mental-retardation defense in Ark. Code
Ann. § 5-4-618 necessarily includes notice of a mental disease or defect defense for purposes
of the required notice. Friar replies that notice that Friar intends to claim that he is ineligible
for the death penalty due to his low IQ and adaptive skills under Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-618
does not effectively invoke a not guilty plea due to mental disease or defect under Ark. Code
Ann. § 5-2-305.
The plain language of Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-305 provides that (1) after a defendant
is charged in circuit court, (2) if the defendant files notice of intent to raise the defense of not
guilty for reason of mental disease or defect, then (3) any party may petition the court for the
defendant to submit to a criminal-responsibility examination and opinion. Ark. Code Ann.
§ 5-2-305 plainly and unambiguously states that “[a]fter the notice of intent to raise the defense of
not guilty for reason of mental disease or defect is filed, any party may petition the court for a
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criminal responsibility examination and opinion.”
Here, the record demonstrates that, at this juncture, Friar has not filed a “notice of
intent to raise the defense of not guilty for reason of mental disease or defect.” Therefore, the
circuit court has acted without jurisdiction in ordering Friar to submit to a criminal
responsibility examination. Having found that the circuit court erred, we move to Friar’s
request to issue a writ of mandamus or in the alternative a writ of certiorari. First, a writ of
mandamus is not warranted as the circuit court has not improperly failed or declined to act
when required. Satterfield v. Fewell, 202 Ark. 67, 149 S.W.2d 949 (1949); Thompson v. Foote,
199 Ark. 474, 134 S.W.2d 11 (1939); Hammond v. Kirby, 233 Ark. 560, 345 S.W.2d 910
(1961). However, Friar has met the elements for this court to issue a writ of certiorari. First,
Friar has no other adequate remedy. No other adequate remedy exists where the issuing court
has no legal authority to support its order. Ark. Game & Fish Comm’n v. Herndon, 365 Ark.
180, 183, 226 S.W.3d 776, 779 (2006). Second, as discussed above, the circuit court has
acted in excess of its authority in issuing the criminal-responsibility-examination order.
Therefore, we agree that an extraordinary writ is appropriate under these circumstances and
grant the writ of certiorari and rescind the circuit court’s criminal-responsibility-examination
order. Finally, as we have granted the writ on the criminal responsibility order, we need not
reach Friar’s argument regarding simultaneous examinations because the issue is moot.
Writ of mandamus denied; writ of certiorari granted in part; denied in part.
HANNAH, C.J., not participating.
Teri Chambers, Arkansas Public Defender Commission, for petitioner.
Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: David R. Raupp, Sr. Ass’t Att’y Gen., for respondent.
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