McClure v. State , 450 S.W.3d 259 ( 2014 )

Cite as 2014 Ark. App. 690
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION II
No. CR-14-267
PATRICIA HAJEK-MCCLURE Opinion Delivered: December 3, 2014
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM THE CRAWFORD COUNTY
V. CIRCUIT COURT
[NO.17CR-12-231]
STATE OF ARKANSAS
APPELLEE HONORABLE GARY COTTRELL, JUDGE
AFFIRMED
WAYMOND M. BROWN, Judge
On appeal, appellant argues that the circuit court erred by (1) allowing the State’s
expert witness to testify regarding whether a personality disorder is a mental disease or
defect and beyond the scope of rebuttal testimony; (2) denying counsel the ability to
inform the jurors of the consequences of a mental disease or defect defense; and (3)
limiting appellant’s expert witness’s testimony to her first report. We affirm.
Appellant shot and killed Sharren Sue Richards at the Welcome Center rest area on
Interstate 40 at Van Buren on the morning of May 1, 2012. Charles Scott, a truck driver
who was at the rest area, saw Richards putting trash into the back of a city utility truck.
Appellant’s pickup truck was blocking a rest-area roadway. Scott saw Richards knock on
the door of appellant’s truck and then put her hands inside appellant’s truck. At that point,
Scott heard gunfire and saw Richards fall to the ground. He called 911.
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At a November 25, 2013 pretrial hearing, appellant moved in limine to exclude
Dr. Paul DeYoub’s anticipated testimony that personality disorders were not mental
diseases; the motion was denied. At the trial by jury on the matter, the shooting was not
disputed. However, appellant asserted the affirmative defense of not guilty by mental
disease or defect. Appellant moved for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case; it
was denied. Appellant renewed her motion in limine; it was again denied. Appellant was
convicted of second degree murder and was sentenced to thirty years in the Arkansas
Department of Correction. This timely appeal followed.
I. Expert Witness Testimony
Pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-2-312, it is an affirmative defense
to a prosecution that at the time the defendant engaged in the conduct charged she lacked
capacity as a result of mental disease or defect to conform her conduct to the requirements
of law or appreciate the criminality of her conduct. 1 A defendant bears the burden of
proving the affirmative defense of mental disease or defect by a preponderance of the
evidence.2 The jury is the sole arbiter of whether or not a defendant has sustained her
burden of proving the insanity (or mental disease or defect) defense by a preponderance of
the evidence.3 This court’s standard of review of a jury verdict rejecting the defense of
1
Marcyniuk v. State, 2010 Ark. 257, at 10, 373 S.W.3d 243, 251 (citing Ark. Code Ann. §
5-2-312(a)(1)(A) & (B)(Repl. 2006)).
2
Id. (citing Navarro v. State, 371 Ark. 179, 264 S.W.3d 530 (2007)).
3
Davis v. State, 368 Ark. 401, 406, 246 S.W.3d 862, 867 (2007) (citing Morgan v. State,
333 Ark. 294, 971 S.W.2d 219 (1998) (quoting Davasher v. State, 308 Ark. 154, 823
S.W.2d 863 (1992)).
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mental disease or defect is whether there is any substantial evidence to support the
verdict.4
Appellant argues that the court erred in permitting Dr. Paul DeYoub to testify
regarding whether a personality disorder is a mental disease or defect. Relatedly, appellant
argues that the circuit court erred in allowing Dr. DeYoub to testify beyond the scope of
Dr. Patricia Walz’s testimony during his rebuttal testimony.
A. Regarding Whether a Personality Disorder is a Mental Disease or
Defect
The admission or rejection of testimony is a matter within the circuit court’s sound
discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of that discretion and
a showing of prejudice to the defendant.5 This high threshold does not simply require
error in the trial court’s decision but rather that the trial court act improvidently,
thoughtlessly, or without due consideration.6 The general test for admissibility of expert
testimony is whether the testimony will aid the trier of fact in understanding the evidence
or in determining a fact in issue.7
4
Gwathney v. State, 2009 Ark. 544, at 3–4, 381 S.W.3d 744, 747 (citing Navarro v. State,
371 Ark. 179, 190 264 S.W.3d 530, 538 (2007)).
5
Solomon v. State, 2010 Ark. App. 559, at 9, 379 S.W.3d 489, 494 (citing Phavixay v.
State, 373 Ark. 168, 282 S.W.3d 795 (2008)).
6
Will. v. State, 374 Ark. 282, 287 S.W.3d 559 (citing Grant v. State, 357 Ark. 91, 93,
161 S.W.3d 785, 786 (2004)).
7
Strickland v. State, 2010 Ark. App. 599, at 6, 378 S.W.3d 157, 160-61 (citing Ark. R.
Evid. 702 (2010); Utley v. State, 308 Ark. 622, 826 S.W.2d 268 (1992); Stout v. State, 320
Ark. 552, 898 S.W.2d 457 (1995)).
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An important consideration in determining whether the testimony will aid the trier
of fact is whether the situation is beyond the ability of the trier of fact to understand and
draw its own conclusions.8 Where the introduction of expert testimony would invade the
function of the jury or where it does not help the jury, the testimony is not admissible. 9
Testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not
objectionable because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.10 To
be otherwise admissible, the evidence, according to Arkansas Rule of Evidence 403, must
be helpful to the jury and not tend to be confusing.11 Although opinion testimony on the
ultimate issue is admissible, if the opinion mandates a legal conclusion or “tells the jury
what to do,” the testimony should be excluded.12
Appellant’s expert witness, Dr. Patricia Walz, testified that at the time of the
offense, appellant was suffering from paranoid, schizoid, and schizo-affective personality
disorders, all located in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-
IV), and that appellant’s personality disorders would fall under the uncommon “not
otherwise specified” category. She opined that she did not think appellant “could have
conformed her conduct to the law at the time” of the offense and that she believed
8
Vance v. State, 2011 Ark. 243, at 28, 383 S.W.3d 325, 343 (citing Buford v. State, 368
Ark. 87, 243 S.W.3d 300 (2006)).
9
Id.
10
Clay v. State, 2009 Ark. App. 740, 361 S.W.3d 286 (citing Ark. R. Evid. 704 (2002).
11
Bruner v. State, 2013 Ark. 68, at 13, 426 S.W.3d 386, 393 (quoting DeGracia v. State,
321 Ark. 530, 532, 906 S.W.2d 278, 279 (1995)).
12
Simpson, supra (citing Marts v. State, 332 Ark. 628, 968 S.W.2d 41 (1998)).
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appellant was “suffering from a psychotic break” at the time of the offense. Dr. Walz
testified that she believed appellant was “suffering from a mental disease at the time of the
shooting.”
In rebuttal, the State presented testimony from Dr. DeYoub in which he
“concluded that there was no mental disease at the time [of the crime], and [he]
referenced that [appellant] had a diagnosis of personality disorder at the time of the offense
and opined that [a personality disorder] was not a mental disease.” Specifically addressing
Dr. Walz’s opinion, Dr. DeYoub noted that mental disorders were “always” found under
Axis I and that Dr. Walz diagnosed appellant with personality disorder on Axis II.
Furthermore, he noted that although one could argue that any diagnosis is a mental disease
according to the statute, “no one does as it’s not stringent enough.” He added that he had
“never seen in 15 years of doing the exam and 35 years of practice, anyone saying that a
personality disorder as the only diagnosis at the time of the offense, constituted a mental
disease.”
Dr. Walz opined on whether a personality disorder was a mental disease when she
testified that appellant suffered from personality disorders and was suffering from a mental
disease at the time of the offense. While arguing that Dr. DeYoub should not have been
permitted to testify that a personality disorder was not a mental disease, appellant does not
address why Dr. Walz also should not have been permitted to essentially testify that a
personality disorder was a mental disease. In any case, it is clear that Dr. DeYoub was not
testifying to the ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact, namely, whether appellant
legally suffered from a mental disease, but to his opinion of what medically constitutes a
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mental disease as classified by the DSM-IV. This form of testimony has been previously
accepted by our appellate courts.13 Accordingly, his testimony simply embraced the issue
of mental disease from a medical point of view; it did not mandate a legal conclusion. We
cannot find that the circuit court abused its discretion in permitting appellant to testify
regarding his opinion of whether appellant suffered from a mental disease.14
B. Regarding the Scope of Dr. DeYoub’s Rebuttal Testimony
Genuine rebuttal evidence consists of evidence offered in reply to new matters.15
The evidence must be responsive to that which is presented by the defense. 16 It is within
the trial court’s discretion whether to admit rebuttal testimony, and the appellate court
will not reverse this determination absent an abuse of that discretion.17
13
See Lard v. State, 2014 Ark. 1, 431 S.W.3d 249 (Our supreme court affirmed where a
psychologist and psychiatrist, both testifying for the State, testified that appellant had a
diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder and did not have a mental disease or defect);
Lands v. State, 2012 Ark. App. 616, 424 S.W.3d 390 (This court affirmed where a forensic
psychologist testifying for State testified that appellant did not have a mental disease or
defect while forensic psychiatrist testifying for appellant testified that appellant was affected
by a mental disease).
14
Furthermore, appellant makes assertions that Dr. DeYoub gave an opinion as to an
unnamed Arkansas statute and “told the jury how they should read the statute[,]” but she
names no specific statute and provides no citation to any supporting authority. This court
will not entertain arguments unsupported by any legal authority. Strain v. State, 2012 Ark.
184, at 6, 423 S.W.3d 1, 5.
15
Gilliland v. State, 2010 Ark. 135, at 11, 361 S.W.3d 279, 285 (citing Pyle v. State, 314
Ark. 165, 178, 862 S.W.2d 823, 830 (1993) (citing Birchett v. State, 289 Ark. 16, 708
S.W.2d 625 (1986)).
16
Id. (citing Pyle, 314 Ark. at 178–79, 862 S.W.2d at 830).
17
Id. (citing Isbell v. State, 326 Ark. 17, 931 S.W.2d 74 (1996); Kincannon v. State, 85 Ark.
App. 297, 151 S.W.3d 8 (2004))).
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In her brief, appellant argues that Dr. DeYoub’s testimony regarding whether a
personality disorder was a mental disease or defect was improper because Dr. Walz “was
never asked at trial regarding her opinion on personality disorders as mental diseases or
defects, nor did she approach that subject in her testimony.” However, she admits that Dr.
Walz “did opine that [appellant] had a personality disorder and that she suffered from a
mental disease or defect, and submitted a report on the same.” Dr. Walz’s testimony only
implied that a personality disorder was a mental disease. However she explicitly states the
same in her report. In a section of that report labeled “Opinion on the presence or
absence of mental disease or defect at the time of the offense[,]” Dr. Walz made the
following statement:
In my opinion, at the time of the alleged offense, she suffered from a mental disease
of personality disorder with paranoid thinking, schizoid personality style, and odd
thinking.
Appellant appears to be arguing by implication that Dr. DeYoub’s rebuttal testimony
should have been limited only to what Dr. Walz testified to and not to what was in her
report. We do not agree.
None of the cases cited by appellant are on point.18 The State points out that
Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-89-125(d)(3) states that after the matter is submitted
18
Our supreme court affirmed the circuit court in Isbell v. State, 326 Ark. 17, 931 S.W.2d
74 (1996), finding that a surprise rebuttal witness was a proper rebuttal witness where the
State disclosed the witness. Our supreme court affirmed the circuit court in Schalski v.
State, 322 Ark. 63, 907 S.W.2d 693 (1995), finding that a rape victim’s testimony
identifying the appellant’s voice was proper rebuttal testimony after the appellant took the
stand and denied committing the rape. Our supreme court affirmed the circuit court in
Landrum v. State, 320 Ark. 81, 894 S.W.2d 933 (1995), where it dealt with character
evidence, finding that appellant had not put his character in issue and that the State was
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to the jury, “upon retiring for deliberation, the jury may take with them all papers which
have been received as evidence in the cause.”19 Near the close of her testimony, Dr.
Walz’s January 28, 2013 report was admitted into evidence.
Accordingly, because Dr. Walz opined that a personality disorder was a mental
disease in her report and her report was entered into evidence, her opinion, despite being
written and not oral, was evidence properly subject to rebuttal. Dr. DeYoub’s testimony
contradicted Mr. Walz’s opinion that a personality disorder is a mental disease. No error
occurred, and we affirm on this point.
II. Ability to Inform Jurors of the Consequences of Not Guilty by Reason of Mental Disease
or Defect Verdict
For her second point on appeal, appellant argues that the circuit court erred in
denying counsel the ability to inform the jury of the consequences of a mental disease or
defect defense during voir dire. She asserts that this was unduly restrictive. During voir
dire below, appellant responded to the State’s objection to appellant’s counsel’s line of
questioning as to the consequences of a not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect
verdict. However, appellant never objected to having her questioning limited.
Furthermore, she did not object to impaneling the jury, stating that the jury was “good”
attempting to impeach him by extrinsic evidence on a collateral matter elicited on cross-
examination, which was clearly improper. Our supreme court reversed the circuit court in
Birchett v. State, 289 Ark. 16, 708 S.W.2d 625 (1986), finding that the rebuttal witness was
not a “true rebuttal” witness where her testimony impeached responses drawn from
appellant during his cross-examination; the witness should have been presented in the
State’s case-in-chief. Our supreme court reversed the circuit court in Anthony v. State, 332
Ark. 595, 967 S.W.2d 552 (1998), finding that an appellant’s testimony from a prior trial
was not proper rebuttal testimony because it did not contradict witness testimony or other
evidence; it should have been presented during the State’s case-in-chief.
19
(Repl. 2005).
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for her. Our supreme court has held that an appellant is procedurally barred from
claiming on appeal that the trial court unduly restricted her voir dire questioning when
she failed to object to the restriction placed on her questioning and accepted the jury
panel as “good.”20 Accordingly, we affirm on this point.
III. Limiting Dr. Walz’s Testimony to her First Report
For her final point on appeal, appellant argues that the circuit court erred in
limiting appellant’s expert witness’s testimony to her first report. The State moved in
limine to exclude any testimony and evidence relating to appellant’s competency to stand
trial and her current mental functioning, specifically requesting that Dr. Walz’s second
report be excluded in its entirety, asserting that it dealt with appellant’s ability to assist her
attorney in her defense only. The court granted the State’s motion.
The decision to admit or exclude evidence is within the sound discretion of the
circuit court, and we will not reverse that decision absent a manifest abuse of discretion.21
The abuse-of-discretion standard is a high threshold that does not simply require error in
the circuit court’s decision, but requires that the circuit court act improvidently,
thoughtlessly, or without due consideration.22 In addition, we will not reverse a ruling on
the admission of evidence absent a showing of prejudice.23
20
Christopher v. State, 340 Ark. 404, 10 S.W.3d 852 (2000).
21
Maiden v. State, 2014 Ark. 294, at 4, 438 S.W.3d 263, 268 (citing Laswell v. State, 2012
Ark. 201, at 17, 404 S.W.3d 818, 828).
22
Id. (citing Grant v. State, 357 Ark. 91, 93, 161 S.W.3d 785, 786 (2004)).
23
Id. (citing Davis v. State, 350 Ark. 22, 38, 86 S.W.3d 872, 882 (2002)).
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While the circuit court granted the State’s motion, excluding not only Dr. Walz’s
second report but also redacting Dr. DeYoub’s report regarding appellant’s current mental
functioning, the court also permitted appellant’s counsel to elicit testimony of Dr. Walz’s
present-sense impression of appellant’s current mental state during Dr. Walz’s interview of
appellant as long as the testimony related back to her condition at the time of the offense.
Accordingly, no prejudice is shown. The court did not abuse its discretion.
Affirmed.
WYNNE and GRUBER, JJ., agree.
Lisa-Marie Norris, for appellant.
Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: Brad Newman, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
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