In re: Crystal Cathedral Ministries ( 2021 )

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 28 2021
SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
In re: BAP No. CC-20-1103-FLT
CRYSTAL CATHEDRAL MINISTRIES,
Debtor. Bk. No. 2:12-bk-15665-RK
DOUGLAS L. MAHAFFEY,
Appellant,
v. MEMORANDUM*
CAROL MILNER,
Appellee.
Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Central District of California
Robert N. Kwan, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
Before: FARIS, LAFFERTY, and TAYLOR, Bankruptcy Judges.
INTRODUCTION
This appeal arises out of a dispute between chapter 111 debtor Crystal
Cathedral Ministries (“CCM”) and appellee Carol Milner about the
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for
whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential
value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
1
Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure.
contents of seven storage containers. Neither CCM nor Ms. Milner knows
what is in those containers; there is no inventory of their contents, and no
one has opened them for many years. But even though the parties literally
do not know what they are fighting over, they have spent about a decade
and hundreds of thousands of dollars warring over the unknown contents
of the containers.
Specifically, this is an appeal from an order in which the bankruptcy
court employed its inherent powers to impose approximately $70,000 of
attorneys’ fees as a sanction against CCM’s attorney, appellant Douglas L.
Mahaffey. We conclude that the bankruptcy court did not abuse its
discretion in sanctioning Mr. Mahaffey for causing CCM to make reckless
and frivolous arguments for the improper purpose of pressuring
Ms. Milner to sign a release of claims. We AFFIRM.
FACTS
A. Prepetition events
CCM is a Christian ministry founded in the 1970s by Dr. Robert
Schuller and Arvella Schuller. It operated a church on a large campus in
Orange County, California. Ms. Milner is Dr. Schuller’s daughter and was
involved in church operations.
In the 1990s, Ms. Milner wrote a play entitled “Glory of Creation”
(the “Play”). She reached an agreement with CCM to stage the play on the
CCM campus in summer 2005. The production was elaborate: it included
video presentations on IMAX-sized screens, aerialists, and twenty-foot-tall
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puppets. CCM allegedly spent millions of dollars to stage the Play and
reportedly lost $13 million on the production. CCM thereafter decided to
cease staging the Play, but Ms. Milner argued that this breached her
agreement with CCM.
In July 2006, the parties entered into a settlement agreement
(“Settlement Agreement”) that divided the physical assets related to the
Play between Ms. Milner and CCM. The Settlement Agreement included a
nonexclusive list of the assets allocated to Ms. Milner (the “Play Property”)
and a preface that said that “CCM will keep all goods in [the] same
condition as they were in at the end of the ’05 season. CCM will not use
[the] goods without prior, written approval of [Ms. Milner].” Ms. Milner
claims that this provision obligates CCM to store her property in
perpetuity at CCM’s expense.
The Settlement Agreement also provided that Ms. Milner would hold
all intellectual property rights in the Play, that CCM would defend and
indemnify Ms. Milner against potential copyright infringement claims, and
that CCM would pay Ms. Milner about $900,000 over a four-year period.
Both parties agreed not to disparage each other.
At some point, CCM stored the Play Property in seven large trailers
and parked them on leased property; the trailers have remained there for
over a decade.
B. CCM’s chapter 11 bankruptcy case
On October 18, 2010, CCM filed a chapter 11 petition. It did not
3
schedule the Settlement Agreement as an executory contract. Nor did it
mention the Settlement Agreement in its motion for an order authorizing
rejection of executory contracts.
Ms. Milner filed four proofs of claim relating to a housing allowance,
copyright infringement, and breach of an oral employment contract. None
of her proofs of claim related to the storage of the Play Property pursuant
to the Settlement Agreement. After an evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy
court allowed part of her housing allowance claim, Ms. Milner withdrew
some of her claims, and the bankruptcy court disallowed the rest. The
bankruptcy court also awarded CCM its attorneys’ fees for litigating claims
by Ms. Milner and other members of the Schuller family.
Meanwhile, the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors
(“Committee”) filed a proposed plan that authorized liquidation of
substantially all of CCM’s real property assets. It also provided that “[a]ny
contracts not designated for assumption or rejection at or before the
Confirmation Hearing, shall be deemed rejected as of the Effective Date.” It
stated that, “upon the Effective Date, Debtor shall be discharged of liability
for payment of debts incurred before confirmation of the Plan, to the extent
specified in 11 U.S.C. § 1141.”
After a plan confirmation hearing, the bankruptcy court issued its
confirmation order that attached a list of executory contracts that were
assumed and a list of executory contracts that were rejected. Neither list
included the Settlement Agreement.
4
While the bankruptcy case was pending, CCM and Ms. Milner made
some efforts to resolve the issues concerning the Play Property. It appears
that Ms. Milner took possession of some but not all of the Play Property,
the rest of the Play Property remained (or was placed) in the containers,
and the discussions sputtered out.
On May 20, 2016, the bankruptcy court entered a final decree closing
the case.
C. CCM’s state court action against Ms. Milner
CCM grew weary of paying to store the Play Property in a storage
yard. In 2017, CCM demanded that Ms. Milner take possession of the items
and threatened to dispose of them. It represented that it cost thousands of
dollars to lease the storage yard and would cost thousands of dollars more
to remove and dispose of the property. Ms. Milner did not accede to this
demand.
In November 2017, CCM, represented by Mr. Mahaffey, filed a
complaint against Ms. Milner in California state court for declaratory and
injunctive relief (the “State Court Action”). The complaint asserted that the
Settlement Agreement was an executory contract that was rejected in the
bankruptcy case, so CCM’s relationship with Ms. Milner became one of
gratuitous bailment that CCM could terminate at will. It stated that CCM
chose to end that relationship, which “terminated CCM’s duty to comply
with the agreement and relieved it of any and all obligations to any future
performance on the 2006 agreement to store” the Play Property. It also
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sought injunctive relief compelling Ms. Milner to remove the Play Property
from CCM’s premises or allowing CCM to dispose of those items at
Ms. Milner’s expense.
Ms. Milner, who was represented by Harold J. Light, filed an answer
and asserted twenty-one affirmative defenses. Among those defenses, she
asserted that CCM’s obligations under the Settlement Agreement were not
extinguished at confirmation, CCM had an obligation to store and maintain
the Play Property, CCM had failed to allow her reasonable access to the
Play Property, and CCM had failed to redeliver the Play Property to her.
D. CCM’s motion for contempt against Ms. Milner and her counsel
After some unsuccessful efforts to resolve the matter, Mr. Mahaffey
sent Mr. Light an e-mail asserting that Ms. Milner violated the discharge
injunction by asserting affirmative defenses that claimed she had rights
under the Settlement Agreement. Mr. Mahaffey’s e-mail pressed
Ms. Milner to sign a release of claims under the Settlement Agreement and
“she can then come and retrieve the property.” The e-mail concluded, “The
permanent injunction terminated her ownership. Is she ready to sign a
release? If not, I look forward to your opposition.”
Mr. Light responded that the Settlement Agreement was not
“rejected” during the bankruptcy case because it was not an executory
contract; Ms. Milner had completed all of her obligations long before the
bankruptcy proceedings. As such, she retained ownership rights to the
Play Property and could defend herself in the State Court Action.
6
In June 2018, while the State Court Action was still pending, CCM,
through Mr. Mahaffey, filed a motion for contempt (“Contempt Motion”)
in the bankruptcy court. CCM requested that the bankruptcy court issue an
order to show cause why it should not hold Ms. Milner and Mr. Light in
contempt for violation of the discharge injunction. It contended that
Ms. Milner violated the discharge injunction by asserting affirmative
defenses arising out of the allegedly rejected Settlement Agreement.
CCM took the position that the plan confirmation order “resulted in a
discharge of the subject agreement between CCM and Milner which
terminated CCM’s duty, if any, to comply with the agreement.” At that
point, the discharge “relieved CCM of any and all obligations including,
inter alia, any liability to further store any of Milner’s play equipment, any
liability related to that play equipment, and any duties to further protect it
for the benefit of Milner.”
CCM also argued that Ms. Milner waived any claims she had when
she failed to file a proof of claim based on the storage of the Play Property.
Ms. Milner and Mr. Light opposed the Contempt Motion. They
argued that the Settlement Agreement was not an executory contract
because Ms. Milner had no material unperformed obligations under that
agreement. They also argued that she did not need to file a proof of claim
to assert ownership of the Play Property. They contended that they had a
good faith belief that the discharge injunction did not apply to their actions.
Further, they asserted that once CCM “returned to the fray” by filing the
7
State Court Action, Ms. Milner was entitled to defend herself.
Additionally, Ms. Milner and Mr. Light requested sanctions against
Mr. Mahaffey under Rule 9011 for filing the Contempt Motion.
In its reply, CCM argued that Ms. Milner had waived her right to
pursue personal property claims related to the Play Property because she
had litigated other rights under the Settlement Agreement. It claimed that
Ms. Milner knew that CCM disputed her ownership rights in the Play
Property and that any duty it had to store the Play Property was
discharged when Ms. Milner did not object or file a proof of claim. It
argued that she knowingly waived her personal property claims. It also
disputed her claim that she had a subjective good faith belief that the
discharge injunction did not apply to her.
Finally, CCM argued that the Settlement Agreement was an
executory contract because both parties had unperformed obligations.
Ms. Milner sent Mr. Mahaffey a letter requesting that CCM withdraw
the Contempt Motion and its frivolous claims or she would seek Rule 9011
sanctions. But Ms. Milner did not contemporaneously serve an unfiled
motion under Rule 9011. CCM did not withdraw the Contempt Motion.
At a status conference, CCM, represented by Mr. Mahaffey, raised a
new set of arguments: that, under nonbankruptcy law, it had never
effectively transferred the Play Property to Ms. Milner, and the Settlement
Agreement was unenforceable.
The bankruptcy court set an evidentiary hearing as to whether the
8
Play Property had been transferred and whether the Settlement Agreement
was an executory contract.
In its trial brief, CCM added more nonbankruptcy reasons why the
Settlement Agreement was unenforceable: lack of consideration and
unconscionability. It also advanced new reasons why the Settlement
Agreement was an executory contract: Ms. Milner had not performed her
obligation to resolve ownership of some of the Play Property, and CCM
had an unperformed obligation to fund a trust to cover its payment
obligations to Ms. Milner.
After an evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court issued its
memorandum decision and order (“Contempt Order”) denying the
Contempt Motion because CCM had failed to prove that Ms. Milner had
knowingly and willfully violated the discharge injunction. It held that the
Settlement Agreement was not an executory contract because Ms. Milner
did not have any material unperformed obligations. The court also held
that the plan confirmation order had no claim preclusive effect on
Ms. Milner’s right to enforce the Settlement Agreement because the
litigated proofs of claim had nothing to do with CCM’s obligation to store
the Play Property. Finally, it rejected CCM’s arguments that the Settlement
Agreement was unenforceable under nonbankruptcy law.
CCM appealed the Contempt Order to this Bankruptcy Appellate
Panel but voluntarily dismissed the appeal. The Contempt Order is now
final and no longer appealable.
9
E. Ms. Milner’s motion for sanctions against CCM and its counsel
Ms. Milner filed a motion for sanctions (“Sanctions Motion”) against
CCM and Mr. Mahaffey pursuant to Rule 9011 and the bankruptcy court’s
inherent authority. She sought over $113,000 in attorneys’ fees for CCM’s
prosecution of the Contempt Motion.
Ms. Milner requested sanctions under Rule 9011 because
Mr. Mahaffey had failed to undertake a reasonable prefiling inquiry and
made patently incorrect arguments regarding executory contracts, the
effect of the plan discharge, ownership of the Play Property, and her duties
under the Settlement Agreement. She asserted that the Contempt Motion
was meant to harass her and force her to release CCM from damage claims
relating to the Play Property. She also argued that the court could exercise
its inherent authority to award her attorneys’ fees.
CCM and Mr. Mahaffey separately opposed the Sanctions Motion.
CCM argued that the motion was untimely because Ms. Milner did not
serve it until it was too late for CCM to withdraw the Contempt Motion
and until after the court had already denied the Contempt Motion. It
further argued that Ms. Milner did not identify any conduct or improper
purpose attributable to CCM.
Mr. Mahaffey argued that the Sanctions Motion was deficient
because Ms. Milner did not serve an unfiled copy of the motion twenty-one
days prior to filing it. He also argued that sanctions are unavailable under
the court’s inherent authority where there is another basis for granting
10
sanctions (such as Rule 9011). Finally, Mr. Mahaffey argued that he
conducted himself and made arguments in good faith. He said that he did
not intend to harass Ms. Milner and that other counsel for CCM shared the
same legal opinion that the Settlement Agreement was an executory
contract.
The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Sanctions Motion. The
court was concerned that Ms. Milner’s papers did not sufficiently identify
each statement that was allegedly false or made in bad faith. Over
Mr. Mahaffey’s and CCM’s objection, the court directed Ms. Milner to file a
brief “identifying citations to the record that you’re saying is offending,
why it’s offending, so that they know, they can respond.” The court
permitted Mr. Mahaffey and CCM to file responses.
In her supplemental brief, Ms. Milner argued that the court could
sanction CCM and Mr. Mahaffey for their bad faith pursuant to its inherent
powers. She pointed to particular instances of Mr. Mahaffey’s bad faith:
• Asserting that the Settlement Agreement was an executory contract
that was rejected during the bankruptcy case, even though CCM had
considered whether to reject it but took no action;
• Filing the Contempt Motion to pressure Ms. Milner to sign a release,
as evidenced by Mr. Mahaffey’s e-mails;
• Misrepresenting a California state court case in the reply brief to the
Contempt Motion;
• Submitting a false declaration as to the availability of CCM board
11
members to offer testimony;
• Failing to subpoena its trial witness or bring her to the hearing so that
she could not be questioned as to her allegedly false declaration;
• Failing to turn over documents prior to the hearing; and
• Presenting false and misleading legal arguments at the hearing.
In response, Mr. Mahaffey argued that Ms. Milner conceded that
Rule 9011 sanctions were unavailable. He contended that, because the
alleged conduct was covered by Rule 9011, the court could not exercise its
inherent authority. He also said that none of his arguments were made in
bad faith because he conducted independent research, relied on the legal
opinions of other attorneys, and had a sound basis for making those
arguments. Finally, he argued that there was no improper purpose in filing
the Contempt Motion.
The bankruptcy court issued its 126-page memorandum decision
granting in part and denying in part the Sanctions Motion. It denied the
Sanctions Motion as to CCM but granted it as to Mr. Mahaffey pursuant to
its inherent authority.
The bankruptcy court held that sanctions were inappropriate under
Rule 9011 because Ms. Milner did not serve Mr. Mahaffey with a copy of
the Sanctions Motion at least twenty-one days prior to filing it and did not
file the Sanctions Motion before the court decided the Contempt Motion,
which necessarily meant that Mr. Mahaffey could not withdraw the
Contempt Motion.
12
Nevertheless, the bankruptcy court held that it could exercise its
inherent authority to sanction Mr. Mahaffey’s bad faith conduct. It held
that his misstatements of law and fact were both frivolous and reckless.
First, the bankruptcy court sanctioned Mr. Mahaffey for arguing that
Ms. Milner’s affirmative defenses in the State Court Action violated the
discharge injunction. He did not cite any legal authority in the Contempt
Motion in support of his contention that Ms. Milner could be held liable for
defending herself. The court noted that he ignored Boeing North American,
Inc. v. Ybarra (In re Ybarra), 424 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2005), which stands for
the proposition that a party who defends itself after a debtor “returns to
the fray” post-discharge does not violate the discharge injunction.
Second, the court held that the Settlement Agreement was not an
executory contract and that Mr. Mahaffey’s arguments to the contrary were
baseless. It was not swayed by his argument that he relied on other
attorneys and faulted him for failing to conduct an independent factual or
legal inquiry.
Third, the court held that Mr. Mahaffey’s misrepresentation of legal
authority was reckless and indicative of bad faith, not an honest mistake.
Fourth, the bankruptcy court held that the nonbankruptcy challenges
to the enforceability of the Settlement Agreement were also frivolous and
reckless and that his statements lacked a reasonable factual basis.
Fifth, the bankruptcy court ruled that Mr. Mahaffey’s prefiling
inquiry into the law and facts of the case was reckless and not reasonable.
13
The court held that Mr. Mahaffey failed to undertake a reasonable inquiry,
including “basic legal research.” It ruled that Mr. Mahaffey had crossed the
line between zealous advocacy and “frivolous, reckless advocacy.”
The bankruptcy court held that Mr. Mahaffey made these frivolous,
reckless, and baseless arguments with an improper purpose: to increase
litigation and expand the issues to force Ms. Milner to release her claims
against CCM. Rather than bringing CCM’s claims in the existing State
Court Action, “he multiplied the litigation proceedings” with the “purpose
of browbeating Milner into releasing her claims by forum shopping and
bringing additional litigation in another court because he was not making
the progress that he wanted in the pending state court litigation.”
The bankruptcy court next considered the reasonableness of the
requested attorneys’ fees and allowed $69,400 in fees and $729.26 in costs.
The court issued its order (“Sanctions Order”) granting in part and
denying in part the Sanctions Motion. Mr. Mahaffey timely appealed.
JURISDICTION
The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and
157(b)(1) and (b)(2)(A). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
ISSUE
Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in sanctioning
Mr. Mahaffey.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review for an abuse of discretion the bankruptcy court’s decision
14
to award sanctions. See Miller v. Cardinale (In re DeVille), 361 F.3d 539, 547
(9th Cir. 2004). We similarly review for an abuse of discretion the
bankruptcy court’s decision on the amount of sanctions. See Marsch v.
Marsch (In re Marsch), 36 F.3d 825, 831 (9th Cir. 1994).
To determine whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion, we
conduct a two-step inquiry: (1) we review de novo whether the bankruptcy
court “identified the correct legal rule to apply to the relief requested” and
(2) if it did, we consider whether the bankruptcy court’s application of the
legal standard was illogical, implausible, or without support in inferences
that may be drawn from the facts in the record. United States v. Hinkson, 585
F.3d 1247, 1262-63 & n.21 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
“Whether an appellant’s due process rights were violated is a
question of law we review de novo.” DeLuca v. Seare (In re Seare), 515 B.R.
599, 615 (9th Cir. BAP 2014) (citing Miller v. Cardinale (In re DeVille), 280
B.R. 483, 492 (9th Cir. BAP 2002), aff’d, 361 F.3d 539 (9th Cir. 2004)). “De
novo review requires that we consider a matter anew, as if no decision had
been made previously.” Francis v. Wallace (In re Francis), 505 B.R. 914, 917
(9th Cir. BAP 2014) (citations omitted).
We review the bankruptcy court’s factual findings for clear error.
Honkanen v. Hopper (In re Honkanen), 446 B.R. 373, 378 (9th Cir. BAP 2011).
A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is illogical, implausible, or
without support in the record. Retz v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189,
1196 (9th Cir. 2010). The bankruptcy court’s choice among multiple
15
plausible views of the evidence cannot be clear error. United States v. Elliott,
322 F.3d 710, 715 (9th Cir. 2003).
DISCUSSION
A. The bankruptcy court properly exercised its inherent authority to
sanction Mr. Mahaffey.
Mr. Mahaffey argues that the bankruptcy court could not exercise its
inherent authority to sanction him once it determined that Rule 9011
sanctions were unavailable. We disagree.
It is well settled that the bankruptcy court may sanction a party or an
attorney under its inherent authority. Fink v. Gomez, 239 F.3d 989, 994 (9th
Cir. 2001) (holding that “an attorney’s reckless misstatements of law and
fact, when coupled with an improper purpose, such as an attempt to
influence or manipulate proceedings in one case in order to gain tactical
advantage in another case, are sanctionable under a court’s inherent
power.”). Mr. Mahaffey argues that the court cannot use its inherent
authority to impose sanctions when other mechanisms are available.
The Supreme Court in Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32 (1991),
rejected Mr. Mahaffy’s position. It held that the unavailability of sanctions
under a rule or statute did not displace the court’s inherent sanction
authority:
There is, therefore, nothing in the other sanctioning
mechanisms or prior cases interpreting them that warrants a
conclusion that a federal court may not, as a matter of law,
resort to its inherent power to impose attorney’s fees as a
16
sanction for bad-faith conduct. This is plainly the case where
the conduct at issue is not covered by one of the other
sanctioning provisions. But neither is a federal court
forbidden to sanction bad-faith conduct by means of the
inherent power simply because that conduct could also be
sanctioned under the statute or the Rules. A court must, of
course, exercise caution in invoking its inherent power, and it
must comply with the mandates of due process, both in
determining that the requisite bad faith exists and in assessing
fees. Furthermore, when there is bad-faith conduct in the
course of litigation that could be adequately sanctioned under
the Rules, the court ordinarily should rely on the Rules rather
than the inherent power. But if in the informed discretion of
the court, neither the statute nor the Rules are up to the task,
the court may safely rely on its inherent power.
Id. at 50 (internal citation omitted) (emphases added).
The Ninth Circuit has stated that Chambers:
emphatically rejected the notion that . . . the sanctioning
provisions in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure displaced the
inherent power to impose sanctions for bad faith conduct. . . .
[G]iven the inadequacy of rules and statutes to sanction
[appellants’] misconduct, the bankruptcy court correctly relied
upon its inherent power as a sanctioning tool.
In re DeVille, 361 F.3d at 551.
Under controlling precedent in Chambers and DeVille, it was not error
for the bankruptcy court to utilize its inherent authority to sanction
Mr. Mahaffey. The unavailability of sanctions under Rule 9011 – due to
Ms. Milner’s failure to follow Rule 9011’s procedures – did not deprive the
court of its inherent power to impose sanctions.
17
B. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in sanctioning
Mr. Mahaffey.
Mr. Mahaffey argues that the court should not have imposed
inherent power sanctions. We disagree and defer to the court’s findings
that Mr. Mahaffey acted frivolously and recklessly.
Federal courts, including bankruptcy courts, have inherent power to
impose sanctions for a broad range of willful or improper litigation
conduct. See Knupfer v. Lindblade (In re Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178, 1196 (9th Cir.
2003). “Before awarding sanctions under its inherent powers, however, the
court must make an explicit finding that counsel’s conduct ‘constituted or
was tantamount to bad faith.’” Primus Auto. Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Batarse, 115
F.3d 644, 648 (9th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted); see also Fink, 239 F.3d at 992(“In reviewing sanctions under the court’s inherent power, our cases have
consistently focused on bad faith. . . . [A] specific finding of bad faith . . .
must precede any sanction under the court’s inherent powers.” (citations
and quotation marks omitted)).
The Ninth Circuit has stated that a court may impose sanctions
pursuant to its inherent authority when it finds:
willful actions, including recklessness when combined with an
additional factor such as frivolousness, harassment, or an
improper purpose. . . . [A]n attorney’s reckless misstatements of
law and fact, when coupled with an improper purpose, such as
an attempt to influence or manipulate proceedings in one case
in order to gain tactical advantage in another case, are
sanctionable under a court’s inherent power.
18
Fink, 239 F.3d at 994.
In the Civil Rule 11 context, the Ninth Circuit has stated that
frivolousness means “both baseless and made without a reasonable and
competent inquiry.” Moore v. Keegan Mgmt. Co. (In re Keegan Mgmt. Co., Sec.
Litig.), 78 F.3d 431, 434 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Townsend v. Holman
Consulting Corp., 929 F.2d 1358, 1362 (9th Cir. 1990) (en banc)).
While there does not appear to be a single definition of recklessness,
the Ninth Circuit has stated in the context of sanctions that “recklessness
might be defined as a departure from ordinary standards of care that
disregards a known or obvious risk of material misrepresentation.” Thomas
v. Girardi (In re Girardi), 611 F.3d 1027, 1038 n.4 (9th Cir. 2010).
The Ninth Circuit has urged restraint: “forceful and effective
representation often will call for innovative arguments. For this reason,
sanctions should be reserved for the rare and exceptional case where the
action is clearly frivolous, legally unreasonable or without legal
foundation, or brought for an improper purpose.” Primus Auto. Fin. Servs.,
Inc., 115 F.3d at 649 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
1. Mr. Mahaffey’s disregard of the “return to the fray” doctrine
was frivolous and reckless.
Mr. Mahaffey argued in the bankruptcy court that Ms. Milner
violated the discharge injunction by asserting affirmative defenses in the
State Court Action. However, Ms. Milner only raised those defenses
because Mr. Mahaffey caused CCM to “return to the fray” post-discharge.
19
In the bankruptcy court, Mr. Mahaffey ignored binding authority and
pressed ahead with the Contempt Motion. He also ignores this point on
appeal. This is an independently sufficient basis to affirm the Sanctions
Order.2
In Ybarra, the chapter 11 debtor received a discharge but then
returned to the state court to resume prepetition litigation against her
employer. She was ultimately unsuccessful, and her employer recovered
attorneys’ fees. The Ninth Circuit considered whether the fee award was
barred by the discharge injunction. In determining that it was not, it stated
that “we have held that post-petition attorney fee awards are not
discharged where post-petition, the debtor voluntarily ‘pursue[d] a whole
new course of litigation,’ commenced litigation, or ‘return[ed] to the fray’
voluntarily.” 424 F.3d at 1024 (citation omitted). It further explained that,
“[e]ven if a cause of action arose pre-petition, the discharge shield cannot
be used as a sword that enables a debtor to undertake risk-free litigation at
others’ expense. Personal liability for fees incurred through the voluntary
pursuit of litigation initiated post-petition is more consistent with the
purpose of discharge.” Id. at 1026 (citation omitted).
Ybarra is squarely on point, and Mr. Mahaffey has never even
addressed it, let alone attempted to distinguish it.3 When CCM filed the
2
Because we agree with the bankruptcy court on this point, we need not address
the other bases of its findings of recklessness and frivolousness.
3
When the Panel directly questioned Mr. Mahaffey’s counsel at oral argument as
20
State Court Action, it initiated new post-discharge litigation, so Ms. Milner
was entitled to defend herself.
The bankruptcy court correctly held that “Milner defending herself in
post-confirmation litigation initiated by CCM was not a violation of the
discharge injunction since the reorganized debtor ‘returned to the fray’ by
initiating litigation.” The bankruptcy court also correctly held that
Mr. Mahaffey’s argument was incorrect and without any legal basis. It is
inexcusable that an attorney should blatantly ignore binding precedent or
fail to educate himself as to the law.
The bankruptcy court thus concluded that Mr. Mahaffey behaved
frivolously and recklessly. It said that he completely ignored binding
authority rejecting his position, and “[i]n proceeding with CCM’s
Contempt Motion, Debtor’s Counsel failed to rebut these substantial legal
arguments put forth by Milner, which he did at his peril.”
We agree with the bankruptcy court’s analysis. At bottom,
Mr. Mahaffey is contending that the bankruptcy court’s orders not only
extinguished Ms. Milner’s rights but barred her from arguing otherwise.
Put simply, when CCM sued Ms. Milner, CCM said, “The bankruptcy
court’s orders mean this,” which gave Ms. Milner the right to say, “No,
they don’t.”
to why his choice to ignore Ybarra was not reckless, counsel deflected and discussed
instead the objective contempt standard in Taggart v. Lorenzen, 139 S. Ct. 1795 (2019),
rather than answering the Panel’s question.
21
Mr. Mahaffey did not just make an incorrect legal argument, but he
completely ignored binding authority to the contrary. He failed – both in
the bankruptcy court and before this Panel – to provide any authority
supporting his position or even to address Ms. Milner’s arguments. It was
not error for the court to conclude that Mr. Mahaffey’s arguments and
conduct were frivolous and reckless.
2. The bankruptcy court’s finding of improper purpose was not
clearly erroneous.
Mr. Mahaffey challenges the bankruptcy court’s finding that he filed
the Contempt Motion for the improper purpose of pressuring Ms. Milner
to release her claims. He argues that he only sought to take advantage of
the bankruptcy court’s expertise. We find no error.
The Ninth Circuit has held that an “improper purpose, such as an
attempt to influence or manipulate proceedings in one case in order to gain
tactical advantage in another case,” can support sanctions under a court’s
inherent authority. Fink, 239 F.3d at 994.
The bankruptcy court found, as a matter of fact, that CCM filed the
Contempt Motion to forum shop, multiply the litigation, and “browbeat”
Ms. Milner to release all of her claims against CCM. It specifically
referenced the correspondence from Mr. Mahaffey in which he pressed
Ms. Milner to sign the release and threatened to otherwise go forward with
the Contempt Motion. This finding is not clearly erroneous.
C. The bankruptcy court did not deny Mr. Mahaffey due process.
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Mr. Mahaffey argues that the bankruptcy court denied him due
process because he was not fully and timely apprised of his improper
conduct. He is wrong.
Procedural due process requires notice and an opportunity to be
heard. See Tennant v. Rojas (In re Tennant), 318 B.R. 860, 870 (9th Cir. BAP
2004). According to the United States Supreme Court:
An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in
any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice
reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise
interested parties of the pendency of the action and to afford
them an opportunity to present their objections. The notice
must be of such nature as reasonably to convey the required
information, . . . and it must afford a reasonable time for those
interested to make their appearance[.]
Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950) (citations
omitted).
In considering due process required for a sanctions award, the Ninth
Circuit has stated that:
whether the bankruptcy court’s inherent power can support the
attorney’s fees and costs portion of the sanction imposed . . .
depends on whether [debtor and counsel] were . . . “provided
with sufficient, advance notice of exactly which conduct was
alleged to be sanctionable and, furthermore . . . [were] aware
that [they] stood accused of having acted in bad faith.”
In re DeVille, 361 F.3d at 549 (quoting Fellheimer, Eichen & Braverman, P.C. v.
Charter Techs., Inc., 57 F.3d 1215, 1225 (3d Cir. 1995)). Here, Mr. Mahaffey
received notice of his sanctionable conduct, multiple warnings that
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Ms. Milner would seek sanctions against him, and an opportunity to
defend himself.
Mr. Mahaffey argues that the notice was insufficient under Rule 9011
and the court cannot disregard the procedural safeguards of Rule 9011. He
fails to cite any authority for the novel proposition that the court cannot
impose sanctions pursuant to its inherent authority until the movant
complies with the procedures of Rule 9011. These are two different sources
of sanction power with different procedures, standards, and purposes.
There is ample binding authority for the proposition that a court may
impose inherent power sanctions even if the party seeking sanctions
botches the Rule 9011 procedures. See In re DeVille, 361 F.3d at 551 (holding
that, although Rule 9011 sanctions were inappropriate given movant’s
failure to serve the motion, sanctions pursuant to the court’s inherent
authority were appropriate).
Mr. Mahaffey suggests that he was entitled to receive “repeated
objections,” before facing sanctions. There is no authority for this
proposition.
He also argues that he was not given enough warning or sufficient
notice of the specific conduct until after Ms. Milner filed her supplemental
brief and that the bankruptcy court should not have permitted
supplemental briefing. He complains that he “was denied his right to a
proper hearing, one in which he was apprised of the specific conduct being
alleged against him, prior to that hearing.”
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Unsurprisingly, Mr. Mahaffey offers no authority for the startling
proposition that due process prohibits a court from requesting post-
hearing briefing unless it holds another hearing. The bankruptcy court
gave Mr. Mahaffey a month to respond to Ms. Milner’s supplemental
filing, and he took advantage of that opportunity. He does not describe
anything concrete that he would have done at a second hearing that he
could not have done in his supplemental filing; at oral argument, his
counsel conceded that it cannot be known what evidence or argument he
would have offered.
Finally, he contends that he was ambushed by the arguments in the
supplemental briefing, because both the bankruptcy court and the parties
had no idea as to the factual bases for the Sanctions Motion, which
necessitated new arguments in the supplemental briefing. But the
Sanctions Motion adequately put Mr. Mahaffey on notice of the offending
conduct; the court merely directed Ms. Milner to list the exact dates, filings,
statements, correspondence, and actions that supported her arguments.
The basis of the Sanctions Order should not have been a surprise to
Mr. Mahaffey.
The bankruptcy court did not deprive Mr. Mahaffey of due process.
D. The bankruptcy court did not err in calculating the award.
Finally, Mr. Mahaffey argues that the bankruptcy court erred in
awarding Ms. Milner fees incurred in prosecuting the Sanctions Motion. He
argues that the Sanctions Motion was insufficient on its face and required
25
supplemental briefing, so he should not be required to pay for her
counsel’s “deficient litigation.”
The bankruptcy court reduced fees for counsel’s time spent on the
supplemental briefing, recognizing that the itemization of specific conduct
should have been included in the motion. We discern no abuse of
discretion.
CONCLUSION
The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in sanctioning
Mr. Mahaffey pursuant to its inherent authority. We AFFIRM.
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