State v. Grays , 2023 Ohio 221 ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. Grays, 2023-Ohio-221.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 111600
v. :
KATRON GRAYS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 26, 2023
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-21-663463-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Carl M. Felice, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
The Law Office of Jaye M. Schlachet and Eric M. Levy, for
appellant.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:
Defendant-appellant, Katron Grays (“Grays”), appeals from his
convictions and sentence. He raises the following assignments of error for review:
1. The trial court erred when it found Grays’s plea was voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent and that he was aware of the maximum
penalty involved where at the time of his change of plea he was given
inaccurate information about prison reduction where the trial court
imposed a mandatory prison sentence.
2. Grays’s indefinite sentence imposed under the Reagan Tokes
sentencing scheme violates Grays’s rights under the United States
Constitution applied to the state of Ohio through the Fourteenth
Amendment and the Ohio constitutions as it denies Grays due process
of law; violates the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial; violates the
separation of powers doctrine; does not provide fair warning of the
dictates of the statute to ordinary citizens; and the statute conferred too
much authority to the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
Correction.
3. Grays’s sentence is contrary to law where the trial court failed to
comply with the required notices contained in R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)
when imposing sentence.
After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm in
part, reverse in part, and remand for the trial court to make the necessary
advisements under R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c).
I. Factual and Procedural History
On October 15, 2021, Grays was named in a four-count indictment,
charging him with aggravated-vehicular assault in violation of R.C.
2903.08(A)(1)(a), with a furthermore clause that Grays was driving with a
suspended license (Count 1); aggravated-vehicular assault in violation of R.C.
2903.08(A)(2)(b), with a furthermore clause that Grays was driving with a
suspended license (Count 2); driving while under the influence in violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a) (Count 3); and driving while under the influence in violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a), with a furthermore clause that Grays was previously convicted of
or pleaded guilty to one violation of R.C. 4511.19(A) or (B) or an equivalent offense
(Count 4).
On March 15, 2022, Grays withdrew his previously entered pleas of not
guilty and expressed his desire to accept the terms of a negotiated plea agreement
with the state. At the conclusion of a Crim.R. 11 plea colloquy, Grays pleaded guilty
to aggravated-vehicular assault as charged in Count 1 of the indictment, a felony of
the second degree, and driving while under the influence as charged in Count 3 of
the indictment, a misdemeanor of the first degree. In exchange for his guilty pleas,
the remaining counts were nolled. Satisfied that the guilty pleas were knowingly,
voluntarily, and intelligently made, the trial court accepted Grays’s pleas and
referred him to the county probation department for a presentence-investigation
report.
At sentencing, the trial court imposed an indefinite prison term of 8 to
12 years on Count 1 in accordance with the Reagan Tokes Law (enacted through S.B.
201). Grays was also sentenced to six months in jail on Count 3, to run concurrently
with the sentence imposed on Count 1.
Grays now appeals from his convictions and sentence.
II. Law and Analysis
A. Crim.R. 11
In the first assignment of error, Grays argues his guilty pleas were not
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently made because the trial court inaccurately
advised him that he was entitled to good-time credit on a mandatory, minimum
prison term. Grays contends that “by misstating the law and advising [him] that his
mandatory prison sentence could be reduced, [he] was prejudiced and improperly
induced into entering a guilty plea due to the inaccurate statement of law made by
the trial court.” Grays suggests that but for the good-time credit advisement, he
would not have pleaded guilty.
“Ohio’s Crim.R. 11 outlines the procedures that trial courts are to follow
when accepting pleas.” State v. Dangler, 162 Ohio St.3d 1, 2020-Ohio-2765, 164
N.E.3d 286, ¶ 11. Crim.R. 11(C)(2) provides that when accepting a guilty or no-
contest plea in a felony case, the trial court must personally address the defendant
and
(a) Determin[e] that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with
understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum
penalty involved, and, if applicable, that the defendant is not eligible
for probation or for the imposition of community control sanctions at
the sentencing hearing.
(b) Inform[ ] the defendant of and determin[e] that the defendant
understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no contest, and that the
court, upon acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and
sentence.
(c) Inform[ ] the defendant and determin[e] that the defendant
understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury
trial, to confront witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in the defendant’s favor, and to require
the state to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a
trial at which the defendant cannot be compelled to testify against
himself or herself.
“When a criminal defendant seeks to have his conviction reversed on
appeal, the traditional rule is that he must establish that an error occurred in the
trial court proceedings and that he was prejudiced by that error.” Dangler at ¶ 13.
“The test for prejudice is ‘whether the plea would have otherwise been made.’”
Id. at ¶ 16, quoting State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564 N.E.2d 474 (1990). A
defendant must establish prejudice “‘on the face of the record’” and not solely by
virtue of challenging a plea on appeal. Id. at ¶ 24, quoting Hayward v. Summa
Health Sys., 139 Ohio St.3d 238, 2014-Ohio-1913, 11 N.E.3d 243, ¶ 26.
The traditional rule is subject to two limited exceptions. Id. at ¶ 14-16.
Under these two exceptions, no showing of prejudice is required (1) when a trial
court fails to explain the constitutional rights set forth in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) that a
defendant waives by pleading guilty or no contest, and (2) when a trial court has
completely failed to comply with a portion of Crim.R. 11(C). Id. at ¶ 14-15, citing
State v. Clark, 119 Ohio St.3d 239, 2008-Ohio-3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 31; State v.
Sarkozy, 117 Ohio St.3d 86, 2008-Ohio-509, 881 N.E.2d 1224, ¶ 22. “Aside from
these two exceptions, the traditional rule continues to apply: a defendant is not
entitled to have his plea vacated unless he demonstrates he was prejudiced by a
failure of the trial court to comply with the provisions of Crim.R. 11(C).” Id. at ¶ 16,
citing Nero at 108.
When reviewing a trial court’s compliance with Crim.R. 11, the inquiry
no longer focuses on strict, substantial, or partial compliance with the rule. State v.
Kauffman, 2021-Ohio-1584, 170 N.E.3d 952, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.). Rather, Dangler
instructs reviewing courts to engage in the following inquiry:
(1) has the trial court complied with the relevant provision of the rule?
(2) if the court has not complied fully with the rule, is the purported
failure of a type that excuses a defendant from the burden of
demonstrating prejudice? and (3) if a showing of prejudice is required,
has the defendant met that burden?
Dangler, 162 Ohio St.3d 1, 2020-Ohio-2765, 164 N.E.3d 286 at ¶ 17.
In this case, there is no dispute that the trial court properly explained
the constitutional rights Grays would be waiving by pleading guilty. Crim.R.
11(C)(2)(c). The record further reflects that Grays understood the effect of his plea
of guilty, and that the court, upon acceptance of the plea, could proceed with
judgment and sentence. Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(b). Accordingly, the issue before this
court concerns the adequacy of the trial court’s compliance with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a).
As stated, Grays pleaded guilty to aggravated-vehicular assault in
violation of R.C. 2903.08(A)(1)(a) and driving while under the influence in violation
of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) (Count 3). Relevant to this appeal, the sentencing range
applicable to the aggravated-vehicular-assault offense is governed by R.C.
2903.08(D). The statute provides, in relevant part:
(1) The court shall impose a mandatory prison term, as described in
division (D)(4) of this section, on an offender who is convicted of or
pleads guilty to a violation of division (A)(1) of this section.
***
(4) A mandatory prison term required under division (D)(1) or (2) of
this section shall be a definite term from the range of prison terms
provided in division (A)(2)(b) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code
for a felony of the second degree * * * except that if the violation is a
felony of the second degree committed on or after the effective date of
this amendment, the court shall impose as the minimum prison term
for the offense a mandatory prison term that is one of the minimum
terms prescribed for a felony of the second degree in division (A)(2)(a)
of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code.
(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2903.08(D)(1) and (4). In this case, Grays was alleged to
have committed the aggravated-vehicular-assault offense on or about September 19,
2021 — well after the amendment to R.C. 2903.08(D)(1), effective March 22, 2019.
Accordingly, Grays was subject to an indefinite prison term that carried a mandatory
term of imprisonment on the minimum portion of the sentence.
In turn, R.C. 2929.14(A)(2)(a) provides that:
For a felony of the second degree committed on or after the effective
date of this amendment, the prison term shall be an indefinite prison
term with a stated minimum term selected by the court of two, three,
four, five, six, seven, or eight years and a maximum term that is
determined pursuant to section 2929.144 of the Revised Code, except
that if the section that criminalizes the conduct constituting the felony
specifies a different minimum term or penalty for the offense, the
specific language of that section shall control in determining the
minimum term or otherwise sentencing the offender but the minimum
term or sentence imposed under that specific language shall be
considered for purposes of the Revised Code as if it had been imposed
under this division.
Id.A review of the record establishes that the trial court advised Grays of
the maximum penalties associated with the second-degree felony offense of
aggravated-vehicular assault and the first-degree misdemeanor offense of driving
while under the influence. Relevant to the arguments posed in this case, the trial
court advised Grays that he was subject to a mandatory prison term on his second-
degree felony offense and could be sentenced to a maximum prison term of 8 to 12
years. The trial court then explained to Grays his postrelease-control obligations
and the implications of the indefinite sentencing scheme enacted by the Reagan
Tokes Law. During the Reagan Tokes advisement, the trial court explained that the
law establishes a presumption that Grays will be released at the end of the minimum
term imposed. However, the court advised Grays that the Ohio Department of
Rehabilitation and Correction (the “ODRC”) “has the legal right under Senate Bill
201 to rebut that presumption and extend [his] period of confinement for 50 percent
of the [minimum] term imposed.” (Tr. 7.) Finally, the court notified Grays that he
may reduce his minimum prison term under certain circumstances, stating:
Further, you may earn a reduction on the minimum term in increments
of five to 15 percent if you demonstrate exceptional conduct or
adjustment to incarceration.
(Tr. 8.)
On appeal, Grays suggests the trial court’s advisement concerning his
eligibility for “good-time credit” was made pursuant t0 R.C. 2967.193. The statute,
which governs Ohio’s earned-credit programs, provides opportunities for inmates
to earn credit towards the satisfaction of his or her prison term for participation in
certain programs, including “an education program, vocational training,
employment in prison industries, treatment for substance abuse, or any other
constructive program” of the prison in which he or she is incarcerated. R.C.
2967.193(A)(1). Pursuant to R.C. 2967.193(C), however, “[n]o person confined in a
state correctional institution * * * shall be awarded any days of credit under division
(A) of this section [if] [t]he person is serving a prison term that section 2929.13 * * *
of the Revised Code specifies cannot be reduced pursuant to this section.”
In this case, Grays correctly states, and the state concedes, that the
provisions for earned credit under R.C. 2967.193 are not applicable to him because
the minimum portion of his indefinite sentence carried a mandatory term of
imprisonment. See R.C. 2929.13(F)(4). See also R.C. 2903.08(D)(1) and (4); and
R.C. 2967.193(A)(2) and (C)(1). Thus, Grays contends “the trial court failed to
substantially comply with its duty to inform [him] of the maximum penalty
involved” by misstating the law regarding “his eligibility for good-time credit under
R.C. 2967.193.” He further suggests that he was prejudiced by the court’s
misstatement of law, as “[t]he misinformation led [him] to enter a plea of guilty.”
See State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 104078 and 104849, 2017-Ohio-
2650, ¶ 15 (“[I]f a defendant is induced to enter a guilty plea by erroneous
representations as to the applicable law, the plea has not been entered knowingly
and intelligently, but the defendant must demonstrate prejudice resulting from the
erroneous representation, i.e., that but for erroneous information, the plea would
not have been made.”).
After careful review of the plea colloquy, however, we find the trial
court’s advisement, which was made during the court’s discussion of the Reagan
Tokes Law, concerned R.C. 2967.271. The statute, titled “Non-life Felony Indefinite
Prison Terms,” sets forth, among other things, the circumstances that would permit
a trial court to reduce the minimum prison term for an offender who is serving a
nonlife felony indefinite prison term. See R.C. 2967.271(F)(1)-(8). Here, the trial
court’s advisement concerning Grays’s eligibility for a reduction in his minimum
prison term used specific terms and phrases that are expressly included in R.C.
2967.271, such as “exceptional conduct” and “adjustment to incarceration.” See R.C.
2967.271(F)(1). These terms are not consistent with the language used in R.C.
2967.193. Accordingly, Grays’s characterization of the disputed advisement is not
supported by the record. As such, we find Grays’s arguments concerning R.C.
2967.193 to be inapplicable, and therefore, without merit.1
With that said, we note that Grays has acknowledged the relevance of
R.C. 2967.271 within his brief on appeal. In this regard, Grays has maintained that
if the trial court’s advisement did, in fact, constitute an advisement under the
Reagan Tokes Law, this court must interpret R.C. 2967.271 to determine if the
statute allows him to earn a reduction on his mandatory prison sentence. Grays
explains his alternative position as follows:
Grays recognizes that under R.C. 2967.271 the Reagan Tokes Act which
changed Ohio’s sentencing scheme under S.B. 201 for felonies of the
first and second degree did authorize an earned reduction of the
1 In State v. Bobo, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111362, 2022-Ohio-3555, this court was
presented with a similar challenge to the trial court’s advisement to the defendant at the
time of his plea that “he would be entitled to earn good-time credit and could reduce his
term by 15 percent.” Id. at ¶ 4. As in this case, the defendant in Bobo argued that his plea
was not knowingly made “where the court informed him, incorrectly, that he was entitled
to good-time credit on a mandatory prison term.” Id. at ¶ 7. Upon review of the record,
this court determined that the court’s advisement concerning the defendant’s eligibility
for a reduction in his prison term was made pursuant to R.C. 2967.193. Id. at ¶ 18.
Accordingly, this court found that the court’s advisement constituted a misstatement of
law and that “the trial court erred when it advised [defendant] that he could earn credit
for good behavior to reduce his mandatory prison term pursuant to R.C. 2967.193.” Id.
at ¶ 24. Nevertheless, this court found the defendant was not entitled to have his plea
vacated because he could not establish that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s error.
After careful consideration, we diverge from the analysis set forth in Bobo to the
extent it interpreted an identical plea-advisement as an explanation of eligibility under
R.C. 2967.193. As previously discussed, the language used in the analogous advisements
more accurately reflect the Reagan Tokes provisions set forth under R.C. 2967.271.
minimum prison term with a presumptive earned early release date. If
said law is applicable to mandatory prison sentences permitting a
reduction of the mandatory term then Grays’s instant assignment of
error might be moot where the trial court would have accurately
advised him of the reduction. The crux of the issues that this court must
decide is if the sentencing reduction contemplated in R.C. 2967.271 is
applicable to mandatory sentences. This legal holding is necessary to
determine if the trial court accurately advised Grays of the law prior to
accepting his guilty plea and, as such, if the plea was knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily made.
(Grays’s brief p. 6.)
Thus, in reviewing whether Grays’s plea was knowingly, voluntarily,
and intelligently made, we must first determine whether Grays was eligible for
“earned reduction of [his] minimum prison term” (hereinafter referred to as
“ERMPT”) under R.C. 2967.271 in order to effectively assess whether the trial court’s
advisement during the Crim.R. 11 colloquy constituted a misstatement of law. If
Grays is eligible for a reduction of his sentence under R.C. 2967.271, then the trial
court correctly advised him of the law, and the first assignment of error is meritless.
If not, then the trial court partially complied with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) by advising
Grays of the maximum penalties associated with his offenses, and Grays must
establish that he was prejudiced by the error. See Bobo, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
111362, 2022-Ohio-3555, at ¶ 20.
The question before the court is a question of statutory interpretation.
De novo review applies to questions of statutory interpretation.
Ceccarelli v. Levin, 127 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-5681, 938 N.E.2d
342, ¶ 8. A court's main objective is to determine and give effect to the
legislative intent. State ex rel. Solomon v. Police & Firemen’s Disability
& Pension Fund Bd. of Trustees, 72 Ohio St.3d 62, 65, 1995-Ohio-172,
647 N.E.2d 486 (1995). “The question is not what did the general
assembly intend to enact, but what is the meaning of that which it did
enact.” Slingluff v. Weaver, 66 Ohio St. 621, 64 N.E. 574 (1902),
paragraph two of the syllabus. “When the statutory language is plain
and unambiguous, and conveys a clear and definite meaning, we must
rely on what the General Assembly has said,” Jones v. Action Coupling
& Equip., Inc., 98 Ohio St.3d 330, 2003-Ohio-1099, 784 N.E.2d 1172,
¶ 12, and apply the statute as written, Summerville v. Forest Park, 128
Ohio St.3d 221, 2010-Ohio-6280, 943 N.E.2d 522, ¶ 18, citing Hubbell
v. Xenia, 115 Ohio St.3d 77, 2007-Ohio-4839, 873 N.E.2d 878, ¶ 11.
State v. Jones, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-4485, ¶ 24.
The Reagan Tokes Law, effective as of March 22, 2019, implemented
a system of indefinite sentencing for nonlife felonies of the first- and second-degree
committed on or after the effective date. R.C. 2901.011. Pursuant to the Reagan
Tokes Law, a sentencing court imposing a prison term under R.C. 2929.14(A)(1)(a)
or (A)(2)(a) is required to order a minimum prison term under that provision and a
maximum prison term as determined by R.C. 2929.144(B). The Reagan Tokes Law
establishes a “presumption that the person shall be released from service of the
sentence on the expiration of the offender’s minimum prison term2 or on the
offender’s presumptive earned early release date,3 whichever is earlier.” R.C.
2967.271(B). However, the ODRC may rebut that presumption and keep the
offender in prison for an additional period not to exceed the maximum term
2 “‘Offender’s minimum prison term’ means the minimum prison term imposed on
an offender under a non-life felony indefinite prison term, diminished as provided in
section 2967.191 or 2967.193 of the Revised Code or in any other provision of the Revised
Code, other than division (F) of this section, that provides for diminution or reduction of
an offender’s sentence.” R.C. 2967.271(A)(1).
3 “‘Offender’s presumptive earned early release date’ means the date that is
determined under the procedures described in division (F) of this section by the
reduction, if any, of an offender’s minimum prison term by the sentencing court and the
crediting of that reduction toward the satisfaction of the minimum term.” R.C.
2967.271(A)(2).
imposed by the sentencing judge, depending on the inmate’s behavior in prison.
R.C. 2967.271(C).
As briefly mentioned above, the Reagan Tokes Law also authorizes the
trial court to approve ERMPT for “exceptional conduct while incarcerated or the
offender’s adjustment to incarceration.” R.C. 2967.271(F)(1). As noted by the trial
court at the time of Grays’s plea in this case, the length of the reduction is limited to
a range of 5 to 15 percent based on the level of the offense for which the prison term
was imposed. R.C. 2967.271(F)(7)(b). Pursuant to R.C. 2967.271(F)(8), however,
the statute’s ERMPT provisions
do not apply with respect to an offender serving a non-life felony
indefinite prison term for a sexually oriented offense, and no offender
serving such a prison term for a sexually oriented offense is eligible to
be recommended for or granted, or may be recommended for or
granted, a reduction under those divisions in the offender’s minimum
prison term imposed under that non-life felony indefinite prison term.
Id. Interpreting R.C. 2967.271(F)(8), Ohio Courts have stated that “eligibility for
[ERMPT] is [therefore] limited to offenders serving non-life, indefinite prison
terms, who are not serving prison terms for sexually oriented offenses.” State v.
Dirocco, 7th Dist. Mahoning Nos. 21 MA 0116 and 21 MA 0117, 2022-Ohio-3221, ¶ 7;
see also State v. Broughton, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2020-09-011, 2021-Ohio-
2987, ¶ 12.
In this case, there is no dispute that the trial court was required to
impose an indefinite prison sentence on Grays’s second-degree felony offense
pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(A)(2)(a). Thus, it is clear that the statutory framework set
forth under R.C. 2967.271 was applicable to Grays’s aggravated-vehicular assault
conviction. Grays is entitled to the presumptive release date described in R.C.
2967.271(B), subject to the circumstances contained in subsections (C) and (D) that
would permit the ODRC to enforce or maintain the maximum prison term imposed
pursuant to R.C. 2929.144(B).
Moreover, when viewed in its entirety, R.C. 2967.271 does not contain
any specific language to suggest Grays is not entitled to ERMPT under R.C.
2967.271(F)(1) despite the mandatory nature of his minimum prison term. The
exception to eligibility for ERMPT is narrowly tailored and only excludes certain
offenses that are not relevant to this case. See R.C. 2967.271(F)(8). In contrast to
the unambiguous restrictions contained in R.C. 2967.193, the language used in R.C.
2967.271(F) does not reference mandatory prison terms or otherwise address the
implications of R.C. 2929.13(F). See R.C. 2967.193(C)(1) (“No [inmate] * * * shall
be awarded days of credit * * * [if] [t]he person is serving a prison term that [R.C.]
2929.13 * * * specifies cannot be reduced pursuant to this section or chapter[.]”).
Because S.B. 201 is silent on whether a mandatory minimum term may be reduced
pursuant to R.C. 2967.271, we view the narrowness of the exception set forth under
division (F) to be intentional and telling. Accordingly, we are inclined to agree with
Grays’s suggestion that the trial court’s advisement concerning his eligibility for a
reduction in his minimum prison term for “exceptional conduct or adjustment to
incarceration” is consistent with the plain language of R.C. 2967.271 and the Reagan
Tokes Law.
Nevertheless, our interpretation of the plain language contained in
R.C. 2967.271 does not end our inquiry. Because Grays was subject to a mandatory
prison term, we find it is necessary to consider the implications of R.C. 2929.13(F)
given the breadth of the exclusory language used therein.
R.C. 2929.13(F) addresses mandatory prison terms and prohibits a
sentencing court from reducing the term of a sentence it imposes for certain crimes.
For instance, and as previously discussed, the plain language of R.C. 2929.13(F)
restricts Grays’s eligibility for earned credit under R.C. 2967.193 given the nature of
his felony conviction. The statute states, in pertinent part:
(F) Notwithstanding divisions (A) to (E) of this section, the court shall
impose a prison term or terms under * * * section 2929.14 * * * of the
Revised Code and except as specifically provided in section 2929.20,
divisions (C) to (I) of section 2967.19, or section 2967.191 of the Revised
Code or when parole is authorized for the offense under section 2967.13
of the Revised Code shall not reduce the term or terms pursuant to
* * * section 2967.193, or any other provision of Chapter 2967 * * * for
any of the following offenses:
***
(4) A felony violation of section * * * 2903.08 * * *of the Revised Code
if the section requires the imposition of a prison term[.]
(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2929.13(F)(4).
Here, the plain language of R.C. 2929.13(F) requires the sentencing
court to impose a prison term for certain serious offenses and limits that court’s
discretion to reduce that term pursuant to R.C. 2929.20 (judicial release); R.C.
2967.193 (earned credit); or any other provision of R.C. Chapter 2967, except in
certain enumerated circumstances that are not applicable to this case. See State v.
Johnson, 116 Ohio St.3d 541, 2008-Ohio-69, 880 N.E.2d 896, ¶ 16. Thus, while it is
clear that R.C. 2929.13(F)(4) unambiguously states that Grays is not eligible for
judicial release or earned credit due to the mandatory nature of his minimum prison
term, the statute’s reference to “any other provision of Chapter 2967” also suggests
that Grays’s minimum prison term cannot be reduced by any provision contained
within Chapter 2967, including the ERMPT provision contained in R.C.
2967.271(F).
Under the foregoing circumstances, we find the broad exclusory
language contained in R.C. 2929.13(F) conflicts or is otherwise inconsistent with the
carefully constructed exception contained in R.C. 2967.271(F)(8). As stated, R.C.
2929.13(F) expressly prohibits Grays from reducing his minimum prison term
under the Reagan Tokes Law, while R.C. 2967.271, a substantial component of the
Reagan Tokes Law, expressly grants Grays access to ERMPT on the same felony
offense.
“‘It is a well-settled principle of statutory construction that when an
irreconcilable conflict exists between two statutes that address the same subject
matter, one general and the other special, the special provision prevails as an
exception to the general statute.’” State v. Pribble, 158 Ohio St.3d 490, 2019-Ohio-
4808, 145 N.E.3d 259, ¶ 13, quoting State v. Conyers, 87 Ohio St.3d 246, 248, 719
N.E.2d 535 (1999). R.C. 1.51, the statutory version of this general/specific canon,
recognizes that optimally, conflicting statutes should be construed “so that effect is
given to both” but provides that
[i]f the conflict between the provisions is irreconcilable, the special or
local provision prevails as an exception to the general provision, unless
the general provision is the later adoption and the manifest intent is
that the general provision prevail.
Id. As explained by the Ohio Supreme Court,
The rationale behind the general/specific canon is that ‘“the particular
provision is established upon a nearer and more exact view of the
subject than the general, of which it may be regarded as a correction.’
Or think of it this way: the specific provision comes closer to addressing
the very problem posed by the case at hand and is thus more deserving
of credence.”
Pribble at ¶ 13, quoting Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal
Texts, 183 (2012), quoting Jeremy Bentham, General View of a Complete Code of
Laws, reprinted in 3 The Works of Jeremy Bentham, 210 (John Bowring Ed.1843).
Applying the foregoing to the competing statutes, we are unable to
construe R.C. 2929.13(F)(4) and R.C. 2967.271(F)(1)-(8) in a way that gives effect to
both statutes. To do so would greatly increase the number of offenders who are not
eligible for ERMPT under the Reagan Tokes Law due to the broad language of R.C.
2929.13(F). Moreover, regardless of whether this court were to construe R.C.
2967.271 as the more specific or general provision, we find the Reagan Tokes Law
prevails in this matter. Here, the Reagan Tokes Law, including the construction of
R.C. 2967.271, was enacted later than R.C. 2929.13. Although there have been recent
amendments to various portions of R.C. 2929.13, which was originally enacted in
July 1996, the provision governing Grays’s felony offense in this case, R.C.
2929.13(F)(4), has remained substantially similar for more than a decade.4 See R.C.
1.54 (“A statute which is * * * amended is intended to be a continuation of the prior
statute and not a new enactment, so far as it is the same as the prior statute.”).
Accordingly, we construe R.C. 2967.271, which implemented significant changes to
the sentencing structure for nonlife, first- and second-degree felony offenses as
being enacted later in time.
Similarly, even if this court were to deem R.C. 2967.271 the more
general statute, we find the statute more accurately comports with the General
Assembly’s manifest intent to “return to an incentive-based, rehabilitative prison
process for serious offenders.” State v. Delvallie, 2022-Ohio-470, 185 N.E.3d 536,
¶ 6 (8th Dist.). As articulated by this court, the Reagan Tokes Law, which
“represents the Ohio legislature’s first major departure from the so-called ‘truth in
sentencing law,’ enacted through S.B. 2 in 1996”:
incentivize[s] socially acceptable conduct by offering inmates a tangible
way to reduce their overall sentences through buying into the social
contract — a tacit agreement to live together in accordance to the
socially established rules of behavior. * * * The Reagan Tokes Law
offers inmates the opportunity to demonstrate their willingness to
reform and, in the process, to receive lesser sentences based on their
behavior, instead of serving definite terms. Reagan Tokes case spurs
Ohio legislation to change incarceration guidelines. * * * These
changes provide the inmate the opportunity to reduce the overall
prison term below what would be served under the pre-S.B. 201
definite sentencing structure. Id. Under the pre-S.B. 201 definite
sentencing law, Ohio focused on the punitive nature of the
4 R.C. 2929.13(F) was adopted as a part of the comprehensive changes enacted by
Am.Sub.S.B. 2. One of the objectives of that legislation was “truth in sentencing,” which
sought to require prisoners to serve the full time to which they were sentenced, or at least
to avoid their early release for certain reasons. See State v. Day, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 16902, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 5351, 3 (Oct. 2, 1998).
imprisonment system. The Reagan Tokes Law offers an albeit small,
but beginning, step away from that draconian approach.
Id. at ¶ 1 and 6. Thus, the Reagan Tokes Law, including the provisions governing an
offender’s ability to reduce his or her minimum prison term by 5 to 15 percent,
reflects the General Assembly’s manifest intent “to return Ohio to its core sentencing
approach, implementing the reformative incentive for offenders that was lost to the
definite sentencing structure.” Id. at ¶ 12. Given the breadth of felony offenses listed
under R.C. 2929.13(F), we find it would be contrary to the intent of the General
Assembly to prohibit a sentencing court from reducing a prison term pursuant to
“any other provision of Chapter 2967” for the first- or second-degree felony offenses
listed in R.C. 2929.13(F)(1)-(22) that would otherwise qualify for ERMPT under the
Reagan Tokes Law. See R.C. 2967.271(F)(8).
Based on the foregoing, we find “the incentive-based, rehabilitative
prison process” implemented under the Reagan Tokes Law applies to Grays’s
second-degree felony offense in this case. Because the exception set forth under R.C.
2967.271(F)(8) does not apply to Grays, the newly constructed sentencing structure
provides him the ability to earn a reduction in his minimum prison term if he
demonstrates exceptional conduct while incarcerated or an adjustment to
incarceration. R.C. 2967.271(F)(1). Accordingly, we find the trial court correctly
advised Grays at the time of his plea hearing that he was eligible for such a reduction
based on the nature of his offense. We therefore find no merit to Grays’s position
that his plea was not knowingly, intelligently, or voluntarily made due to a perceived
error in the court’s discussion of the nonconstitutional rights Grays would be
waiving by entering pleas of guilty.
The first assignment of error is overruled.
B. The Reagan Tokes Law
In the second assignment of error, Grays argues the trial court erred
by imposing an indefinite sentence pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Law. He contends
the Reagan Tokes Law is unconstitutional because it violates his right to a trial by
jury, the separation-of-powers doctrine, and his right to due process5 under the Ohio
and United States Constitutions. Grays alternatively suggests that trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to object to the constitutionality
of the indefinite sentence.
Consistent with the well-establish precedent of this court, we find no
merit to the constitutional challenges raised within this assigned error. The
question of whether the Reagan Tokes Law is constitutional was decided in this
court’s en banc opinion in Delvallie, 2022-Ohio-470, 185 N.E.3d 536 (8th Dist.).
5 In this case, Grays’s due process argument asserts that R.C. 2967.271 “lacks
legislative provisions for a meaningful hearing to prevent depravation of [his liberty]
interest without due process of law.” We note, however, that Grays further contends that
the ODRC’s internal policies “are not law” and “do not provide notice and fair warning to
the ordinary citizen of what behavior might violate the statute/law.” Thus, appellant
concludes that R.C. 2967.271 is “void-for-vagueness which is not corrected by the internal
policies of ODRC.” Grays’s void-for-vagueness argument is not unique and has been
previously rejected by this court. See e.g., State v. Gettings, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
111176, 2022-Ohio-2691, ¶ 6; State v. Peterson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109306, 2022-
Ohio-835, ¶ 8-9. This is because the void-for-vagueness argument amounts to a due
process challenge to the procedural safeguards afforded under R.C. 2967.271, which was
expressly considered and overruled in Delvallie. See Delvallie at ¶ 82-88.
There, this court found “that the Reagan Tokes Law, as defined under R.C. 2901.011,
is not unconstitutional,” and reaffirmed the principles established in State v.
Gamble, 2021-Ohio-1810, 173 N.E.3d 132 (8th Dist.); State v. Simmons, 2021-Ohio-
939, 169 N.E.3d 728 (8th Dist.); and State v. Wilburn, 2021-Ohio-578, 168 N.E.3d
873 (8th Dist.). See Delvallie at ¶ 17. Because Grays does not advance any novel
argument left unaddressed by the Delvallie decision, we find the constitutional
challenges presented in this appeal are without merit.
Moreover, we are unable to conclude that trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to challenge the constitutionality of
Grays’s prison term at the time of sentencing.
A criminal defendant has the right to effective assistance of counsel.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685-686, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674(1984). The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees a
defendant the effective assistance of counsel at all “critical stages” of a criminal
proceeding, including sentencing. State v. Davis, 159 Ohio St.3d 31, 2020-Ohio-
309, 146 N.E.3d 560, ¶ 7 (“sentencing is a critical stage in which a felony offender
has a right to counsel”), citing State v. Schleiger, 141 Ohio St.3d 67, 2014-Ohio-3970,
21 N.E.3d 1033, ¶ 15, and Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349, 358, 97 S.Ct. 1197, 51
L.Ed.2d 393 (1977).
As a general matter, to establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a
defendant must demonstrate (1) deficient performance by counsel, i.e., that
counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable
representation; and (2) that counsel’s errors prejudiced the defendant, i.e., a
reasonable probability that but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the proceeding
would have been different. Strickland at 687-688, 694; State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio
St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraphs two and three of the syllabus.
“Reasonable probability” is “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Id. at 694.
As stated, this court has routinely rejected the constitutional
challenges to the Reagan Tokes Law that are presented in this appeal. Delvallie,
2022-Ohio-470, 185 N.E.3d 536 (8th Dist.). Therefore, even if trial counsel had
challenged the constitutional validity of Grays’s indefinite prison term, the objection
would have proven to be unsuccessful. Under these circumstances, Grays cannot
establish the requisite level of prejudice to warrant a finding of ineffective assistance
of counsel. See State v. Waters, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110821, 2022-Ohio-2667,
¶ 45; see also State v. Debose, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109531, 2022-Ohio-837, ¶ 26
(“The failure to perform a futile act does not constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel.”), citing State v. Scarton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108474, 2020-Ohio-
2952, ¶ 95; State v. Kilbane, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99485, 2014-Ohio-1228, ¶ 37
(“[T]he failure to do a futile act cannot be the basis for claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel, nor could such a failure be prejudicial.”).
The second assignment of error is overruled.
C. Reagan Tokes Notifications
In the third assignment of error, Grays argues his sentence is contrary
to law because the trial court failed to comply with the notice requirements of R.C.
2929.19(B)(2)(c) at the time of sentencing.
When reviewing felony sentences, appellate courts must apply the
standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d
516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 7. Under that statute, an appellate court
may increase, reduce, or modify a sentence, or it may vacate the sentence and
remand for resentencing, only if it clearly and convincingly finds either (1) the record
does not support the sentencing court’s findings under certain statutes, or (2) the
sentence is otherwise contrary to law. Id. at ¶ 9, citing R.C. 2953.08(G)(2).
Pursuant to R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c), trial courts are required to provide
certain notifications if a nonlife felony indefinite prison term is imposed. The statute
provides, in pertinent part:
[I]f the sentencing court determines at the sentencing hearing that a
prison term is necessary or required, the court shall do all of the
following:
***
(c) If the prison term is a non-life felony indefinite prison term, notify
the offender of all of the following:
(i) That it is rebuttably presumed that the offender will be released from
service of the sentence on the expiration of the minimum prison term
imposed as part of the sentence or on the offender’s presumptive
earned early release date, as defined in section 2967.271 of the Revised
Code, whichever is earlier;
(ii) That the department of rehabilitation and correction may rebut the
presumption described in division (B)(2)(c)(i) of this section if, at a
hearing held under section 2967.271 of the Revised Code, the
department makes specified determinations regarding the offender’s
conduct while confined, the offender’s rehabilitation, the offender’s
threat to society, the offender’s restrictive housing, if any, while
confined, and the offender’s security classification;
(iii) That if, as described in division (B)(2)(c)(ii) of this section, the
department at the hearing makes the specified determinations and
rebuts the presumption, the department may maintain the offender’s
incarceration after the expiration of that minimum term or after that
presumptive earned early release date for the length of time the
department determines to be reasonable, subject to the limitation
specified in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code;
(iv) That the department may make the specified determinations and
maintain the offender’s incarceration under the provisions described in
divisions (B)(2)(c)(i) and (ii) of this section more than one time, subject
to the limitation specified in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code;
(v) That if the offender has not been released prior to the expiration of
the offender’s maximum prison term imposed as part of the sentence,
the offender must be released upon the expiration of that term.
“No specific language is required, but the court must impart this
information to a defendant at the time of sentencing.” State v. Gates, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 110615, 2022-Ohio-1666, ¶ 21. “When trial courts have failed to
provide the notifications required by R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c), this court has remanded
cases for the limited purpose of providing the required notifications.” State v.
Bradley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110882, 2022-Ohio-2954, ¶ 13, citing Gates at ¶ 25;
and State v. Guzman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111153, 2022-Ohio-2414, ¶ 10; see also
Bobo, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111362, 2022-Ohio-3555, at ¶ 33.
In this case, the trial court made the following statement at the time
of sentencing:
Reagan Tokes does apply to this case. So the minimum sentence in this
matter is eight [years], and the maximum sentence is 12 years. There
is a presumption that you are released after eight years; however, the
ODRC has the legal right under Senate Bill 201 to rebut that
presumption and to extend your period of confinement for 50 percent
of the term I have imposed.
If ODRC makes that decision, you will be released after the additional
time is served. The decision to extend your term in this county is the
sole authority of the ODRC, and they alone made the determination
based on such criteria as your conduct while incarcerated, your
rehabilitation, the threat they believe you pose to the community,
whether any restrictive housing sanctions were imposed on you during
your incarceration, as well as your security classification.
(Tr. 30-31.)
After careful review of the sentencing colloquy in its entirety, we find
the trial court partially complied with the requirements of R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c).
Here, the trial court unambiguously advised Grays that there is a presumption that
he will be released from prison once he serves his minimum prison term, but that
the presumption is rebuttable if the ODRC determines that the factors listed under
R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)(ii) are applicable. With that said, however, the record further
demonstrates that the court failed to advise Grays that a hearing would be held
before the ODRC could maintain his incarceration beyond the minimum stated
term, and that he could be evaluated by the ODRC more than once during his
confinement. In addition, the trial court did not specifically advise Grays that if he
has not been released prior to the expiration of the maximum prison term imposed
as part of his sentence, he must be released upon the expiration of that term.
Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court failed to fully comply
with the requirements of R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c). In accordance with foregoing
precedent of this court, this case is remanded to the trial court for the sole purpose
of providing Grays with each of the notifications required by R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c).
The third assignment of error is sustained.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded to the trial
court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is ordered that appellee and appellant share the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., and
LISA B. FORBES, J., CONCUR
N.B. Judge Eileen T. Gallagher joined the dissent by Judge Lisa B. Forbes in
Delvallie and would have found that R.C. 2967.271(C) and (D) of the Reagan Tokes
Law are unconstitutional.
Judge Lisa B. Forbes is constrained to apply Delvallie. For a full explanation,
see State v. Delvallie, 2022-Ohio-470, 185 N.E.3d 536 (8th Dist.) (Forbes, J.,
dissenting).