Oates v. State , 48 Tex. Crim. 131 ( 1905 )

Appellant was convicted of murder in the first degree, and his punishment assessed at death; hence this appeal.

Before announcement of ready for trial, appellant made an affidavit for a severance. The affidavit showed that there was pending against Hollis Vann, Frank McCue and Will Dalton separate indictments, charging them with the same offense; that the evidence of all of said parties was material to appellant's defense; that there was not sufficient evidence against said parties, or either of them, to secure their conviction; therefore he asked that said parties be first put upon trial. It is disclosed that Hollis Vann was tried first and convicted; so the question of severance passes out as to him. The bill does not make it clear as to what disposition was made of Dalton's case; but as to Frank McCue it shows that the motion was overruled. There was no counter affidavit on his part controverting appellant's application, or desire that appellant be first put upon trial. The court explains as to Frank McCue that he had made an agreement and contract in writing with the State, to testify against defendant Burrel Oates; the State agreeing to exempt said McCue from prosecution. Thus the question is presented whether the State has the right to defeat a motion to sever, by showing an agreement between the State and the party against whom the severance is asked, to turn State's evidence. We are referred to a number of cases in which a severance, when claimed under the statute, is recognized as a matter of right. Price v. State, 40 S.W. Rep., 596; King v. State, 35 Tex.Crim. Rep.; Shaw v. State, 39 Tex.Crim. Rep.; Manor v. State, 77 S.W. Rep., 786; Wolf v. State, 9 Texas Ct. Rep., 946. These cases are not applicable, inasmuch as the question of an agreement to turn State's evidence is not involved in either of said cases. This exact question was decided in Ex parte Greenhaw, 41 Tex.Crim. Rep.; and in Stevens v. State,42 Tex. Crim. 154. Under these cases it is held that a right to a severance can be defeated altogether, when the State shows that it has entered into an agreement with the party against whom the severance is asked, that such party shall testify for the State. In such case the party must comply with the agreement before he can even ask a dismissal of the case. In other words, there must be a compliance with the terms of the contract on the part of such person agreeing to turn State's evidence, before he can claim immunity. We accordingly hold that the State's answer to the motion to sever, that it had made and entered into an agreement with the party or parties against whom the severance was asked, that such person should turn State's evidence was a sufficient answer to appellant's motion requesting a severance; and the court did not err in overruling said motion.

Appellant made a motion to quash the indictment because it failed to set out the essential elements of robbery. The indictment here merely recited the language of the statute (article 711, Penal Code) that the murder was committed with express malice in the perpetration of robbery, without further setting out the robbery. We think this was sufficient. We do not understand it to be contended that the court failed to instruct the jury in its charge with regard to the essential elements of robbery; this was done. See Wilkins v. State, 35 Tex. Crim. 525; Ransom v. State, 70 S.W. Rep., 960.

Appellant made a motion to quash the special venire because the clerk in drawing the same failed to place the names of all the jurors for the term in the box. This is explained by the court, by stating that there were two other defendants (Vann and McCue) charged with the same offense by separate indictments, and that a list of seventy-five jurors were drawn in each case from the box before appellant's jury was drawn. That is, it is shown that the jury for the term consisted of 520 names; that in Vann's case, a list of seventy-five jurors were first drawn, and then another list of seventy-five jurors were drawn in the McCue case, from the remainder; and then appellant's jury was drawn, without first replacing the names of those drawn in the two other cases in the box. So that, out of 520 jurors, appellant had only a list of 370 to draw from. It is insisted by the State that this was correct practice, because the jurors in the other two cases would evidently be disqualified in appellant's case. To support this contention the State refers us to Kipper v. State, 8th Ct. Rep., 852. However, an examination of that case discloses that no objection was made to the special venire until the same was exhausted; and the court then summoned other talesmen, and these were brought in, when, for the first time, objection was urged. Besides, it appears from affidavits that this course was agreed to and endorsed by appellant. Here the objection was made at the threshold, and there can be no question but that the objection was timely. The statute requires (article 647) that whenever a special venire is ordered, the names of all the persons selected by the jury commissions to do jury service for the term of which such venire is required, shall be placed upon tickets of similar size and color of paper, and from this list the special venire ordered is drawn by the clerk. As was said in Burries v. State,36 Tex. Crim. 13; 35 S.W. Rep., 164; in construing this statute and others relating to special venires: "These and other articles following, as we understand it, provide the machinery for the trial of a capital case, and an essential part of the machinery is a special venire. This special venire a defendant, when brought to trial in a capital case, has the right to demand. Nor can he be brought to trial until he has had one day's service of such special venire. In this case he was not only refused one day's service of the special venire prior to his trial, but he was not tried by a special venire at all, but, as appears from the bill of exceptions, by the regular jury. If it was competent for him to waive trial by special venire, it does not appear that he did so in this case. On the contrary he claimed his right to a day's service of the list of special veniremen summoned for his trial. It did not excuse the State because neither the State nor appellant called for a special venire, or failed to have such special venire summoned for the trial, because the law makes that an essential part of the machinery by which one accused of a capital offense is to be tried. * * * The law guarantees to persons to be tried for offenses, the character of tribunal authorized and appointed by law to try them; and because such a tribunal was not used, it is no answer to say that sufficient time was not left during the term to try the party under the manner and by the character of jury authorized by law."

In Hunter v. State, 34 Tex.Crim. Rep., it was said that the clerk had no power in drawing the special venire to curtail the number of jurors ordered by the court, and because he did so, the special venire was quashed. In Weathersby v. State, 29 Texas Crim. App., 278, it was held that after the exhaustion of the special venire it is proper practice to summon talesmen. And in Bates v. State, 67 S.W. Rep., 504, it was held error, after the special venire was exhausted, to bring in jurors for the week. The cases referred to show that the court construes these statutes with reference to constituting a special venire to try a defendant, with that degree of strictness which indicates that the provisions of the statute are regarded as mandatory. In this case it is urged that the court was justified in disregarding the statute which requires the special venire in each case to be drawn from a full list of all the jurors for the term, on the ground that the list had been diminished, by drawing special venires for two other defendants charged with the same offense by separate indictments. In answer to this proposition we ask, how could the court know that all of these jurors would be disqualified if drawn? Only twelve would be selected in each panel, and if both cases had been previously tried, this would really disqualify but twenty-four out of one hundred and fifty. Of those not taken, we cannot tell how many might have disqualified themselves on account of prejudice against appellant's codefendants, who might qualify themselves as to this defendant. Moreover, it could not be ascertained whether both of said cases would be tried, or whether either of said cases would be tried, in fact only one of the cases was tried. This would certainly leave seventy-five jurors against whom no possible objection could be urged; and it cannot be contended that appellant did not have the right to have these seventy-five jurors drawn on his special venire. It occurs to us that all of the reasons urged by the State for the departure from the statute are merely speculative. Appellant had the statutory right to have his list of jurors drawn from the entire list of jurors for the term. The denial of this right by the court was error.

Appellant complains that the court failed to charge to the effect that if Mrs. Aronoff shot and killed deceased, defendant would not be guilty. We have examined the record carefully, and, in our opinion, there is no evidence calling for a charge of that character. The testimony is positive on the part of Mrs. Aronoff herself that Vann (appellant's codefendant) shot and killed her husband. We do not understand any circumstances proven in the case to gainsay this theory. The fact that one of the physicians stated that the wound was inflicted with a 38-caliber pistol is merely his opinion. The fact that this physician states that he inserted his little finger into the wound an inch or more would indicate it was inflicted by a much larger pistol than a 38. Besides, there is no proof (that we recall) as to the character of pistols used by appellant and his codefendant. Either appellant or Vann may have had a 38. If either had a 41 or 45, the wound was more likely inflicted with such a weapon than a 38. Reviewing the evidence, we do not believe the court was required to give the charge above indicated.

The complaint is made that the court's charge, in defining robbery, stated that robbery committed by firearms may be a capital felony. It does not occur to us that there was error in this, especially as that was the character of the offense proven. We believe the court was justified in charging that murder committed in the perpetration of robbery is murder in the first degree. The court had previously defined express malice, and had also defined robbery; and in applying the law to the facts, the court not only told the jury that they must believe the homicide was committed in the perpetration of robbery, but it must be done upon malice aforethought.

We believe the court committed error in not charging directly that Frank McCue was an accomplice; that is, if we take the charge as given on this subject, it was clearly misleading. The court in this connection defined an accomplice as "Any one connected with the crime committed, either as principal offender, as an accomplice, as an accessory or otherwise. It includes all persons who are connected with the crime by unlawful act or omission on their part, transpiring either before, at the time, or after the commission of the offense, and whether or not he was present and participated in the commission of the crime." According to the proof the testimony not only failed to connect McCue with the commission of the offense, either before, at the time of, or after its commission, but the testimony on this subject, coming from McCue himself, showed that he was not so connected. So that, the only evidence which rendered him an accomplice was, that he was charged by indictment with the offense, and had made an agreement with the State to have said case dismissed, in consideration that he would testify to certain facts for the State. If the court had instructed the jury properly as to these matters, perhaps no complaint could be made; but the mode adopted of leaving it to the jury to determine from other considerations, whether or not he was an accomplice, did not adequately present this matter to them. Bareaso v. State,42 Tex. 260.

We do not believe the court was called on to instruct the jury how they were to regard certain evidence introduced by the State to discredit certain of the witnesses for the defendant. There was no possible danger that this testimony would be appropriated by the jury for any purpose than that for which it was introduced, and there was no occasion for the court calling the attention of the jury to this impeaching testimony.

We do not deem it necessary to discuss other assignments of error; but for those discussed and pointed out, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, in order that appellant may have a fair trial in accordance with the rules of law.

Reversed and remanded.