Lane v. Vitek Real Estate Industries Group , 713 F. Supp. 2d 1092 ( 2010 )

713 F. Supp. 2d 1092 (2010)

James LANE and Dawna Lane, Plaintiffs,
v.
VITEK REAL ESTATE INDUSTRIES GROUP dba Vitek Mortgage Group, a California corporation; Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., a California corporation; Aurora Loan Services, Inc., a Delaware corporation; CitiMortgage, Inc., a New York corporation; Cal-Western Reconveyance Corp., a California corporation; and Does 1 to 100, inclusive, Defendants.

No. CIV. 2:10-335 WBS GGH.

United States District Court, E.D. California.

May 13, 2010.

Stephen C. Ruehmann, Law Offices of Stephen C. Ruehmann, Sacramento, CA, for Plaintiffs.

Joshua A. Rosenthal, Medlin & Hargrave, PC, Oakland, CA, Thomas N. Abbott, Pite Duncan, LLP, San Diego, CA, Nicole K. Neff, Wright Finlay & Zak, LLP, Newport Beach, CA, for Defendants.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER RE: MOTIONS TO DISMISS

WILLIAM B. SHUBB, District Judge.

Plaintiffs James and Dawna Lane brought this action against defendants Vitek Real Estate Industries Group dba Vitek Mortgage Group ("Vitek"), Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. ("MERS"), Aurora Loan Services, Inc. ("Aurora"), CitiMortgage, Inc. ("CMI"), and Cal-Western Reconveyance Corporation ("CWRC") alleging various federal and state claims arising out of plaintiffs' mortgage transaction. Presently before the court are defendants Vitek and CMI and MERS's motions to dismiss the First Amended Complaint ("FAC") pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).

I. Factual and Procedural Background

On July 17, 2003, plaintiffs obtained a loan from Vitek to refinance their home, located at 8442 West Hidden Lakes Drive in Granite Bay, California. (FAC Ex. 1.) This loan was secured by a Deed of Trust on the property. (Id.) The Deed of Trust listed Fidelity National Title Company as trustee, Vitek as lender, and MERS as the nominal beneficiary for the lender and the lender's successors and assigns. (Id.) At the time of consummation of the loan, defendants allegedly falsely represented to plaintiffs that plaintiffs were qualified for their mortgage and that plaintiffs could pay back the loan even though defendants had not conducted an investigation into plaintiffs' finances. (Id. ¶ 51.) The FAC further alleges that Vitek failed to provide plaintiffs with two copies of the statutory right to rescind their loan and received kickbacks to steer plaintiffs into an unaffordable loan. (Id. ¶ 34.)

Plaintiffs began experiencing financial difficulties in October 2008 and eventually fell behind on their loan payments. (Id. ¶ 13.) CMI allegedly never contacted plaintiffs to discuss loan modification before filing a Notice of Default, and the only calls plaintiffs ever received from CMI were collection calls. (Id. ¶ 15.) Plaintiffs called CMI in response to the alleged collection calls and were eventually referred to CMI's Loss Mitigation Department, which provided them with loan modification forms and advised them that a loan negotiator would be assigned to their account. (Id. ¶ 17.) Plaintiffs completed the loan modification paperwork and sent it to CMI by fax. (Id. ¶ 18.) After allegedly calling twice a week for forty-five days and being unable to reach a loan negotiator, plaintiffs were allegedly told by CMI that it lost their paperwork and that they should reapply for loan modification. (Id.) Plaintiffs resubmitted their paperwork and allegedly were not contacted by anyone at CMI while they attempted to contact CMI every week for eight months. (Id.)

In May of 2009, plaintiffs allege that they were told orally that their loan modification was approved at a payment of $2,700 a month of three months that would subsequently become permanent. (Id. ¶ 18.) After sending in a payment, plaintiffs were subsequently told that their payment was only partial and that their loan modification was denied. (Id.) On September 14, 2009, MERS substituted CWRC as the new trustee under the Deed of Trust. (CMI Req. Judicial Notice Ex. C.) On September 15, 2009, MERS assigned its beneficial interest in the Deed of Trust to CMI pursuant to an Assignment of Deed of Trust. (Id. Ex. D.) A Notice of Default was filed on plaintiffs' property on September 18, 2009. (Id. ¶ 16.) In October, plaintiffs hired a representative to negotiate with CMI. (Id. ¶ 18.) CMI allegedly again denied plaintiffs' request for loan modification without negotiation or discussion. (Id.)

A trustee's sale of plaintiffs' property was originally scheduled for February 10, 2010. (Id. Ex. B.) On February 9, 2010, plaintiffs filed this action and a motion for a temporary restraining order ("TRO") enjoining the foreclosure sale. (Docket Nos. 1, 7.) The court granted plaintiffs' unopposed motion for a TRO on February 9, 2010, and issued an Order to Show Cause why a preliminary injunction ought not issue in this action. (Docket No. 11.) The court vacated the TRO and denied plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction on February 26, 2010, after CMI and MERS appeared and opposed the motion. (Docket No. 30.) Vitek filed a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss on March 18, 2010. (Docket No. 33.) CMI and MERS filed their own motion to dismiss the FAC on March 30, 2010. (Docket No. 36.) Plaintiffs did not oppose the motions. Nor did plaintiffs file a statement of non-opposition pursuant to Local Rule 230(c). Therefore, on May 3, 2010, the court vacated the hearing date on Vitek, MERS, and CMI's motions pursuant to Local Rule 230(c), and took the motions to dismiss under submission without oral argument. (Docket No. 39.) On May 10, 2010, plaintiffs and Vitek filed a stipulation dismissing Vitek from this action with prejudice. (Docket No. 41.)

II. Discussion

On a motion to dismiss, the court must accept the allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S. Ct. 1683, 40 L. Ed. 2d 90 (1974), overruled on other grounds by Davis v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183, 104 S. Ct. 3012, 82 L. Ed. 2d 139 (1984); Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322, 92 S. Ct. 1079, 31 L. Ed. 2d 263 (1972). To survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff needs to plead "only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007). This "plausibility standard," however, "asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully," and where a complaint pleads facts that are "merely consistent with" a defendant's liability, it "stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556-57, 127 S. Ct. 1955).

In general a court may not consider items outside the pleadings upon deciding a motion to dismiss, but may consider items of which it can take judicial notice. Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir.1994). A court may take judicial notice of facts "not subject to reasonable dispute" because they are either "(1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned." Fed.R.Evid. 201.

CMI and MERS submitted a request for judicial notice. CMI and MERS request the court take judicial notice of several publically recorded documents related to plaintiffs' mortgage as well as two court documents relating to plaintiffs' bankruptcy proceedings. (Docket No. 36.) The court will take judicial notice of these documents, since they are matters of public record whose accuracy cannot be questioned. See Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir.2001).

A. Standing

CMI and MERS contend that plaintiffs lack standing to bring this action because their claims are now property of their bankruptcy estate. On March 12, 2010, plaintiffs filed a Voluntary Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of California. (CMI Req. Judicial Notice Ex. E.) Upon a declaration of bankruptcy, all petitioner's property becomes the property of the bankruptcy estate. See 11 U.S.C. § 541(a). This includes "all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property," id. at § 541(a)(1), which has been interpreted to include causes of action. See Switchboard Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 789 F.2d 705, 707 (9th Cir.1986); Rowland v. Novus Fin. Corp., 949 F. Supp. 1447, 1453 (D.Haw.1996) (holding claims under the Truth in Lending Act are included as an interest under § 541(a)(1)). Accordingly, a bankruptcy petitioner loses standing for any causes of action and the estate becomes the only real party in interest unless the bankruptcy trustee abandons the claims. See In re Lopez, 283 B.R. 22, 28-29 (9th Cir.2002); In re Pace, 146 B.R. 562, 565-66 (9th Cir.1992).

If plaintiffs were in bankruptcy they clearly would lack standing to bring this action absent abandonment of their claims by the bankruptcy trustee. However, plaintiffs continue to have standing to pursue this case because their bankruptcy petition was dismissed after CMI and MERS filed their motion to dismiss. See In re Lane, No. 10-25998 at Docket No. 14.

B. Section 2923.5 Wrongful Foreclosure Claim

Plaintiffs' FAC purports to state a claim for wrongful foreclosure against all defendants. Wrongful foreclosure is an action in equity, where a plaintiff seeks to set aside a foreclosure sale. See Abdallah v. United Sav. Bank, 43 Cal. App. 4th 1101, 1109, 51 Cal. Rptr. 2d 286 (1996); Karlsen v. American Sav. & Loan Ass'n. 15 Cal. App. 3d 112, 117, 92 Cal. Rptr. 851 (1971). Plaintiffs primarily base this claim on defendants' alleged failure to comply with the communication requirements set forth in California Civil Code section 2923.5. Section 2923.5(a)(2) requires a "mortgagee, beneficiary or authorized agent" to "contact the borrower in person or by telephone in order to assess the borrower's financial situation and explore options for the borrower to avoid foreclosure." Section 2923.5(b) requires a default notice to include a declaration "from the mortgagee, beneficiary, or authorized agent" of compliance with section 2923.5, including attempt "with due diligence to contact the borrower as required by this section."

The FAC only makes the conclusory claim that no one from CMI attempted to contact them to discuss options to pay their loan or assess their financial situation before foreclosure and that there was no personal meeting or telephonic communication between CMI and plaintiffs at any time. (FAC ¶¶ 15-16, 19, 21.) However, plaintiffs further state that they called CMI in response to what they characterize as "constant collection calls" and were subsequently referred to CMI's Loss Mitigation Department, which provided plaintiffs with loan modification forms to fill out. (Id. ¶¶ 17-18.) These contradictory statements are difficult to reconcile—plaintiffs claim they had no contact with CMI and yet that CMI referred them to a department which then discussed the procedure plaintiffs would need to follow to obtain a loan modification.

While section 2923.5 requires the borrower to discuss options to prevent foreclosure, it does not require that any loan modification take place. See Vega v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 654 F. Supp. 2d 1104, 1113 (E.D.Cal.2009) (O'Neill, J.). Although plaintiffs plead they responded to "collection calls" by CMI, the actions allegedly taken by CMI are consistent with an attempt to assess plaintiffs' financial situation and investigate ways to avoid foreclosure. As plaintiffs admit, CMI provided plaintiffs with loan modification forms and told them a loan negotiator would be assigned to their account. (FAC ¶ 17.) While CMI ultimately rejected plaintiffs' application for loan modification after a protracted process, CMI was not required by law to grant plaintiffs' request. Plaintiffs' allegations against CMI "stop[] short of the line between possibility and plausibility" and cannot survive a motion to dismiss because they are both contradictory and not inconsistent with compliance with section 2923.5. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949.

Plaintiffs base their wrongful foreclosure claim on "numerous improprieties in the assignment, transfer and exercise of power of sale contained in the Deed of Trust, and that . . . CWRC[] is not properly appointed or authorized by the true beneficiary to foreclose upon the Subject Property." (Id. ¶ 27.) The FAC contends that CWRC is not authorized to foreclose because none of the parties are beneficiaries of the Note and only have interests in the Deed of Trust, which leaves them without any right to foreclose upon the Deed of Trust. "Financing or refinancing of real property is generally accomplished in California through a deed of trust. The borrower (trustor) executes a promissory note and deed of trust, thereby transferring an interest in the property to the lender (beneficiary) as security for repayment of the loan." Bartold v. Glendale Fed. Bank, 81 Cal. App. 4th 816, 821, 97 Cal. Rptr. 2d 226 (2000). A deed of trust "entitles the lender to reach some asset of the debtor if the note is not paid." Alliance Mortg. Co. v. Rothwell, 10 Cal. 4th 1226, 1235, 44 Cal. Rptr. 2d 352, 900 P.2d 601 (1995).

The California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District has explained that California's non-judicial foreclosure statute, California Civil Code section 2924, is a "comprehensive statutory framework established to govern nonjudicial foreclosure sales [and] is intended to be exhaustive." Moeller v. Lien, 25 Cal. App. 4th 822, 834, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 777 (1994); see I.E. Assoc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 39 Cal. 3d 281, 216 Cal. Rptr. 438, 702 P.2d 596 (1985) ("These provisions cover every aspect of exercise of the power of sale contained in a deed of trust."). Because of the exhaustive nature of this scheme, California appellate courts have refused to read any additional requirements into the non-judicial foreclosure statute. See Moeller, 25 Cal.App.4th at 834, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 777; see also, I.E. Assocs. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 39 Cal. 3d 281, 288, 216 Cal. Rptr. 438, 702 P.2d 596 (1985).

Under California Civil Code section 2924(a)(1), a "trustee, mortgagee or beneficiary or any of their authorized agents" may conduct the foreclosure process. Under California Civil Code section 2924b(b)(4), a "person authorized to record the notice of default or the notice of sale" includes "an agent for the mortgagee or beneficiary, an agent of the named trustee, any person designated in an executed substitution of trustee, or an agent of that substituted trustee." "Upon default by the trustor, the beneficiary may declare a default and proceed with a nonjudicial foreclosure sale." Moeller, 25 Cal.App.4th at 830, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 777. There is no stated requirement in California's non-judicial foreclosure scheme that requires a beneficial interest in the Note to foreclose. Rather, the statute broadly allows a trustee, mortgagee, beneficiary, or any of their agents to initiate non-judicial foreclosure. Accordingly, the statute does not require a beneficial interest in both the Note and the Deed of Trust to commence a non-judicial foreclosure sale.

This interpretation is consistent with the rulings of this court, along with many others, that MERS has standing to foreclose as the nominee for the lender and beneficiary of the Deed of Trust and may assign its beneficial interest to another party. See, e.g., Morgera v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., No. Civ. 2:09-01476 MCE GGH, 2010 WL 160348, at *8 (E.D.Cal. Jan. 11, 2010) (collecting cases); Pantoja v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 640 F. Supp. 2d 1177 (N.D.Cal.2009); Castaneda v. Saxon Mortg. Servs., Inc., 687 F. Supp. 2d 1191, 1197-98 (E.D.Cal. 2009); Benham v. Aurora Loan Servs., No. C-09-2059 SC, 2009 WL 2880232, at *3 (N.D.Cal. Sept. 1, 2009); Kachlon v. Markowitz, 168 Cal. App. 4th 316, 334-35, 85 Cal. Rptr. 3d 532 (2008). MERS properly substituted Cal-Western Reconveyance Corp. as a Trustee and assigned its beneficial interest to CMI on September 15, 2009. (Oaks Decl. Exs. C, D.)

Finally, plaintiffs contend that none of the defendants have the authority to foreclose because their loan was packaged and resold in the secondary market, where it was put into a trust pool and securitized. The argument that parties lose their interest in a loan when it is assigned to a trust pool has also been rejected by many district courts. See, e.g., Benham, 2009 WL 2880232, at *3 ("Other courts . . . have summarily rejected the argument that companies like MERS lose their power of sale pursuant to the deed of trust when the original promissory note is assigned to a trust pool."); Hafiz v. Greenpoint Mortg. Funding, Inc., 652 F. Supp. 2d 1039, 1042-43 (N.D.Cal.2009). Accordingly, the court must grant CMI and MERS's motion to dismiss plaintiffs' wrongful foreclosure claim.

C. Truth in Lending Act Rescission Claim

Plaintiffs' second cause of action demands for rescission of their loan under the Truth in Lending Act ("TILA"), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1601-1667f. In a consumer credit transaction where the creditor acquires a security interest in the borrower's principal dwelling, TILA provides the borrower with "a three-day cooling-off period within which [he or she] may, for any reason or for no reason, rescind" the transaction. McKenna v. First Horizon Home Loan Corp., 475 F.3d 418, 421 (1st Cir.2007) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1635). A creditor must "clearly and conspicuously disclose" this right to the borrower along with "appropriate forms for the [borrower] to exercise his right to rescind." 15 U.S.C. § 1635(a).

If a creditor fails to provide the borrower with the required notice of the right to rescind, the borrower has three years from the date of consummation to rescind the transaction. Id. § 1635(f); see 12 C.F.R. § 226.23(a)(3) ("If the required notice or material disclosures are not delivered, the right to rescind shall expire 3 years after consummation."). "[Section] 1635(f) completely extinguishes the right of rescission at the end of the 3-year period." Beach v. Ocwen Fed. Bank, 523 U.S. 410, 412, 118 S. Ct. 1408, 140 L. Ed. 2d 566 (1998); see also Miguel v. Country Funding Corp., 309 F.3d 1161, 1164 (9th Cir.2002) ("[S]ection 1635(f) represents an `absolute limitation on rescission actions' which bars any claims filed more than three years after the consummation of the transaction." (quoting King v. California, 784 F.2d 910, 913 (9th Cir.1986))); Cazares v. Household Fin. Corp., 2005 WL 6418178, at *8, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 39222, at *24-25 (C.D.Cal.2005) (concluding that, "[i]f certain Plaintiffs did exercise their rights to rescind[ ] prior to the expiration of the three-year limitation period," such facts "would only entitle Plaintiffs to damages, not rescission" (citing Belini v. Wash. Mut. Bank, FA, 412 F.3d 17 (1st Cir. 2005))). Plaintiffs argue that the Complaint, filed February 9, 2010, acted to rescind the loan. (Docket No. 1.) However, plaintiffs' loan closed on July 13, 2003, putting their notice of rescission well outside of the three-year limitations period. (FAC Ex. 1.)

Even if plaintiffs were legally entitled to equitable tolling of their claim, plaintiffs have not alleged any facts in the Complaint that would warrant tolling the statute of limitations. Plaintiffs simply assert that they were unable to discover defendants' TILA violations until two weeks before the filing of the FAC because defendants "fraudulently concealed those violations . . . ." (FAC ¶ 34.) This conclusory allegation is insufficient to establish the necessity for equitable tolling under even the pleading standards of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a). See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009); Cervantes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 2009 WL 3157160, at *4, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87997, at *13-14 (D.Ariz.2009) (holding that equitable tolling was not appropriate when plaintiffs simply alleged that defendants "fraudulently misrepresented and concealed the true facts related to the items subject to disclosure"). Accordingly, the court will grant CMI and MERS's motion to dismiss plaintiffs' TILA claim.

D. Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Claim

Plaintiffs' third claim alleges violations of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ("RESPA"), 12 U.S.C. §§ 2601-2617. Plaintiffs allege that defendants violated RESPA in two ways: (1) by failing to respond to plaintiffs' Qualified Written Request ("QWR") and (2) "by receiving money and/or other things of value for referrals of settlement service business . . . including secret kickbacks and yield spread premiums to loan brokers such as Vitek." (FAC ¶¶ 42-43.) The court will address each allegation in turn.

1. Failure to Respond to QWR

RESPA provides that borrowers must be provided certain disclosures relating to the mortgage loan settlement process. See 12 U.S.C. § 2601. Section 2605 of RESPA relates to the disclosures and communications required regarding the servicing of mortgage loans, and provides that loan servicers have a duty to respond to QWRs from borrowers asking for information relating to the servicing of their loan. 12 U.S.C. § 2605(e). Under RESPA lenders of federally related mortgage loans must disclose whether servicing of a loan may be assigned, sold or transferred to loan applicants. 12 U.S.C. § 2605(a). Additionally, borrowers may send QWRs under RESPA to loan servicers for information relating to the servicing of their loan. 12 U.S.C. § 2605(e)(1). Loan servicers have sixty days after the receipt of a QWR to respond to the borrower inquiry. 12 U.S.C. § 2605(e)(2).

Plaintiffs allege that they submitted a QWR and that defendants failed to timely respond. (FAC ¶ 42.) The FAC does not indicate to whom the QWR was sent or when it was sent. Perhaps this is because plaintiffs claim that they "are not certain at this point in time exactly which entity was and is actually the beneficiary, lender, servicer or trustee" of their loan. (Id.) "[U]nder RESPA § 2605, only a loan servicer has a duty to respond to a borrower's inquiries." Gonzalez v. First Franklin Loan Servs., No. Civ. 1:09-941 AWI GSA, 2010 WL 144862, at *12 (E.D.Cal. Jan. 11, 2010). Without alleging that MERS or CMI is a loan servicer under RESPA, plaintiffs cannot show that MERS or CMI owed any duty to respond to plaintiffs' QWR. Castaneda, 687 F.Supp.2d at 1196-97; see Blanco v. Am. Home Mortgage Servicing, Inc., No. Civ. 2:09-578 WBS DAD, 2009 WL 4674904, at *6 (E.D.Cal. Dec. 4, 2009). Accordingly, plaintiffs' RESPA claim is insufficient as currently pled. See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949.

Plaintiffs' RESPA claim must also allege actual harm to survive a motion to dismiss. Section 2605(f) imposes liability on servicers that violate RESPA and fail to make the required disclosures. 12 U.S.C. § 2605(f). Although this section does not explicitly make a showing of damages part of the pleading standard, "a number of courts have read the statute as requiring a showing of pecuniary damages in order to state a claim." Allen v. United Fin. Mortgage Corp., 660 F. Supp. 2d 1089, 1097 (N.D.Cal.2009). For example, in Hutchinson v. Del. Sav. Bank FSB, the court stated that "alleging a breach of RESPA duties alone does not state a claim under RESPA. Plaintiff must, at a minimum, also allege that the breach resulted in actual damages." 410 F. Supp. 2d 374, 383 (D.N.J.2006).

This pleading requirement has the effect of limiting the cause of action to circumstances in which plaintiffs can show that a failure to respond or give notice has caused them actual harm. See Singh v. Wash. Mut. Bank, No. 09-2771, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73315, *16, 2009 WL 2588885, *5 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 19, 2009) (dismissing RESPA claim because, "[i]n particular, plaintiffs have failed to allege any facts in support of their conclusory allegation that as a result of defendants' failure to respond, defendants are liable for actual damages, costs, and attorney fees") (citations omitted). Plaintiffs here have not offered any facts to support an inference that defendants' failure to respond to their QWR resulted in pecuniary damages. The closest plaintiffs get to alleging any harm is stating that they "have suffered and continues [sic] to suffer compensable damages." (FAC ¶ 44.) Even under a liberal pleading standard for harm, plaintiffs' pleading fails.

2. Kickbacks and Illegal Fees

Plaintiffs' second allegation relating to kickbacks similarly fails. RESPA § 2607 prohibits any person from giving or accepting "any fee, kickback, or thing of value pursuant to any agreement or understanding... that business incident to or a part of a real estate service ... shall be referred to any person," 12 U.S.C. § 2607(a), and from accepting any unearned fee in relation to a settlement service, 12 U.S.C. § 2607(b). Plaintiffs' allegations of kickbacks are completely devoid of any factual enhancement whatsoever. Plaintiffs do not explain what these kickbacks were, when they occurred, or which defendants received them. Instead, plaintiffs simply allege the existence of secret kickbacks and lump the actions of defendants together. Defendants should not be forced to guess how they each violated RESPA. See Gauvin v. Trombatore, 682 F. Supp. 1067, 1071 (N.D.Cal.1988). Accordingly, plaintiffs' kickback claim "stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility" and must be dismissed. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949.

E. Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing Claim

"Every contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and fair dealing in its performance and its enforcement." Marsu, B.V. v. Walt Disney Co., 185 F.3d 932, 937 (9th Cir.1999) (quoting Carma Developers, Inc. v. Marathon Dev. Cal., Inc., 2 Cal. 4th 342, 371, 6 Cal. Rptr. 2d 467, 826 P.2d 710 (1992)). "A typical formulation of the burden imposed by the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is `that neither party will do anything which will injure the right of the other to receive the benefits of the agreement.'" Andrews v. Mobile Aire Estates, 125 Cal. App. 4th 578, 589, 22 Cal. Rptr. 3d 832 (2005) (quoting Gruenberg v. Aetna Ins. Co., 9 Cal. 3d 566, 573, 108 Cal. Rptr. 480, 510 P.2d 1032 (1973)). Plaintiffs allege that defendants violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by "failing and refusing to comply with the foreclosure avoidance provisions of Civil Code § 2923.5 . . . ." (FAC ¶ 47.)

The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing "cannot impose substantive duties or limits on the contracting parties beyond those incorporated in the specific terms of their agreement." Agosta v. Astor, 120 Cal. App. 4th 596, 607, 15 Cal. Rptr. 3d 565 (2004) (internal citation omitted). "Absent [a] contractual right... the implied covenant has nothing upon which to act as a supplement, and should not be endowed with an existence independent of its contractual underpinnings." Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc., 11 Cal. 4th 1, 36, 44 Cal. Rptr. 2d 370, 900 P.2d 619 (1995) (internal citations omitted). Plaintiffs have not articulated how a failure to comply with section 2923.5 frustrated plaintiffs' rights under the loan contract. The claim is also inadequate because it lumps all defendants together and fails to explain what actions each individual defendant took to violate the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. See Gauvin, 682 F.Supp. at 1071. Accordingly, the court must grant CMI and MERS's motion to dismiss plaintiffs' breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim.

F. Fraud Claims

Plaintiffs' fifth (fraudulent misrepresentation), sixth (fraudulent concealment), and seventh (civil conspiracy to defraud)^[1] causes of action are all species of fraud. In California, the essential elements of a claim for fraud are "(a) a misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity (or `scienter'); (c) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage." In re Estate of Young, 160 Cal. App. 4th 62, 79, 72 Cal. Rptr. 3d 520 (2008). Under the heightened pleading requirements for claims of fraud under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), "a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting the fraud." Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). The plaintiffs must include the "who, what, when, where, and how" of the fraud. Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir.2003) (citation omitted); Decker v. GlenFed, Inc., 42 F.3d 1541, 1548 (9th Cir.1994). Additionally, "[w]here multiple defendants are asked to respond to allegations of fraud, the complaint must inform each defendant of his alleged participation in the fraud." Ricon v. Recontrust Co., No. 09-937, 2009 WL 2407396, at *3 (S.D.Cal. Aug. 4, 2009) (quoting DiVittorio v. Equidyne Extractive Indus., 822 F.2d 1242, 1247 (2d Cir.1987)).

Plaintiffs' fraud allegations do not even come close to surviving a motion to dismiss. First, the FAC's fraud claims rarely differentiate between defendants. Plaintiffs' concealment and conspiracy claims, for example, simply allege that "[d]efendants concealed the fact from [p]laintiffs that they had a right to rescind or cancel the loan" (FAC ¶ 57), and that "[d]efendants represented to [p]laintiffs that they were qualified for their mortgage.. . ." (Id. ¶ 61.) Defendants should not be forced to guess as to how their conduct was allegedly fraudulent. See Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526, 103 S. Ct. 897, 74 L. Ed. 2d 723 (1983); Gauvin, 682 F.Supp. at 1071. Plaintiffs' other fraud allegations fail to specify so much as when the fraudulent statements alleged were made, who specifically made them, and why they were false. Plaintiffs' conclusory statements come nowhere close to meeting the pleading standard generally required under Rule 8, let alone the heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b). See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949; Vess, 317 F.3d at 1106.

Additionally, the statute of limitations for fraud claims under California law is three years. Cal.Code Civ. P. § 338(d). As previously discussed, plaintiffs brought this cause of action long after the close of the statute of limitations and have not plead any facts suggesting why they might be entitled to equitable tolling outside of conclusory allegations of fraud. Accordingly, the court will grant defendants' motions to dismiss plaintiffs' fifth, sixth, and seventh fraud causes of action against CMI and MERS.

G. Quiet Title Claim

Plaintiffs cannot sustain a quiet title claim as a matter of law. The purpose of a quiet title action is to establish one's title against adverse claims to real property. A basic requirement of an action to quiet title is an allegation that plaintiffs "are the rightful owners of the property, i.e., that they have satisfied their obligations under the Deed of Trust." Kelley v. Mortgage Elec. Reg. Sys., Inc., 642 F. Supp. 2d 1048, 1057 (N.D.Cal.2009). "[A] mortgagor cannot quiet his title against the mortgagee without paying the debt secured." Watson v. MTC Fin., Inc., No. Civ. 2:09-01012 JAM KJM, 2009 WL 2151782 (E.D.Cal. Jul. 17, 2009) (quoting Shimpones v. Stickney, 219 Cal. 637, 649, 28 P.2d 673 (1934)). As plaintiffs concede they have not paid the debt secured by the mortgage, they cannot sustain a quiet title action against defendants.

H. California's Unfair Competition Law Claim

California's Unfair Competition Law ("UCL"), Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code §§ 17200-17210, prohibits "any unlawful, unfair, or fraudulent business act or practice." Cel-Tech Commc'ns, Inc. v. L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 163, 180, 83 Cal. Rptr. 2d 548, 973 P.2d 527 (1999). This cause of action is generally derivative of some other illegal conduct or fraud committed by a defendant, and "[a] plaintiff must state with reasonable particularity the facts supporting the statutory elements of the violation." Khoury v. Maly's of Cal., Inc., 14 Cal. App. 4th 612, 619, 17 Cal. Rptr. 2d 708 (1993).

Plaintiffs' claim under the UCL is vague and conclusory, simply alleging that "the unlawful acts and practices of [d]efendants alleged herein constitute unlawful business acts and/or practices. . . ." (FAC ¶ 72.) Plaintiffs' claim lumps all defendants together and fails to identify any specific act taken by any one of the named defendants. (See FAC ¶¶ 72-76.) Such vague and conclusory allegations are insufficient to inform defendants as to their liability. See Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., 459 U.S. at 526, 103 S. Ct. 897; Gauvin, 682 F.Supp. at 1071; see also Lingad v. Indymac Fed. Bank, 682 F. Supp. 2d 1142, 1155 (E.D.Cal.2010). Although plaintiffs cite violations of California Civil Code sections 2923.5 and 2924 in their UCL claim, the court has already found that plaintiffs' section 2923.5 wrongful foreclosure claim is inadequately pled, and plaintiffs have not alleged how defendants purportedly violated section 2924. Accordingly, the court will grant defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiffs' UCL claim.

I. Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

Plaintiffs' tenth claim purports to state a cause of action for declaratory and injunctive relief. Declaratory and injunctive relief are not independent claims, rather they are forms of relief. See McDowell v. Watson, 59 Cal. App. 4th 1155, 1159, 69 Cal. Rptr. 2d 692 (1997) ("Injunctive relief is a remedy and not, in itself a cause of action ...." (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also, Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Karp, 108 F.3d 17, 21 (2d Cir.1997). Because plaintiffs' other claims have been dismissed and declaratory and injunctive relief are not causes of action in and of themselves, the court must grant MERS and CMI's motion to dismiss plaintiffs' tenth cause of action as well.

J. Breach of Fiduciary Duty/Aiding and Abetting Claim

The elements of a breach of fiduciary duty claim are (1) existence of a fiduciary relationship; (2) breach of the fiduciary duty; and (3) damage proximately caused by that breach. Roberts v. Lomanto, 112 Cal. App. 4th 1553, 1562, 5 Cal. Rptr. 3d 866 (2003). "The absence of any one of these elements is fatal to the cause of action." Pierce v. Lyman, 1 Cal. App. 4th 1093, 1101, 3 Cal. Rptr. 2d 236 (1991). Plaintiffs allege that Vitek owed them a fiduciary duty because it was plaintiffs' mortgage broker and MERS interfered with the fiduciary obligations of Vitek by aiding and abetting Vitek in violating its fiduciary duty. (FAC ¶¶ 84-86.)

"Absent special circumstances, a loan transaction is at arms-length and there is no fiduciary relationship between the borrower and lender." Rangel v. DHI Mortgage Co., Ltd., No. CV F 09-1035 LJO GSA, 2009 WL 2190210, at *3 (E.D.Cal. July 21, 2009) (quoting Oaks Management Corp. v. Superior Court, 145 Cal. App. 4th 453, 466, 51 Cal. Rptr. 3d 561 (2006)). Plaintiffs claim that MERS can be held secondarily liable for the actions of Vitek because it "aided and abetted" Vitek. (FAC ¶ 87.) Even assuming that plaintiffs can establish MERS is liable for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary claim as a matter of law, plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts to suggest what actions MERS took to aid and abet any of Vitek's alleged violations of its fiduciary duties. Without such facts plaintiffs cannot override the presumption that a lender owes no fiduciary duty to its borrowers. Accordingly, the court must dismiss plaintiffs' breach of fiduciary duty claim. See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949.

K. Sanctions

If plaintiffs' attorney could not draft a complaint that contained a single claim upon which relief could be granted, he could have at least complied with Local Rule 230(c) and told the court he had no opposition to the granting of defendants' motion. Instead, counsel ignored the Local Rule and did nothing in response to the motion to dismiss the Complaint. Counsel's failure to comply with Local Rule 230(c) and timely file any response to Vitek and MERS and CMI's motions to dismiss is inexcusable, and has inconvenienced the court by forcing it to nevertheless examine the motion on the merits.

Local Rule 110 authorizes the court to impose sanctions for "[f]ailure of counsel or of a party to comply with these Rules." Therefore, the court will sanction plaintiffs' counsel, Stephen C. Ruehmann (also identified in the FAC as Mendstephen C. Ruehmann) $250.00 payable to the Clerk of the Court within ten days from the date of this Order, unless he shows good cause for his failure to comply with the Local Rules.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that MERS and CMI's motion to dismiss those claims that apply to MERS and CMI be, and the same hereby is, GRANTED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Vitek's motion to dismiss be, and the same hereby is, DENIED AS MOOT.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that within ten days of this Order Stephen C. Ruehmann shall either (1) pay sanctions of $250.00 to the Clerk of the Court, or (2) submit a statement of good cause explaining his failure to comply with Local Rule 230(c).

Plaintiffs have twenty days from the date of this Order to file an amended complaint, if they can do so consistent with this Order.

NOTES

[1] "Civil conspiracy to defraud" is not a separate tort. Conspiracy only serves as a theory of liability for claims of fraud. See Applied Equip. Corp. v. Litton Saudi Arabia Ltd., 7 Cal. 4th 503, 511, 28 Cal. Rptr. 2d 475, 869 P.2d 454 (1994).