J. B. Hunt Transport v. GM Corp. ( 2001 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 99-4206
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J. B. Hunt Transport, Inc., *
*
Appellant, *
*
v. * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the
General Motors Corporation; Fisher * Eastern District of Missouri.
& Company, doing business as *
Fisher Dynamics Corporation, *
Incorporated, *
*
Appellees. *
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Submitted: December 15, 2000
Filed: March 13, 2001
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Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, RICHARD S. ARNOLD, and HANSEN, Circuit
Judges.
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HANSEN, Circuit Judge.
J. B. Hunt Transport, Inc. (J. B. Hunt) appeals from the judgment of the district
court,1 entered upon a jury verdict in favor of defendants, General Motors Corporation
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The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
(General Motors) and Fisher & Company (Fisher), in this products liability contribution
action. J. B. Hunt asserts that the district court erred by excluding certain expert
testimony and other offered evidence, and as a result, a new trial is warranted. We
affirm.
I.
This appeal stems from a multiple vehicle collision occurring on February 19,
1994, on Interstate 70 (I-70) in St. Charles, Missouri. Richard and Alicia Spitzenberg
were traveling westbound in a 1991 Chevrolet Camaro. Alicia was driving, and
Richard was sitting in the passenger seat not wearing his seatbelt. As Alicia merged
onto I-70, a Toyota Corolla in front of her slowed, causing Alicia to decelerate and a
J. B. Hunt 18-wheel tractor trailer to hit the rear end of the Spitzenbergs' Camaro. The
initial impact caused Richard to lose consciousness and the Camaro to careen into the
Toyota and a nearby Ford Crown Victoria. In turn, the Camaro spun and again collided
with the J. B. Hunt truck. The Camaro finally came to rest facing northeast in the
westbound lanes of I-70.
Richard Spitzenberg filed suit against J. B. Hunt, asserting he sustained
catastrophic injuries when his head hit the Camaro's rear seatback during the accident.
J. B. Hunt settled the suit with Richard for over $2.6 million and sued General Motors,
the Camaro's manufacturer, and Fisher, a component seat manufacturer, for
contribution. J. B. Hunt proceeded to trial on the theory that the Camaro's front seat
was not crashworthy. J. B. Hunt contended that upon impact, the front seatback
reclined, which allowed Richard to ramp up the reclined front seatback and strike the
back of the rear seat, and that this sequence of events precipitated his injuries.
Prior to trial, defendants filed a motion in limine to exclude the testimony of J.
B. Hunt's accident reconstructionist, Jerry Wallingford. Defendants argued that
Wallingford's trial testimony would advance a theory not supported by the evidence;
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specifically, that the J. B. Hunt truck collided with the Camaro only once, making for
a total of three impacts sustained by the Camaro--one impact with the truck, one with
the Toyota, and one with the Ford. The district court denied defendants' motion under
the impression that J. B. Hunt would present eyewitness testimony supporting
Wallingford's three-impact theory.
During the jury trial, the district court allowed Wallingford to testify over
defendants' renewed objections. Wallingford testified that because he had insufficient
information, he was unable to scientifically reconstruct the accident. (Tr. at 293, 309-
10.) After hearing this concession, the district court excused the jury and
independently heard the remainder of Wallingford's testimony. Wallingford stated to
the court that, based upon his examination of photographs taken of the involved
vehicles, the tractor trailer struck the Camaro only once, thus lending credence to his
three-impact theory. The district court ruled that because uncontradicted eye witness
testimony established that the tractor trailer hit the Camaro twice, it was excluding
Wallingford's testimony. The district court further concluded that the testimony was
inadmissible in light of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), and
that Wallingford's photograph analysis as a proffered explanation for the three-impact
theory lacked scientific support.
J. B. Hunt also called Anthony Sances, a biomechanical expert and claimed
expert in "foamology," to testify about the manner in which Richard Spitzenberg
received his injuries during the crash. The district court permitted Sances to testify as
to where he believed Richard made contact with the rear seat but refused to allow
Sances to bolster his testimony with any analysis of the Camaro's rear seat foam
thickness. The district court stated:
He is not an expert in foam, and as best as I can tell, there is no science
of foam. . . . [H]e has no idea what happens to foam under normal
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circumstances, so how can he have any scientific basis for basing any of
his conclusions on what happened to the foam in this case?
(Tr. at 840.) Moreover, the district court concluded that Sances's testimony was
derivative of the already excluded Wallingford testimony and therefore inappropriate.
At the conclusion of the eight-day trial, the jury found in favor of defendants.
J. B. Hunt now appeals and requests a new trial.
II.
We review the district court's decision to exclude expert testimony under
Daubert for an abuse of discretion. Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152
(1999). Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, expert testimony is admissible when it
will assist the trier of fact.2 See also Daubert, 509 U.S. at 597 (concluding that the
germane inquiry when determining admissibility of expert testimony is whether the
testimony would assist the jury's understanding of the evidence). Daubert makes clear
that the district court must "ensur[e] that an expert's testimony both rests on a reliable
foundation and is relevant to the task at hand." 509 U.S. at 591.
We agree with the district court's assessment that Wallingford's proffered expert
testimony fails to qualify as scientifically valid. Unlike defendants' accident
reconstructionist, whose testimony utilized the testimony given by other witnesses,
Wallingford's three-impact theory was premised primarily upon his impressions of the
photographs of the scratches in the paint of the vehicles involved in the accident. In
2
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides: "If scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or
otherwise."
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fact, Wallingford conceded he had insufficient evidence to completely reconstruct the
accident as he theorized.
[N]othing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a
district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data
only by the ipse dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is
simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion
proffered.
General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997). Because of the deficiencies at
the core of his opinion, including his own admission concerning his inability to
scientifically reconstruct the accident, Wallingford's resulting conclusion--that this
indeed was a three-impact collision--was mere speculation and pure conjecture.
"Expert testimony that is speculative is not competent proof and contributes nothing to
a legally sufficient evidentiary basis." Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp., 207
F.3d 1039, 1057 (8th Cir.) (internal quotations omitted), cert. denied, 121 S. Ct. 428(2000). The district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Wallingford's
testimony.
Given that we find that the district court committed no error by excluding
Wallingford's testimony, we also find no error in excluding Sances's testimony because
the two are inextricably linked. Sances offered testimony in order to explain how
Richard Spitzenberg's body would respond during a three-impact collision. Thus,
Sances's testimony had no evidentiary basis absent Wallingford's testimony presenting
the three-impact theory, and we therefore conclude the court committed no abuse of
discretion in excluding it. Furthermore, we are skeptical of J. B. Hunt's attempt to offer
Sances as an expert in "foamology." Sances's experience with analyzing foam stemmed
purely from observations of its thickness. He received no formal training or course
work in foam (nor do we know of any that exists in this area). The testimony submitted
by Sances was not derived from the application of any reliable methodology or
scientific principle. It is well within the district court's "discretion to choose among
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reasonable means of excluding expertise that is fausse and science that is junky."
Kuhmo, 526 U.S. at 159 (Scalia, J., concurring).
J. B. Hunt further argues that the district court improperly excluded evidence of
Alicia Spitzenberg's minor injuries. J. B. Hunt contends that Alicia's injuries were
dispositive proof that Richard Spitzenberg's seat failed given that both occupants were
subjected to the same impact. In a products liability action, evidence of other injuries
may be relevant to prove a product's lack of safety or a party's notice of defects. Lovett
v. Union Pac. R.R., 201 F.3d 1074, 1081 (8th Cir. 2000). "However, admitting similar-
incident evidence also threatens to raise extraneous controversial issues, confuse the
issues, and be more prejudicial than probative." Id. For these reasons, the party
seeking admission of the evidence must demonstrate that the circumstances between
the two incidents are substantially similar. Drabik v. Stanley-Bostitch, Inc., 997 F.2d
496, 508 (8th Cir. 1993).
We cannot say that Alicia Spitzenberg's injuries could be considered either
substantially similar evidence or relevant to Richard Spitzenberg's injuries. First, it was
undisputed that Alicia, unlike Richard, was wearing her seatbelt at the time of the
accident. Second, because Alicia was driving, she was able to anchor herself by
grasping the steering wheel, which may have alleviated some of the impact. Moreover,
the angle of impact differed between the two occupants leading to the varying degrees
of injury. In our view, the district court correctly excluded the evidence of Alicia's
injuries.
J. B. Hunt also attempted to introduce evidence of tests conducted by General
Motors in the 1960s on experimental, nonproduction seats to illustrate General Motors'
knowledge of the potential hazards associated with greater yielding seats. The district
court found that the conditions of the tests were too dissimilar to the present accident
to be admissible; moreover, the evidence was untimely and irrelevant to the dispute at
hand. Admissibility of experimental tests is within the purview of the trial judge's
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discretion. Bunting v. Sea Ray, Inc., 99 F.3d 887, 892 (8th Cir. 1996). "A court may
properly admit experimental evidence if the tests were conducted under conditions
substantially similar to the actual conditions." McKnight v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 36
F.3d 1396, 1401 (8th Cir. 1994) (internal quotations omitted). We agree with the
district court that these tests conducted thirty years ago on experimental seats would
be both prejudicial to defendants and confusing to the jury. The district court correctly
excluded this evidence.
Finally, J. B. Hunt contends that the district court should have admitted evidence
of General Motors' subsequent remedial measures regarding its current seat integrity.
Under Federal Rule of Evidence 407, a company's postaccident design change is
inadmissible to prove fault--absent some exception. J. B. Hunt asserts that General
Motors abrogated this evidentiary exclusion by disputing feasability. We conclude J.
B. Hunt's argument is without merit given that General Motors stipulated that stiffer
seats were feasible.3
III.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
3
The stipulation in pertinent part stated: "From time to time before the date of
the accident in this case, General Motors tested proposed seating systems that were
both stronger and not as strong as the seating system in the 1991 Camaro." (Tr. at
424.)
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