SBKC Service Corp. v. 1111 Prospect ( 1998 )


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  •                                                                         F I L E D
    United States Court of Appeals
    Tenth Circuit
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    JUL 30 1998
    TENTH CIRCUIT
    PATRICK FISHER
    Clerk
    SBKC SERVICE CORPORATION,
    Plaintiff - Appellant,
    vs.                                                    No. 97-3193
    (D.C. No. 95-2540-JWL)
    1111 PROSPECT PARTNERS, L.P., a                         (D. Kan.)
    California Limited Partnership;
    WILLIAM JEFFERY, III, and
    KRISTEN L. JEFFERY, individuals,
    Defendants - Appellees.
    ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
    Before TACHA, MCWILLIAMS, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
    Plaintiff-Appellant SBKC Service Corporation (SBKC) appeals from the
    dismissal of its action seeking a deficiency judgment against Defendants-
    Appellees William Jeffery III (Jeffery) and Kristen L. Jeffery for lack of personal
    jurisdiction. SBKC also appeals from the grant of summary judgment in favor of
    1111 Prospect Partners, L.P. (Prospect Partners), based on preclusion of SBKC’s
    claim by California’s anti-deficiency statute. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28
    *
    This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
    doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
    generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
    and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
    U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm in part and vacate in part.
    Background
    In early 1991, Jeffery, as limited partner, and three others, as general
    partners, formed Prospect Partners to purchase and renovate real property. In
    May 1991, Prospect Partners borrowed approximately $8.3 million from Security
    Bank of Kansas City   1
    to buy a property at 1111 Prospect, La Jolla, California
    (Property). The loan is evidenced by a promissory note (Note) and secured by a
    Construction Deed of Trust and Security Agreement on the Property (Deed of
    Trust) and a letter of credit issued by a California bank for approximately $1.7
    million (LOC).
    In late 1992, Prospect Partners defaulted on the Note, and SBKC drew on
    the entire LOC. SBKC and Prospect Partners then negotiated a refinancing of the
    remaining balance on the Note. The refinancing is evidenced by an Extension to
    Loan Agreement and Promissory Note (Extension Agreement), which contained
    an explicit waiver of California’s anti-deficiency legislation. By late 1993,
    Prospect Partners was again in default on the Note, and SBKC exercised its
    power of private sale pursuant to the Deed of Trust and purchased the Property.
    In October 1993, the Jefferys and Prospect Partners commenced litigation against
    1
    For simplification, Plaintiff-Appellant SBKC Service Corporation and its
    parent Security Bank of Kansas City are both referred to as SBKC.
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    SBKC in the California state courts for drawing on the LOC prior to the private
    sale, allegedly in violation of 
    Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 726
    , a component of
    California’s anti-deficiency legislation which embodies the “security-first”
    principle. See 
    Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 726
     (West 1980).
    SBKC then filed this suit seeking a deficiency judgment in Kansas state
    court, and Defendants removed to federal district court. The Jefferys moved for
    dismissal based on lack of personal jurisdiction and all Defendants moved for
    summary judgment based on the preclusion of SBKC’s claim for deficiency. The
    district court granted the Jefferys’ motion to dismiss and the motion for summary
    judgment, holding California law applies to the deficiency claim, which (1)
    precludes such a claim after private sale and (2) bars waiver in advance of this
    debtor protection. On appeal, SBKC argues the district court erred in dismissing
    Jeffery for lack of personal jurisdiction and in applying California law to the
    deficiency claim.
    Discussion
    As an initial matter, SBKC has not argued that the district court erred in
    dismissing SBKC’s claims against Kristen Jeffery for lack of personal
    jurisdiction. SBKC has consequently waived any such argument and we affirm
    the district court’s dismissal of SBKC’s claim against her.
    SBKC argues that the district court erred in applying California rather than
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    Kansas law on the issue of the availability of a deficiency claim. California law
    precludes the right to a deficiency judgment after exercising the power of sale in
    a deed of trust. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 580d provides:
    No judgment shall be rendered for any deficiency upon a note secured
    by a deed of trust or mortgage upon real property . . . in any case in
    which the real property . . . has been sold by the mortgagee or trustee
    under power of sale contained in the mortgage or deed of trust.
    Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 580d (West 1976). In its argument to avoid this
    California statute, SBKC relies upon a Kansas choice of law clause in the Note.
    We, however, construe the Extension Agreement and Note together, and consider
    the waiver of California’s anti-deficiency legislation in the Extension Agreement
    to more specifically address the issue and sufficiently evidence the parties’
    understanding that California law applied. Otherwise, SBKC would successfully
    avoid any debtor redemption rights by electing private sale in California, and
    then avoid California’s consequent preclusion of any deficiency judgment by
    suing in Kansas.
    We review choice of law determinations de novo.         See Shearson Lehman
    Bros., Inc. v. M & L Investments      , 
    10 F.3d 1510
    , 1514 (10th Cir. 1993). A
    district court exercising diversity jurisdiction applies the choice of law rules of
    the state in which it is sitting.   See Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co.   , 
    313 U.S. 487
    , 496 (1941); Shearson , 
    10 F.3d at 1514
    . The Kansas choice of law
    rules honor an effective choice of law made by contracting parties.       See Equifax
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    Servs., Inc. v. Hitz , 
    905 F.2d 1355
    , 1360 (10th Cir. 1990); Restatement (Second)
    of Conflict of Laws § 187 (1969). Notes and deeds of trust are contracts between
    parties and the rules of contract construction therefore apply.           See Metropolitan
    Life Ins. Co. v. Strnad , 
    876 P.2d 1362
    , 1365 (Kan. 1994). “A cardinal rule in the
    interpretation of contracts is to ascertain the intention of the parties and to give
    effect to that intention if it can be done consistent with legal principles.”        See
    Garvey Ctr., Inc. v. Food Specialties, Inc.     , 
    519 P.2d 646
    , 650 (Kan. 1974)
    (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, our initial task is to
    determine whether the parties expressed their intention on the issue, and if so,
    what that intention was.
    Various documents were involved in the transaction that forms the basis of
    this suit. The choice of law and forum selection clause in the Note provides:
    “This is a Note payable in and according to the laws of the state of Kansas, and
    an action may be maintained in the state of Kansas and the county and venue of
    Wyandotte for the purpose of collecting any amounts payable hereunder or in any
    action for a deficiency.” II Aplt. App. at 390. The Deed of Trust choice of law
    clause provides: “The Note shall be governed and construed according to the
    laws of the State of Kansas, and the District Court of Wyandotte County, Kansas,
    shall have jurisdiction over any action for a deficiency, provided that the laws of
    the State of California shall apply to the foreclosure of real estate.”         
    Id. at 417
    .
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    The Extension Agreement provides that
    [e]ach of the parties or individuals executing this Extension waives the
    benefit of any ‘antideficiency legislation’ which might otherwise bar
    any recovery against any of them because of [SBKC’s] election of
    remedies, including but not limited to an exercise of power of sale
    under any deed of trust, mortgage or other security agreement. Each
    hereby expressly waives any and all benefits under California Civil
    Code sections 2809, 2810, 2819, 2825, 2839, 2845, 2847, 2848, 2849
    and 2950 and California Code of Civil Procedure Sections 580b, 580d,
    and 726.
    
    Id. at 426
    .
    Predictably, SBKC argues based on the clause in the Note that Kansas law
    applies to the issue of the availability of a deficiency claim, while Prospect
    Partners argues based on the clause in the Deed of Trust that California law
    applies. Aside from the dispute over which of these two documents controls,
    Prospect Partners argues that the Extension Agreement sufficiently evidences the
    parties’ intent that California law apply on the issue of the availability of any
    claim for deficiency, and we agree.
    Where we have several documents executed at different times, but in the
    course of the same transaction concerning the same subject matter, we construe
    them together to determine the intent of the parties.     See Hollenbeck v.
    Household Bank , 
    829 P.2d 903
    , 906 (Kan. 1992);         Parsons v. Biscayne Valley
    Investors Ltd., L.P. , 
    935 P.2d 218
    , 222 (Kan. Ct. App. 1997) (construing together
    various mortgages, a loan agreement, and a later executed loan modification
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    agreement). In the instant case, the Note and Extension Agreement concern the
    same loan, with the Extension Agreement explicitly referring to the Note, Deed
    of Trust, and loan agreement.   2
    Thus, we may properly construe the Extension
    Agreement with the Note to determine the parties’ intention on the issue of the
    applicable law.
    The Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws explains that “even when
    the contract does not refer to any state, the forum may nevertheless be able to
    conclude from [the contract’s] provisions that the parties did wish to have the
    law of a particular state applied.” Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws §
    187, cmt. a. The drafters explain further that “the fact that the contract contains
    legal expressions, or makes reference to legal doctrines, that are peculiar to the
    local law of a particular state may provide persuasive evidence that the parties
    wished to have this law applied.”      Id. The drafters provided an illustration of
    this rule as follows:
    A contract, by its terms to be performed in state Y, is entered into in
    state X between A, a domiciliary of X, and B, a domiciliary of Y. The
    contract recites that the parties “waive restitution in integrum in case
    2
    The Extension Agreement provides: “ NOTICE OF ENTIRE
    AGREEMENT . THIS AGREEMENT AND THE LOAN DOCUMENTS [i.e., the
    note, deed of trust, and loan agreement] EXPRESS THE ENTIRE FINAL
    AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PARTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE LOAN
    TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREIN AND SUPERSEDE ALL PRIOR
    AGREEMENTS OR UNDERSTANDINGS BETWEEN THE PARTIES
    RELATING TO THEIR SUBJECT MATTER.” II Aplt. App. at 427.
    -7-
    of laesio enormis .” These notions are foreign to X local law. They
    exist, on the other hand, in Y local law which furthermore empowers
    the parties to waive such right of restitution. A court could properly
    find on these facts that the parties wished to have Y local law applied.
    Id. § 187, cmt. a, illus. 1.
    As in the Restatement illustration, even provisions here intended to act as a
    waiver can indicate the parties’ understanding that California law is to govern the
    issue. Unlike the illustration, however, no inference is necessary that the
    references to legal notions foreign to one state indicate a choice of the laws of a
    state where such notions are not foreign. The contract in this case explicitly cites
    to California statutes. In addition to these explicit citations, it also happens that
    the referenced power of sale is foreign to Kansas law, but permitted by
    California, and that the referenced anti-deficiency legislation is nonexistent in
    Kansas, but of long standing in California.
    We recognize that the illustration arguably places some weight on the
    circumstance that the implicitly referenced state empowers the intended waiver.
    This is not troubling, however, because California only bars waiver in advance,
    see Freedland v. Greco , 
    289 P.2d 463
    , 465-66 (Cal. 1955) (en banc), and SBKC
    enjoyed some benefit of Prospect Partners’ arguable ex post facto waiver.
    Prospect Partners made a claim in the California litigation that SBKC’s draw on
    the LOC violated California’s “security-first” statute, a component of
    California’s anti-deficiency legislation.   See 
    Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 726
    . SBKC
    -8-
    argued in those litigations, even in the California Supreme Court, that the
    subsequent waiver in the Extension Agreement operated against Prospect
    Partner’s claim.   See II Aplt. App. at 500 (noting SBKC argued waiver as an
    alternative ground for a favorable decision by the California Supreme Court);        cf.
    17A Am. Jur. 2d Contracts § 160 (1991) (summarizing law holding forbearance
    to enforce even a doubtful right may be sufficient consideration to support a
    promise). Moreover, California does permit waiver of the host of other
    protections Prospect Partners waived in the Extension Agreement which are
    analogous to the anti-deficiency “security-first” principle.      See, e.g. , Union Bank
    v. Ross , 
    54 Cal. App. 3d 290
    , 294-95 (Cal. Ct. App. 1976) (allowing waiver of
    the protections of 
    Cal. Civ. Code §§ 2819
     & 2845);        Bloom v. Bender , 
    313 P.2d 568
    , 572-575 (Cal. 1957) (en banc) (§§ 2809 & 2819);           Guild Wineries and
    Distilleries v. Land Dynamics , 
    103 Cal. App. 3d 966
    , 972 (Cal. Ct. App. 1980)
    (§§ 2845 & 2849).     Thus, the entire agreement, construed as a whole, evidences
    the parties’ own understanding that California law applies to the particular issue
    of the availability of an action for deficiency after private sale.
    SBKC cites the language in the Note’s choice of law clause which selects
    Kansas as a forum for any deficiency action to support its view that Kansas law
    applies. This forum selection clause, however, does not compel a conclusion that
    Kansas law applies to the particular issue of the availability of a deficiency claim
    -9-
    after a private sale. First, the issue is more specifically addressed in the
    Extension Agreement. Second, the forum selection clause is not superfluous
    because if SBKC had elected judicial foreclosure, as opposed to private sale, then
    California’s anti-deficiency statute would not have applied and the forum
    selection would have been operative for the then available deficiency claim.
    SBKC argues that a deficiency action is collateral to foreclosure and based
    on the underlying debt so that choice of law determinations should be based on
    the Note as opposed to the Deed of Trust. SBKC relies upon Restatement
    (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 229, cmt. e, and cases applying that section.          See,
    e.g. , Cardon v. Cotton Lane Holdings, Inc.     , 
    841 P.2d 198
    , 201 (Ariz. 1992)   . The
    Extension Agreement we base our holding on, however, is not language from the
    Deed of Trust, but an extension and modification of the terms of the Note. Thus,
    to the extent the Restatement section applies at all, our holding is not inconsistent
    with it or the relevant case law.
    Regardless, we question whether Kansas would apply the Restatement’s
    general rule of collaterality to a foreclosure of California property. The Kansas
    Supreme Court recently held that under Kansas choice of law rules, although
    deed of trust transactions involve underlying contractual obligations subject to
    traditional contractual choice of law rules, both the procedural and substantive
    law of the situs applies to foreclosures.     See Resolution Trust Corp. v. Atchity    ,
    - 10 -
    
    913 P.2d 162
    , 171-72 (Kan. 1996). In so holding, the court quoted one
    commentator’s explanation that in our federal system, based as it is on territorial
    sovereignty, the choice of law rules appropriate to one aspect of mortgage
    transactions should not be applied to another.     See 
    id. at 172
     (quoting David B.
    Young, Mortgages & Party Autonomy In Choice of Law          , 
    45 Ark. L. Rev. 345
    ,
    352 (1992)). Ultimately, the court held the allegedly Kansan issues in the case
    were “so intertwined” with a Missouri mortgage that Missouri procedural and
    substantive foreclosure law applied.    See 
    id.
    Similarly, the allegedly Kansan issue of the availability of a deficiency
    claim to SBKC in this case is so intertwined with the California foreclosure that
    all of California’s foreclosure law applies, including § 580d. Under California
    law, a creditor that elects to exercise a power of sale, free of the involved and
    time-consuming procedures of judicial foreclosure, forgoes any deficiency claim
    in exchange for the immediacy of private sale and the extinguishment of the
    debtor’s right of redemption.    See Roseleaf Corp. v. Chierighino , 
    378 P.2d 97
    ,
    102 (Cal. 1963) (en banc). In judicial foreclosure, the threat of redemption and
    elaborate judicial procedures protect debtors from harsh foreclosures by
    encouraging a bid approximating the fair market value of the security.     See
    Cornelison v. Kornbluth , 
    542 P.2d 981
    , 989 (Cal. 1975) (en banc). If a claim for
    deficiency were not precluded after private sale, a creditor could gain
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    irredeemable title by an under-market bid and still collect the difference between
    the market value and the outstanding indebtedness, resulting in a windfall to the
    creditor. See 
    id.
     Section 580d places both creditor remedies on parity; in either
    case the debtor is protected.    See Roseleaf , 
    378 P.2d at 102
    . The California
    legislature, of course, could have granted redemption rights after private sale, but
    § 580d achieved the same result without denying creditors their election of
    remedies. See id.
    Thus, California’s preclusion of a claim for deficiency serves the same
    policy purpose as a right of redemption. It is well settled that the law of the situs
    applies to the issue of the availability of a right of redemption, as such
    availability is an effect of foreclosure.   See Restatement (Second) of Conflict of
    Laws § 229, cmts. c & d. (providing the law of the situs applies to issues of the
    effect of foreclosure, including redemption rights)     . These rules, together with
    Kansas’s application of all situs foreclosure law, dictate our conclusion that
    California’s purposeful substitution of anti-deficiency provisions for a grant of
    redemption rights to protect debtors from harsh foreclosures applies.      See
    Atchity , 913 P.2d at 171-72; Cardon , 
    841 P.2d at 201-04
     (holding § 580d is
    substantive provision of California foreclosure law);     California Fed. Sav. and
    Loan Ass’n v. Bell , 
    735 P.2d 499
    , 504-06 (Haw. Ct. App. 1987) (rejecting
    Restatement view that deficiency actions are collateral to foreclosure, noting that
    - 12 -
    situs state has most significant relationship to land);      cf. Citibank v. Errico , 
    597 A.2d 1091
    , 1094-95 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1991) (holding New York anti-
    deficiency judgment provision is a matter of substantive law);         Catchpole v.
    Narramore , 
    428 P.2d 105
    , 107-08 (Ariz. 1967) (en banc) (holding companion
    Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 580b is substantive law of foreclosure);         Ross Realty Co.
    v. First Citizens Bank & Trust Co.     , 
    250 S.E.2d 271
    , 273 (N.C. 1979) (holding
    similar statute is substantive law of foreclosure);       Gate City Fed. Sav. & Loan
    Ass’n v. O’Connor , 
    410 N.W.2d 448
    , 450-51 (Minn. Ct. App. 1987) (holding
    deficiency judgment issue is a matter of substantive law).
    Even if we were to consider the various choice of law clauses to be
    ambiguous, the relevant extrinsic evidence confirms our conclusion that the
    parties understood California law to apply to the issue.        See Stauth v. Brown , 
    734 P.2d 1063
    , 1069 (Kan. 1987) (holding extrinsic evidence is admissible to resolve
    any contract ambiguity). First, SBKC required a legal opinion of Prospect
    Partners before origination of the loan, which stated that the opinion was subject
    to and limited by California anti-deficiency laws.        See I Aplt. App. at 231.
    SBKC voiced no objection. Second, SBKC required the LOC as a credit
    enhancement for the very reason that it understood California’s anti-deficiency
    legislation to apply.   See VI Aplt. App. at 1516, ¶ 5. Finally, SBKC drafted the
    waiver in the Extension Agreement, and insisted on its inclusion after Prospect
    - 13 -
    Partners initially crossed it out and signed.         See Wood River Pipeline Co. v.
    Willbros Energy Servs. Co. , 
    738 P.2d 866
    , 871 (Kan. 1987) (stating rule that
    contract ambiguities are construed against the drafter). A jury could not
    reasonably conclude on the evidence that the parties nevertheless understood
    Kansas law to apply to the issue.
    Lastly, SBKC argues that even if § 580d applies, the district court erred in
    applying California case law construing § 580d. SBKC relies upon            Kerivan v.
    Title Ins. & Trust Co. , 
    147 Cal. App. 3d 225
    , 231 (Cal. Ct. App. 1983), for its
    argument that § 580d extinguishes only the remedy of a deficiency in California,
    and not the right to and remedy of a deficiency in another state.        Kerivan does
    state that “[t]he ‘judgment’ referred to in [§ 580d] refers only to a judgment
    rendered in this state and not to a judgment pursued in a state allowing
    deficiencies following foreclosure sales.”       Kerivan , 147 Cal. App. 3d at 231.
    Kerivan , however, is inapposite. That case involved a note choosing Colorado
    law, and the Colorado courts granted a deficiency judgment arguably pursuant to
    Colorado law. See id. at 228 n.1, 230-31. The            court held only that § 580d
    would not prevent the giving of full faith and credit to, and collection of, a
    deficiency judgment if it were obtained pursuant to Colorado law.           See id. at 230-
    31. The court specified that no deficiency judgment would have been appropriate
    “if the trial court ascertained that [the] note and the deed of trust were to be
    - 14 -
    construed under the laws of this state . . . .”        Id. at 230. In our case, no
    deficiency judgment may be obtained pursuant to another state’s laws because
    California law applies, based on the Extension Agreement’s implicit choice, and
    Kansas’s rule that both the procedural and substantive law of the situs applies to
    foreclosures. SBKC’s deficiency claim is therefore precluded.              See Cardon , 
    841 P.2d at 201-04
     (holding § 580d, as substantive provision of contractually chosen
    California law, precluded deficiency action).
    Given our determination that Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 580d precludes any
    claim for deficiency, and the fact that liability of Jeffery could only be vicarious,
    the issue of personal jurisdiction over him is moot. We accordingly vacate in
    part the district court’s dismissal of SBKC’s claims against him for lack of
    personal jurisdiction. SBKC’s additional arguments predicated on the
    application of Kansas law to the deficiency issue are also moot.
    AFFIRMED IN PART and VACATED IN PART.
    Entered for the Court
    Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
    Circuit Judge
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