Enterprise Management Ltd. v. Warrick , 717 F.3d 1112 ( 2013 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS May 21, 2013
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT
LIMITED, INC.; MARY LIPPITT,
Plaintiffs – Appellants,
v. No. 12-1135
DONALD W. WARRICK,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Colorado
(D.C. No. 1:10-CV-00660-JLK-KMT)
Kirstin Marie Jahn of Jahn & Associates, LLC, Boulder, Colorado, for Plaintiffs-
Appellants.
John Roger Mann of Kennedy Childs & Fogg, P.C., Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-
Appellee.
Before O'BRIEN, McKAY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
O’BRIEN, Circuit Judge.
In this copyright infringement case, Enterprise Management Limited, Inc.,1 and
Mary Lippitt (collectively Lippitt) appeal from a summary judgment in favor of Donald
Warrick. Lippitt contends, contrary to the district court’s holding, she demonstrated a
prima facie case of copyright infringement. We agree.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
This case involves a diagram Lippitt created in the course of her work in the field
of organizational management. It aims to encapsulate and communicate the results of her
research on the failures of complex organizational change initiatives. Dissatisfied with
other visual aids depicting the reasons for such failures, she created and registered the
first version of the diagram in 1987:
1
According to the complaint, Lippitt holds the copyrights on the diagram at issue,
but has exclusively licensed Enterprise Management, Inc. to use it. Lippitt is the founder
and President of Enterprise Management, Inc.
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Diagram 1A: Lippitt’s “Managing Complex Change”
(Appellants’ App’x 213.) As she explains, the diagram “eliminate[ed] the detailed
narrative approach and par[ed] it down to a visual format listing what she considered to
be the most basic variables and likely outcomes.” (Appellants’ Op’g Br. 6.) She claims
to have registered a work containing this diagram in 1987, although she concedes she no
longer has the work as actually submitted for registration.
Sometime around 1996, Lippitt revised the diagram. She updated it slightly, as
shown below. The revision reflected several minor changes: (1) she used ovals instead of
rectangles; (2) she changed the arrows between elements to plus signs and equal signs;
and (3) she replaced the word “skills” with the word “capabilities” to accommodate
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changing parlance in her field; (4) she changed the title of the diagram; and (5) added a
decorative diagonal line.
Diagram 1B: Lippitt’s “Aligning for Success”
(Appellants’ App’x 176, 214.)
Lippitt registered Diagram 1B as part of a larger work in 2000. It was also
included in materials she registered in 2003. Warrick acknowledges a version of this
diagram was included in materials Lippitt registered in 2000 and 2003.
Warrick, who teaches in the organizational development field, admitted receiving
Lippitt’s diagram from a student. He incorporated and used a similar diagram in his
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course materials and in his consulting business. Although Warrick did not initially know
Lippitt was the diagram’s creator, he later discovered this fact and began to credit her
work at the bottom of his diagram.
Diagram 2: Warrick’s Allegedly Infringing Diagram2
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
During discovery, Lippitt realized she had lost her copy of the deposit materials
submitted with her 1987 registration of Diagram 1A. She explains she was unable to get
a replacement copy because the Library of Congress, the registrar of copyrights, had not
2
Appellants’ App’x 219.
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retained these materials. As a substitute, she provided a notarized letter from one of her
licensees describing and attesting to the existence of her diagram.3
After discovery, Warrick moved for summary judgment on Lippitt’s copyright
infringement claim. As pertinent to this appeal, Warrick argued: (1) Lippitt could not
prove she held a valid copyright on the diagram because she could not produce the
diagram from the materials accompanying her 1987 registration to show its similarity to
Warrick’s diagram. (2) Lippitt’s diagram was not copyrightable; and (3) Warrick’s
diagram did not infringe on any protected expression in Lippitt’s diagram. After hearing
arguments, the court granted Warrick’s motion without issuing a written opinion.4
DISCUSSION
Lippitt contends summary judgment was inappropriate. In her view, her copyright
infringement claim is viable because her diagram is entitled to copyright protection and
Warrick admits to copying her duly registered diagram. Warrick disagrees and, in what
is generally a preliminary matter, contends Lippitt failed to preserve certain issues for
appellate review. As the preservation issue is easily resolved in Lippitt’s favor, we
reserve discussion of it until the end.
3
The affiant’s description of Lippitt’s diagram is somewhat incorrect as a
description of Diagram 1A, but it does accurately describe Diagram 2.
4
Normally, the district court “should state on the record the reasons for granting
or denying the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
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We review summary judgments de novo. Colo. Dep’t of Pub. Health & Env’t,
Haz. Mat’ls & Waste Mgmt. Div. v. United States, 693 F.3d 1214, 1221 (10th Cir. 2012).
“Summary judgment is appropriate” only if Warrick has shown “‘there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and [he] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” See
id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). In our review, we construe the evidence in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party, Lippitt. See id.
There are two elements to a copyright infringement claim; a plaintiff must show
both ownership of a valid copyright, and copying of protectable constituent elements of
the work. La Resolana Architects, PA v. Reno, Inc., 555 F.3d 1171, 1177-78 (10th Cir.
2009); Country Kids ‘N City Slicks, Inc. v. Sheen, 77 F.3d 1280, 1284 (10th Cir. 1996);
see 17 U.S.C. §§ 106, 501(a). Lippitt, as plaintiff, bears the burden of proof on both
elements. See Reno, 555 F.3d at 1177. A plaintiff may prove copying either with direct
evidence or by showing the alleged infringer had access to the copyrighted work and
“there are probative similarities between the copyrighted material and the allegedly
copied material.” Id. at 1178; Sheen, 77 F.3d at 1284.
A. Eligibility for Copyright Protection
According to Warrick, Lippitt’s diagram is not eligible for copyright protection
because (A) it consists primarily of “ideas, concepts, principles or discoveries” that are
not copyrightable or are inextricably woven with the ideas they depict (Appellee Br. 17)
and (B) the other elements of the diagram lack the creativity necessary to merit copyright
protection. We disagree.
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1. Merger of Idea and Expression
While “pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works” are generally copyrightable, the
protection does not “extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation,
concept, principle, or discovery. . . .” 17 U.S.C. § 102(a)(5) & (b). In short, the
copyright law is not a patent law: it protects the expression of ideas rather than the
underlying ideas themselves. Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340,
344-45 (1991) (“The most fundamental axiom of copyright law is that no author may
copyright his ideas or the facts he narrates.”) (quotations omitted). And, when a work
expresses an idea in the only way it can be expressed, courts deny those expressions
protection under the “merger doctrine” to avoid giving the author a monopoly over the
underlying idea. See Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chem. Indus., 9 F.3d 823, 838 (10th
Cir. 1993). Conversely, when an idea is capable of many different “modes of
expression,” the expression of the idea is eligible for copyright protection. Apple
Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240, 1253 (3d Cir. 1983).5
Warrick argues Lippitt’s diagram is not eligible for copyright protection because it
consists only of unprotectable ideas or expression so intertwined with the underlying
ideas as to lose their protection under the merger doctrine. In Warrick’s view, Lippitt’s
5
Copyrightability is a mixed question of law and fact. Mitel, Inc. v. Iqtel, Inc.,
124 F.3d 1366, 1370 (10th Cir. 1997). But see Janky v. Lake Cnty. Convention &
Visitors Bureau, 576 F.3d 356, 363 (7th Cir. 2009) (“Copyrightability is always an issue
of law.”) (quotations omitted).
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diagram expresses a “fundamental” idea about organizational change and development.
(Answer Br. 25.) It is, he says, a “statement about objective reality, not a work of fiction
or the imagination.” (Id.)
Warrick misses the point. Although Lippitt’s diagram may express an idea,
Warrick could express the same ideas in his own fashion. He might have organized the
components in a pie-chart-style format to show how each is a component of a larger
whole. He could have approached the concept in a two-column format, listing each
defect in the left column and the missing component in the right column. He could have
simply described the concepts in prose, as he did in his motion for summary judgment.
He could have used his own words to describe the components. He might have broken
down or combined the components in a different way. He could have expressed the
absence of one of the components with an “X” over the component, as did another
writer’s sample diagram; one Lippitt attached as Exhibit 10 to her response to Warrick’s
summary judgment motion. (Appellant’s App’x 247-52.)
The freedom Warrick enjoyed to express the ideas depicted in Lippitt’s diagram in
an alternative way is what distinguishes this case from the cases Warrick cites in defense
of the summary judgment. For instance, in Ho v. Taflove, the model at issue was “a new
mathematical model of how electrons behave under certain circumstances.” 648 F.3d
489, 497 (7th Cir. 2011) (quotations omitted). It was intended to mirror, as realistically
as possible, a natural physical phenomenon. Id. at 498. Thus, the form of the model was
dictated by technical concerns rather than expressive choices. See id.
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This case is more like Arica Institute, Inc. v. Palmer, 970 F.2d 1067 (2d Cir.
1992). There, the court concluded the idea inherent in a diagram about “ego fixations”
was not merged with its expression because there were “any number of ways” to
construct the diagram. Id. at 1076. The diagrams at issue were constructed in the form of
nine-pointed stars (“enneagrams”), with labels at the points, within a circle. Id. at 1070-
71. The court imagined several alternative ways of expressing the same idea without the
nine-pointed star, such as a numbered listing with interconnecting arrows. Id. at 1076.
In short, because there are many ways to express the ideas depicted in Lippitt’s
diagram, the expression does not “merge” with the underlying ideas.
2. Eligibility of Constituent Elements for Copyright Protection
Even though Lippitt’s diagram does not merge with the underlying idea, we are
also asked to determine whether the constituent elements of her diagram are eligible for
copyright protection. See Reno, 555 F.3d at 1177-78. Predictably, Warrick says the
elements of Lippitt’s diagram—short labels, shapes, symbols, and selection of typeface—
are not eligible for copyright protection. See Arica Inst., 970 F.2d at 1072-73 (noting
individual words and short phrases are generally not copyrightable); Atari Games Corp.
v. Oman, 979 F.2d 242, 247 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (noting “simple geometric shapes and
coloring alone are per se not copyrightable”) (quotations omitted); 37 C.F.R. § 202.1(a)
(“familiar symbols” and “mere variations of typographic ornamentation” are not
copyrightable). In essence, Warrick claims the diagram lacks the “minimal degree of
creativity” necessary to qualify for copyright protection, even though “the requisite level
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of creativity is extremely low.” Feist Publ’ns, 499 U.S. at 345; see CMM Cable Rep, Inc.
v. Ocean Coast Props., Inc., 97 F.3d 1504, 1519 (1st Cir. 1996) (listing examples of
expression lacking the requisite creativity).
Warrick’s view misses the forest for the trees. Any copyrightable work can be
sliced into elements unworthy of copyright protection. See CMM Cable Rep, 97 F.3d at
1514. Books could be reduced to a collection of non-copyrightable words. Music could
be distilled into a series of non-copyrightable rhythmic tones. A painting could be
viewed as a composition of unprotectable colors. Warrick’s impulse to unpack Lippitt’s
diagram into ever-smaller and less-protectable elements is understandable, as copyright
jurisprudence tends toward dissection.6
Nevertheless, a limiting principle constrains this reductionism. We must focus on
whether Lippitt has “selected, coordinated, and arranged” the elements of her diagram in
an original way. Feist Publ’ns, 499 U.S. at 358; Knitwaves, Inc. v. Lollytogs Ltd., 71
F.3d 996, 1004 (2d Cir. 1995); see also Feist Publ’ns, 499 U.S. at 349 (“[I]f the selection
and arrangement are original, these elements of the work are eligible for copyright
protection.”).
6
See, e.g., Feist Publ’ns, 499 U.S. at 361, 363 (referring to “constituent
elements”); Mitel, 124 F.3d at 1371 (applying a reductive “abstraction-filtration-
comparison” approach to examine alleged copyright infringement); Apple Computer, Inc.
v. Microsoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435, 1443 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[W]e use analytic dissection to
determine the scope of copyright protection. . . .”); CMM Cable Rep, 97 F.3d at 1514
(“[W]e note that the Copyright Act itself seems to mandate the ‘dissection’ of works into
copyrightable and uncopyrightable elements.”).
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We see protectable creative insight in Lippitt’s arrangement and choice of
expression. In Diagram 1A, she portrays the necessary components of organizational
change as blocks or bricks, suggesting how they build on each other. In Diagram 1B, she
uses mathematical symbols to illustrate how the essential components of organizational
change must be combined to achieve successful organizational change. In both versions,
she selects a particular word to crystallize the kind of failure resulting from any missing,
but necessary, component. She has arranged the components from left-to-right in a
particular order. And, both versions show the essential components chained together in a
way suggesting they are vitally linked. These expressive choices push Lippitt’s diagram
into the realm of copyrightability.7
B. Registration and Copying
Lippitt claims to have satisfied both the statutory formality of copyright
registration and her burden of producing evidence to demonstrate Warrick’s
infringement. In response, Warrick argues Lippitt’s claim is sustainable only if she
produces the original work as registered. Lippitt makes the better argument.
The parties have conflated the statutory formality of registration with the burden
of proving the content of the allegedly infringed work. The two are separate issues.
Copyright registration is not a prerequisite for copyright protection. 17 U.S.C. §§ 102,
7
While we realize Lippitt, in her deposition testimony, opined that her rights
extended even to the ideas underlying her diagram, her mistaken view does not prevent
her from enforcing the rights she does hold under the copyright law.
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408(a); see La Resolana Architects, PA v. Clay Realtors Angel Fire, 416 F.3d 1195, 1198
(10th Cir. 2005), overruled on other grounds by Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick, 559
U.S. 154, 130 S. Ct. 1237, 1243 n.2 & 1248 (2010). Rather, registration is necessary
only as a prerequisite to suing for infringement. 17 U.S.C. § 411(a); see Clay Realtors,
416 F.3d at 1199.
Here, Lippitt satisfied the statutory registration requirement. She obtained a
copyright in 1987 when she fixed her diagram by writing it down. See 17 U.S.C.
§ 102(a). As Warrick acknowledges, Lippitt has registered a variety of works containing
versions of the diagram.8 This satisfied her duty to register the work before bringing suit.
See 17 U.S.C. § 411(a).
The parties’ arguments about the evidence of copying are perplexing because the
parties seem to agree on the salient point: Warrick copied Lippitt’s diagram. Ordinarily,
Lippitt, as plaintiff, would bear the burden of presenting evidence allowing the court to
8
Lippitt was unable to produce the work registered in 1987 as proof that the
diagram was included in it. But the diagram was included in other works registered in
2000 and 2003. See R.W. Beck, Inc. v. E3 Consulting, LLC, 577 F.3d 1133, 1143 (10th
Cir. 2009) ("[I]f the same party owns a copyright in both a derivative work . . . and the
underlying work that is incorporated in the derivative work, registration of a copyright in
the derivative work is sufficient to permit an infringement action on either the preexisting
(unoriginal) material or on any newly contributed material."). Moreover, Lippitt testified
at her deposition that the diagram was first included in materials registered in 1987: “The
chart first appeared in Transition: Accomplishing Organization Change . . . which is
Exhibit 5.” (App’x 76.) The appendix contains the 1987 certificate of registration for
this work. Warrick has presented no evidence giving any reason to doubt Lippitt's
testimony about the diagram’s inclusion in the work she registered in 1987.
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compare the original work with the alleged infringements. See Reno, 555 F.3d at 1177.
Here, however, Warrick admits he was given a copy of Lippitt’s diagram and used it to
produce Diagram 2. He even credited Lippitt for her creation of the diagram. Because
this is the rare case where there is direct evidence of copying, Lippitt need not show
copying indirectly by the usual method of demonstrating access and substantial
similarity. See Reno, 555 F.3d at 1178 (observing a plaintiff may prove copying either
with direct evidence of copying or by showing access and “probative similarities”);
Country Kids, 77 F.3d at 1284 (same).
C. Preservation of Issues
Warrick also urges us not to consider Lippitt’s arguments related to Diagram 1B
because, he says, Lippitt did not raise infringement of Diagram 1B in her complaint. See,
e.g., Ark Initiative v. U.S. Forest Serv., 660 F.3d 1256, 1261 (10th Cir. 2011) (“[A]
litigant who does not argue an issue in the district court may not seek appellate relief.”)
(quotations omitted). But Lippitt did not need to do so; we have never required plaintiffs
to plead their evidence. They are only required to provide a sufficient factual basis to
show their claims are facially plausible, and, “once a claim has been stated adequately, it
may be supported by showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations in the
complaint.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 563 (2007).
Lippitt’s complaint provides plausible factual support for her copyright
infringement claim. That factual support included her assertion that the “chart,” was
included in “various versions of copyrighted materials.” (Appellants’ App’x at 16.) This
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assertion provided a factual basis for the plausibility of an infringement claim premised
on either revision of the diagram.9
Although Lippitt has suggested for the first time on appeal that the diagram might
be copyrightable as a compilations of fact, because the diagram is copyrightable in its
own right, we need not reach this issue.
The judgment of the district court is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED for
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
9
Warrick quibbles with Lippitt’s omission of certain documents from the
appendix and the adequacy of the citations in her opening brief. Although Lippitt’s
appendix may indeed have omitted pleadings and associated materials significant to this
appeal, see Burnett v. SW Bell Tele., L.P., 555 F.3d 906, 907-09 (10th Cir. 2009), there
appears to have been some confusion about the necessity of including these materials in
light of the district court’s issuance of its summary judgment without any statement of its
rationale on the record. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). While we could have obtained these
few materials from the record on appeal in the district court, see Burnett, 555 F.3d at 907-
09, Warrick has also helpfully provided them in his supplemental appendix.
Accordingly, while we remind Lippitt of her obligation to prepare an appendix in
conformity with 10th Cir. R. 30.1, see Heil v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 298 F. App’x 703,
705 (10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished), it is appropriate to reach the merits of Lippitt’s
arguments. Further, because Lippitt’s citations to the appendix adequately enabled us to
evaluate her contentions, we find any defects in that regard to be immaterial.
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