United States v. Dodson ( 2022 )

Appellate Case: 21-7046 Document: 010110679525 Date Filed: 05/04/2022 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 4, 2022
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 21-7046
(D.C. No. 6:20-CR-00063-JFH-1)
MARK KEVIN DODSON, (E.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before MATHESON, KELLY, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Mark Kevin Dodson appeals a district court’s restitution order following his guilty
plea to one count of arson in Indian country. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291, we affirm.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
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I. BACKGROUND
Dr. Bonnie Miller owned a home in Okemah, Oklahoma, with her now-deceased
husband, Dr. Noel Miller. The home had been in the family for decades, but due to
several burglaries, it had been boarded up and was vacant by September 2019.
On September 15, 2019, around 3:00 a.m., someone set a fire in the home’s
basement, “which didn’t burn anything but a post.” ROA, Vol. III at 13. On September
16, at 12:28 a.m., a neighbor’s surveillance video recorded two men walking toward the
home carrying containers for liquid. About four minutes later, an exterior wall of the
home erupted in flames. The Okemah Police and Fire Departments arrived at the scene
and extinguished the fire, but not before the fire had caused additional damage to the
home’s interior and extensive damage to the exterior.
Investigators identified Mr. Dodson and Seth Henry Thomas as the men in the
neighbor’s video. Another security video from a nearby motel showed Mr. Dodson’s
truck in the motel parking lot on September 16 from 12:08 a.m. until 12:41 a.m. A
woman who had been there with Mr. Dodson and Mr. Thomas told investigators that after
the three of them arrived at the motel, the men exited the truck and walked toward a hill.
She said they ran back to the truck 20 minutes later. She could see a fire burning in the
direction from where they had been.
Mr. Dodson and Mr. Thomas were indicted on one count of arson in Indian
country, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 81, 1151, and 1153(a). The indictment said the fire occurred
“[o]n or about September 15, 2019.” ROA, Vol. I at 8. In Mr. Dodson’s petition to enter
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a guilty plea, he acknowledged starting the second fire: “In the early morning hours of
September 16, 2019, . . . I willfully set fire to a vacant house.” Id. at 16.
The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) said that Dr. Miller’s insurance
company, MDOW Insurance, declared the home a total loss due to structural damage.
MDOW calculated the home’s replacement value at $384,158.29. Dr. Miller received
$288,000 (the policy limit), and $72,000 (settlement for the home’s contents) from
MDOW. The PSR recommended that MDOW be awarded those two sums as restitution.
It also recommended that Dr. Miller receive $96,158.29 (the amount by which the home
was underinsured) in restitution.
Mr. Dodson objected, arguing that (1) MDOW’s exposure under its insurance
contract was not a proper accounting of losses and there was no inventory of lost personal
property, (2) MDOW’s payments were for losses arising from multiple events, including
the September 15 fire and preceding burglaries, and (3) it was impossible to accurately
assess losses caused solely by the September 16 fire.
At the sentencing hearing, the district court considered Mr. Dodson’s objections
and agreed there was insufficient evidence to connect his actions on September 16 to the
loss of the home’s contents. Thus, the court denied restitution for MDOW’s $72,000
personal-property payment. But it determined that the home’s replacement value,
$384,158.29, was an accurate measure of loss and that “the damage caused by [Mr.
Dodson] was sufficient in and of itself to result in a total loss of the home” on September
16. ROA, Vol. III at 52. The court therefore ordered $288,000 in restitution to MDOW
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and $96,158.29 to Dr. Miller.1 Finally, the court sentenced Mr. Dodson to 51 months in
prison. The criminal judgment incorporated these determinations but said the “[o]ffense
[e]nded” on September 15. ROA, Vol. I at 30.
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Mr. Dodson challenges the restitution award on three grounds: (1)
MDOW was not a “victim” under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”);
(2) the factual issues were so complex that the burden of resolving them outweighed
the need for restitution under the MVRA; and (3) the district court awarded
restitution based on the September 16 arson fire, but the indictment and judgment of
conviction listed the date as September 15. After we provide a brief overview of the
MVRA and identify our standard of review, we turn to these challenges and reject
each one.
A. The MVRA and Standard of Review
“The [MVRA] provides, in pertinent part, that when sentencing a defendant
convicted of certain designated offenses, the court shall order, in addition to any other
penalty authorized by law, that the defendant shall make restitution to the victim of the
offense or, if the victim is deceased, to the victim’s estate.” United States v. Benally,
19 F.4th 1250, 1256 (10th Cir. 2021) (ellipsis and quotations omitted); see 18 U.S.C.
§ 3663A(a)(1). “[R]estitution [is] mandatory for any offense against property under Title
1
The district court imposed the restitution award jointly and severally against
Mr. Dodson and Mr. Thomas.
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18 of the United States Code in which an identifiable victim has suffered a physical
injury or pecuniary loss.” United States v. Butler, 694 F.3d 1177, 1183 (10th Cir. 2012)
(citing 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(1)).
“We review the legality of a restitution order de novo, the district court’s factual
findings for clear error, and the amount of restitution for abuse of discretion.” United
States v. Anthony, 22 F.4th 943, 950 (10th Cir. 2022) (quotations omitted). “A district
court abuses its discretion if it orders a restitution amount based on an erroneous view of
the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Id. (quotations omitted).
B. Analysis
1. MDOW’s Status as a Victim
Mr. Dodson argues that MDOW does not qualify for restitution because it is not a
“victim” under the MVRA. We disagree.
The MVRA defines “victim” as “a person directly and proximately harmed as a
result of the commission of an offense for which restitution may be ordered.” 18 U.S.C. §
3663A(a)(2).2 An insurance company that pays an insured’s claim for a loss is an
“identifiable victim” under the MVRA and qualifies for restitution. United States v.
2
“Every circuit court to have considered the issue has . . . rejected [the] . . .
contention that the term ‘person’ in the MVRA’s definition of ‘victim’ limits victims
to natural persons.” United States v. Zander, 742 F. App’x 358, 362 (10th Cir. 2018)
(citing cases). Even “the government can be a ‘victim’ under the MVRA.” United
States v. Quarrell, 310 F.3d 664, 677 (10th Cir. 2002). See Catharine M. Goodwin,
Federal Criminal Restitution § 5:4 (Aug. 2021 update) (“person” in the MVRA
includes non-person entities such as governments and corporations). Mr. Dodson has
not argued otherwise.
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Burks, 678 F.3d 1190, 1198 (10th Cir. 2012) (affirming restitution award for insurance
company that paid its insured’s claim for auto theft).
Mr. Dodson argues MDOW is not a victim because he did not directly and
proximately harm MDOW given “[t]he multiple intervening events in the instant case.”
Aplt. Br. at 16. He contends that MDOW lumped the “multiple burglaries that occurred
over [ ] an extended period of time” and the “two non-connected arson events” into a
“single loss” that it paid to Dr. Miller. Id.But Mr. Dodson overlooks two key points. First, the district court excluded from
restitution all personal property losses from any source. Second, the court ordered
restitution based solely on the September 16 fire, which damaged the home’s structure
and resulted in a total loss. Mr. Dodson admitted setting that fire, and Dr. Miller’s
homeowner’s policy required MDOW to pay for the loss.3 We therefore reject Mr.
Dodson’s argument that MDOW is not an MVRA victim.
3
We reject any challenge Mr. Dodson may be making regarding the amount of
restitution awarded to MDOW. As we said recently, “the court need not calculate the
harms with exact precision.” Anthony, 22 F.4th at 950 (brackets and quotations
omitted). The government need only “prove the amount of loss by a preponderance.”
Id. Here, the district court relied on the home’s replacement value. The amount was
listed in an inspection report that was referenced in the PSR. The replacement value
was admitted without objection during Mr. Dodson’s sentencing. Courts have held
that the replacement cost of a structure damaged by arson can be a valid measure of
restitution under the MVRA. See United States v. Howard, 887 F.3d 1072, 1078
(10th Cir. 2018) (“[A] district court may, for different types of property, determine
that fair market value, replacement cost, foreclosure price, cost to the victim, repair
or restoration costs, or another measure of value is most appropriate.”); United States
v. Shugart, 176 F.3d 1373, 1375 (11th Cir. 1999) (using replacement cost as the
restitution value for a burned-down church). Mr. Dodson offers no cogent argument
demonstrating that the district court either (1) legally erred in using replacement cost
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2. MVRA’s Complexity Exception
The MVRA authorizes the district court to forego restitution for certain offenses,
including property offenses, if “determining complex issues of fact related to the cause or
amount of the victim’s losses would complicate or prolong the sentencing process to a
degree that the need to provide restitution to any victim is outweighed by the burden on
the sentencing process.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(3)(B). Mr. Dodson invoked the MVRA’s
complexity exception in district court and the court rejected it. We perceive no abuse of
discretion. See United States v. Zangari, 677 F.3d 86, 93 (2d Cir. 2012) (noting that the
district court may invoke the complexity exception “in the exercise of its sound
discretion”).
Despite Mr. Dodson’s characterization of this case as a “factual quagmire” that
“no court could ever sort out,” Aplt. Br. at 23, 27, the district court did sort out the facts
and ably performed the restitution analysis. It excluded personal property losses caused
by events preceding Mr. Dodson’s September 16 arson. It limited restitution to the
arson’s impact on the structure of the home, which was a total loss with a discernable
replacement value. The factual issues in this case were not so complex as to “bog down a
sentencing proceeding” or “embroil[ ] [a district court] in intricate issues of proof.”
United States v. Malone, 747 F.3d 481, 486, 487 (7th Cir. 2014). The district court’s
to value Dr. Miller’s home, or (2) clearly erred in finding that the cost of rebuilding
the home would be $384,158.29.
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denial of Mr. Dodson’s request to apply the MVRA’s complexity exception was not an
abuse of discretion.
3. Date in the Indictment
Finally, Mr. Dodson argues he cannot be required to pay restitution for the damage
caused by the September 16 fire because (1) the indictment listed September 15 as the
arson fire’s date and (2) the judgment of conviction specified an offense end date of
September 15. Because this argument was not raised in the district court, Mr. Dodson
must show plain error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b) (“A plain error that affects substantial
rights may be considered even though it was not brought to the court’s attention.”); Greer
v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 2090, 2096 (2021) (observing that “[i]f the defendant has an
opportunity to object and fails to do so, he forfeits the claim of error,” and “[i]f the
defendant later raises the forfeited claim on appeal, Rule 52(b)’s plain-error standard
applies” (quotations omitted)).
Under the plain error standard, (1) “there must be an error”; (2) “the error must be
plain”; and (3) “the error must affect substantial rights, which generally means that there
must be a reasonable probability that, but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding
would have been different.” Greer, 141 S. Ct. at 2096. (quotations omitted). Then, “[i]f
those three requirements are met, [we] may grant relief if [we] conclude[ ] that the error
had a serious effect on the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”
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Id. at 2096-97 (quotations omitted). We conclude there was no error, let alone plain
error.4
Mr. Dodson’s argument stems from the rule that “MVRA restitution [must] be
limited to the offense of conviction,” which “necessarily includes the temporal limits of
the offense as outlined in the indictment.” United States v. Allen, 983 F.3d 463, 472
(10th Cir. 2020) (quotations omitted). Thus, “a restitution order cannot compensate for
losses stemming from conduct that occurred outside the charged period.” Id. at 472-73.
These general principles do not help Mr. Dodson here.
The indictment charged Mr. Dodson with setting the fire “[o]n or about
September 15.” ROA, Vol. I at 8 (emphasis added). “[W]here the phrase ‘on or about’ is
used in an indictment in connection with a specific date, if the prosecution proves that the
offense was committed within a few weeks of the date, the proof will be deemed
sufficient to hold the defendant responsible for the charge.” United States v. Charley,
189 F.3d 1251, 1272 (10th Cir. 1999) (alterations and quotations omitted); see also
United States v. Ellis, 868 F.3d 1155, 1179 (10th Cir. 2017) (“When an indictment lists a
specific date, the government must produce some evidence which tends to show that the
defendant committed the charged offense on a date reasonably near to the specified date
alleged in the indictment.” (quotations omitted)).
The record shows that Mr. Dodson parked at the motel at 12:08 a.m. on September
16 and that he set fire to the home at 12:32 a.m. The criminal activity occurred “on or
4
Mr. Dodson’s argument is a challenge to the legality of the restitution order,
which as noted above, we review for error de novo. See Anthony, 22 F.4th at 950.
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about September 15.” A few minutes into September 16 falls well within the range
upheld in Charley and Ellis.
Also, the record shows the district court confined restitution to Mr. Dodson’s
September 16 conduct. No restitution in his case derived from the first fire at 3:00 a.m.
on September 15. During the sentencing proceedings, both parties focused the court’s
attention on Mr. Dodson’s September 16 conduct. See, e.g., ROA, Vol. II at 25, 29 (Mr.
Dodson’s objections to the PSR, twice stressing that his plea involved his conduct on
September 16); id., Vol. III at 45 (the Government’s representation at Mr. Dodson’s
sentencing hearing that the September 15 fire “is not part of . . . what the government has
proved or what [Mr. Dodson and Mr. Thomas] have pled to in this case”).
Thus, despite the “September 15” references in the indictment and judgment, the
district court’s restitution order covered only the losses caused by Mr. Dodson’s admitted
conduct during the first hour of September 16.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s judgment.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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