United States v. Rosales-Miranda , 755 F.3d 1253 ( 2014 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT July 7, 2014
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 13-1150
(D.C. No. 1:12-CR-00356-WJM-1)
MANUEL ANTONIO ROSALES-
MIRANDA,
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER
_________________________________
Before KELLY, GORSUCH, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
This matter is before the court on appellant’s Motion for Publication of Order and
Judgment. We also have a response from the United States. Upon consideration, the
motion to publish is granted. The court’s June 17, 2014 decision has been reformatted as
a published opinion and is attached to this order. The clerk is directed to file the
published opinion nunc pro tunc to the original filing date.
Entered for the Court
ELISABETH A. SHUMAKER, Clerk
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
June 17, 2014
PUBLISH Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
No. 13-1150
MANUEL ANTONIO ROSALES-
MIRANDA,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Colorado
(D.C. No. 1:12-CR-00356-WJM-1)
Jill M. Wichlens, Assistant Federal Public Defender (Warren R. Williamson,
Federal Public Defender, Interim, with her on the briefs), Denver, Colorado, for
Defendant-Appellant.
Robert M. Russel, Assistant United States Attorney, (Laurie K. Dean, Special
Assistant United States Attorney, and John F. Walsh, United States Attorney, on
the brief), Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before KELLY, GORSUCH, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
HOLMES, Circuit Judge.
Defendant-Appellant Manuel Rosales-Miranda was convicted of illegal
reentry after being deported, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and 1326(b)(2).
The district court applied a sixteen-level enhancement to Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s
offense level pursuant to § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
(“U.S.S.G.” or “the Guidelines”), which allows for such an enhancement where
the defendant has a prior crime-of-violence felony conviction. The district court
applied the enhancement based on two misdemeanor Virginia state domestic-
violence convictions. The parties now agree not only that this was error, but also
that it was clear or obvious error under current law, as those domestic-violence
convictions were not felonies. The parties disagree, however, regarding whether
the error affected Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s substantial rights and whether it has
seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse the
district court’s sentencing order and remand the case, instructing the district
court to vacate Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s sentence and to conduct a resentencing
proceeding consistent with this order and judgment.
I
Mr. Rosales-Miranda was indicted for illegally reentering the United States
after being deported, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and 1326(b)(2). He
pleaded guilty to these criminal charges. An officer of the United States
Probation Office then prepared a Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”). The
PSR started with a base offense level of eight, as provided by U.S.S.G.
2
§ 2L1.2(a). 1 It then applied a sixteen-level enhancement under
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii)—the crime-of-violence enhancement—which is warranted
when the defendant illegally reenters the United States after receiving a felony
conviction for “a crime of violence.” R., Vol. III, ¶ 16, at 28 (PSR, dated Jan. 25,
2013). The PSR applied the enhancement referencing two 2004 convictions
entered by a Virginia state court for “Assault and Battery on a Family Member”
(hereinafter, “the domestic-violence convictions”). Id. From the adjusted offense
level of twenty-four, the PSR subtracted three levels for acceptance of
responsibility, resulting in a total offense level of twenty-one.
Turning to the criminal-history calculation, the probation officer recounted
in the PSR Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s criminal record. Along with an “Assault on a
Police Officer” conviction, id., ¶ 33, at 30, the probation officer factored the
domestic-violence convictions into Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s criminal-history score.
Accordingly, the PSR assigned Mr. Rosales-Miranda a criminal-history score of
twelve, resulting in a criminal-history category of V. Using this criminal-history
category and the offense level of twenty-one, the PSR calculated an advisory
Guidelines range of seventy to eighty-seven months of imprisonment. Neither
Mr. Rosales-Miranda nor the government objected to the PSR.
Pursuant to the written plea agreement, the government recommended a
1
The Probation Office used the 2012 edition of the Guidelines in
preparing the PSR. Because neither party has objected to this decision, we use
the 2012 edition as well.
3
prison term of seventy months and (consistent with the PSR’s recommendation)
moved for a one-offense-level decrease under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b) for acceptance
of responsibility. Mr. Rosales-Miranda then moved for a downward variance,
requesting a sentence not longer than thirty months based on the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) sentencing factors—specifically highlighting in this regard his personal
history, his family situation, and the comparative leniency of the prior sentences
for the purported felonies cited in support of the crime-of-violence enhancement.
At sentencing, the district court accepted the PSR’s Guidelines
computations. The court began its discussion, however, by noting that the “really
disturbing” feature of Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s case was the domestic-violence
convictions. R., Vol. II, at 31 (Sentencing Tr., dated Mar. 19, 2013). The court
remarked, “[O]ne of the crimes I cannot abide is domestic violence [toward]
spouses.” Id. It then recited Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s grounds for his downward-
variance motion, with particular emphasis on his claim that he had come to the
United States to work so that he could send money to his elderly mother and
young children in Guatemala. The district court also noted Mr. Rosales-
Miranda’s position that “even the 30-month sentence he requested in this motion
would by far be the longest amount of time he [had] ever spent in prison before
and that such a variant sentence would be a profound deterrent to the defendant
from ever returning to this country.” Id. at 36.
After making these remarks, the district court addressed a policy
4
disagreement with the Guidelines, first stating that
[a]part from the grounds set forth in the defendant’s motion, I
note that the offense level in this case is governed by Section
2L1.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines. In United States [v.]
Garcia-Jaquez, [807 F. Supp. 2d 1005 (D. Colo. 2011)], this
Court published its sentencing order and addressed the significant
concerns I have with the application of this guideline to cases
like the one before me today. I hereby incorporate by reference
my reasoning set forth in Garcia-Jaquez.
I find that in this case the double counting[ 2] of defendant’s prior
felony conviction[s] results in a guideline range greater than
necessary to achieve the goals of Section 3553(a). Let me stress
it is not my view that [these] prior conviction[s] [should] be
eliminated entirely from either the offense level or the criminal
history category. Instead, the double counting is a factor I will
consider in determining the appropriate sentence to impose in
this case.
Moreover, I do not find that it is completely unwarranted to
consider the defendant’s prior convictions in determining a fair
sentence. Indeed, it is because of defendant’s prior criminal
history record that I will grant the defendant’s motion in part
only.
Id. at 36–37. The district court then recited the facts of Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s
previous convictions, including that he attacked his wife “with his fist, kicking
her, banging her head against a solid tile floor and striking her on the arms
twice.” Id. at 37. “Significantly,” the district court added, “the defendant did not
complete the anger management classes required by his state court sentence.” Id.
2
By “double counting,” the district court apparently meant that when a
district court applies the crime-of-violence enhancement, it counts the conviction
not only for purposes of an enhancement of the defendant’s offense level, but also
for purposes of calculating the defendant’s criminal-history score. See Garcia-
Jaquez, 807 F. Supp. 2d at 1015.
5
Following that discussion, the district court announced that it would
“impose a downward variant sentence based on [its] policy disagreement with the
substantial effect that Section 2L1.2’s double counting of defendant’s prior felony
conviction[s] has on Mr. [Rosales-Miranda’s] guideline range.” Id. at 38.
Moreover, having thus stated this policy disagreement, the court proceeded to
present another:
I will also grant defendant’s motion on the basis . . . that this
particular guideline’s sentencing enhancements are divorced from
empirical data. As I examined in Garcia-Jaquez, the Sentencing
Commission did no study to determine if this guideline’s
enhancements for prior convictions served any legitimate
penological goal.
As a result I find that in this case Section 2L1.2’s sentencing
range does not necessarily reflect a sentence that might achieve
Section 3553(a)’s objectives.
Id.
Acting on these two policy disagreements, the district court sentenced Mr.
Rosales-Miranda to thirty-six months in prison. Mr. Rosales-Miranda filed a
timely notice of appeal.
II
On appeal, the parties agree that the district court committed a sentencing
error and that the error was clear or obvious. The parties also agree that Mr.
Rosales-Miranda failed to preserve an objection to that error. This forfeiture
triggers plain-error review. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Vasquez-
Alcarez, 647 F.3d 973, 976 (10th Cir. 2011) (“If [the defendant] has forfeited the
6
. . . argument, we review . . . only for plain error.”); United States v. Gonzalez-
Jaquez, 566 F.3d 1250, 1251 (10th Cir. 2009) (reviewing for plain error, where
defense counsel failed to object to the district court’s finding that offense was a
crime of violence implicating sentencing enhancement); see also United States v.
Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731 (1993) (prescribing plain-error review for cases
involving “errors that were forfeited because not timely raised in district court”).
The parties only disagree about whether Mr. Rosales-Miranda fully satisfies our
plain-error test.
As one of our sister circuits has deftly noted, “[t]he Supreme Court has
cautioned appellate courts against the ‘reflexive inclination’ to reverse
unpreserved error.” United States v. Carthorne, 726 F.3d 503, 510 (4th Cir.
2013) (quoting Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 134 (2009)), cert. denied, -
-- U.S. ----, 134 S. Ct. 1326 (2014). “As a result, relief on plain error review is
‘difficult to get, as it should be.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Dominguez
Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83 n.9 (2004)).
Thus, Mr. Rosales-Miranda “[cannot] prevail unless he [can] successfully
run the gauntlet created by our rigorous plain-error standard of review.” United
States v. Bader, 678 F.3d 858, 894 n.24 (10th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v.
McGehee, 672 F.3d 860, 866 (10th Cir. 2012)).
Under this demanding standard, he must demonstrate: (1) an
error, (2) that is plain, which means clear or obvious under
current law, and (3) that affects substantial rights. If he satisfies
these criteria, this Court may exercise discretion to correct the
7
error if [4] it seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.
McGehee, 672 F.3d at 876 (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting
United States v. Cooper, 654 F.3d 1104, 1117 (10th Cir. 2011)) (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Goode, 483 F.3d 676, 681
(10th Cir. 2007) (noting the same requirements “[t]o obtain relief under this
doctrine”). “We will not reverse a conviction for plain error unless all four
prongs of the plain-error test are satisfied.” United States v. Caraway, 534 F.3d
1290, 1299 (10th Cir. 2008).
“[T]he plain-error standard, while difficult to overcome, serves an
important goal: to balance ‘our need to encourage all trial participants to seek a
fair and accurate trial the first time around against our insistence that obvious
injustice be promptly redressed.’” United States v. Frost, 684 F.3d 963, 971–72
(10th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15 (1985)).
“Accordingly, we will find plain error only when an error is particularly
egregious and the failure to remand for correction would produce a miscarriage of
justice.” Id. (quoting United States v. Trujillo-Terrazas, 405 F.3d 814, 820 (10th
Cir. 2005)) (internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude that Mr. Rosales-
Miranda has identified such an egregious error that satisfies the plain-error test;
accordingly, his sentence cannot stand.
III
The parties share the view that the first two prongs of the plain-error test
8
are satisfied—viz., that the district court erred and that its error was clear or
obvious. We see no reason to question this conclusion. Therefore, we turn our
focus to the third and fourth prongs of the plain-error test.
A
In our third-prong inquiry under plain-error review, we ask whether the
error seriously affected the defendant’s substantial rights. An error seriously
affects the defendant’s substantial rights, as those terms are used in the plain-
error test, when the defendant demonstrates “that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for the error claimed, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” United States v. Mendoza, 698 F.3d 1303, 1310 (10th Cir. 2012)
(quoting United States v. Weiss, 630 F.3d 1263, 1274 (10th Cir. 2010)) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” United States v. Hasan, 526 F.3d 653,
665 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Sallahdin v. Gibson, 275 F.3d 1211, 1235 (10th Cir.
2002)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We therefore must ask whether we
are in doubt that, had the district court” calculated the advisory Guidelines range
correctly, it would have imposed the same sentence. Id.
1
We conclude that there is a reasonable probability that, absent the district
court’s error, Mr. Rosales-Miranda would have received a different sentence.
First, we note that the court’s erroneous calculation produced a significant
9
deviation from the proper range: an erroneous Guidelines range of seventy to
eighty-seven months, whereas the correct Guidelines range would have been
either thirty to thirty-seven months, or thirty-three to forty-one months, subject to
the proper criminal-history category. 3 Thus, the incorrect Guidelines calculation
more than doubled Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s advisory Guidelines range.
“[A] district court should begin all sentencing proceedings by correctly
calculating the applicable Guidelines range.” United States v. Ray, 704 F.3d
1307, 1315 (10th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, --- U.S. --
--, 133 S. Ct. 2812 (2013). The Guidelines thus form “the starting point and the
initial benchmark” for all sentencing proceedings. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S.
38, 49 (2007). “The district court must then consider the arguments of the parties
and the factors set forth in [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a).” Peugh v. United States, ---
3
We note as well that the parties perfunctorily joust about the proper
criminal-history category to assign to Mr. Rosales-Miranda. The government
contends that Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s criminal-history score should have been
thirteen—not twelve, as the PSR found and the district court adopted. Therefore,
the government places Mr. Rosales-Miranda in criminal-history category VI,
rather than V. Assuming that the sixteen-level crime-of-violence enhancement
was applied in error, the government submits that the Guidelines imprisonment
range would then have been thirty-three to forty-one months. Mr. Rosales-
Miranda does not vigorously contest this possibility (if he does so at all), as he
characterizes the appropriate sentencing range absent the crime-of-violence
enhancement as either the thirty- to thirty-seven-month range, which would
follow from a criminal-history category V, or the thirty-three- to forty-one-month
range, which would follow from a category VI. However, we need not opine on
the particulars of this dispute to resolve this appeal. For our purposes, the
important point is that the sentencing error had the effect of more than doubling
the operative Guidelines range, irrespective of whether Mr. Rosales-Miranda was
properly assigned a criminal-history category of V or VI.
10
U.S. ----, 133 S. Ct. 2072, 2080 (2013). “These requirements mean that ‘[i]n the
usual sentencing, . . . the judge will use the Guidelines range as the starting point
in the analysis and impose a sentence within the range.’” Id. at 2083 (alteration
and omission in original) (quoting Freeman v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 131 S.
Ct. 2685, 2692 (2011) (plurality opinion)). “Even if the sentencing judge sees a
reason to vary from the Guidelines, ‘if the judge uses the sentencing range as the
beginning point to explain the decision to deviate from it, then the Guidelines are
in a real sense the basis for the sentence.’” Id. (quoting Freeman, 131 S. Ct. at
2692). “That a district court may ultimately sentence a given defendant outside
the Guidelines range does not deprive the Guidelines of force as the framework
for sentencing.” Id.
Thus, because the Guidelines exert their force whenever a district court
complies with the federal sentencing scheme by first calculating the Guidelines
range, a miscalculation in the Guidelines range runs the risk of affecting the
ultimate sentence regardless of whether the court ultimately imposes a sentence
within or outside that range. See United States v. Langford, 516 F.3d 205, 217
(3d Cir. 2008) (“[W]hen the starting point for the § 3553(a) analysis is incorrect,
the end point, i.e., the resulting sentence, can rarely be shown to be unaffected.”);
accord United States v. Goodman, 519 F.3d 310, 323 (6th Cir. 2008). This risk
was especially grave here, and likely to be prejudicial to Mr. Rosales-Miranda,
because the Guidelines calculation error had the effect of very significantly
11
increasing his Guidelines range—indeed, it more than doubled it. Consequently,
though the erroneous Guidelines starting point for the district court’s § 3553(a)
analysis was not even close to the proper “initial benchmark,” Gall, 552 U.S. at
49, the court would have been obliged to begin its § 3553(a) analysis—including
its consideration of the possibility of a downward variance—from this false,
comparatively stratospheric Guidelines plateau. Put another way, the Guidelines
baseline from which the district court ultimately determined Mr. Rosales-
Miranda’s sentence and decided to vary downward was significantly higher than it
should have been, which strongly suggests that there is a reasonable probability
that Mr. Rosales-Miranda was prejudiced by the sentencing error that produced
this false baseline. Accordingly, without more, we would be firmly inclined to
conclude that Mr. Rosales-Miranda has satisfied the third prong of the plain-error
test.
2
However, there is more. An examination of the district court’s reasoning
confirms the soundness of our inclination to find the third prong of plain-error
review satisfied. Specifically, in downwardly varying from the erroneous
Guidelines range, the district court relied on two policy disagreements it had with
the Guidelines: (1) its disapproval of “double counting” a defendant’s prior
convictions, and (2) its belief that the crime-of-violence enhancement was
“divorced from empirical data.” R., Vol. II, at 38. Importantly, those
12
disagreements would still have vitality if the court resentenced Mr. Rosales-
Miranda under the proper Guidelines range.
In this regard, as Mr. Rosales-Miranda has noted, had his offense level not
been enhanced by sixteen levels because of the domestic-violence convictions, it
still would have been properly enhanced by eight levels under U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(C) for the assault of a police officer, as that conviction would have
merited an aggravated-felony enhancement under this Guidelines provision. 4 This
aggravated-felony enhancement would have produced the same alleged double-
counting problem that initially concerned the district court. Consequently, at a
minimum, there is a reasonable probability that the district court would have
downwardly varied from the proper Guidelines range—computed using the
aggravated-felony enhancement—to address this double-counting issue, yielding a
sentence that would have been lower than Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s original thirty-
six-month sentence. Similarly, to the extent that the district court’s initial
decision to downwardly vary was predicated on U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)’s
purported lack of an empirical foundation, that deficiency would still be present if
the court resentenced Mr. Rosales-Miranda under a properly calculated Guidelines
4
Under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1), considering the specified upward
adjustments for which a defendant qualifies, the sentencing court is to apply the
one that yields the greatest offense-level increase. Thus, the district court here
would only have considered applying the eight-level enhancement for Mr.
Rosales-Miranda’s aggravated-felony conviction if he were ineligible for the
higher, sixteen-level enhancement for the alleged crimes of violence.
13
range. And, therefore, a reasonable probability exists that the court would
respond to the supposed empirical deficiency in § 2L1.2(b)(1) in the same
manner—that is, by downwardly varying to a sentence that, under the proper
Guidelines range, necessarily would be lower than thirty-six months (i.e., Mr.
Rosales-Miranda’s original sentence).
The government does not offer much to counter this third-prong analysis.
Instead, it notes that the determination to be made at this stage of the plain-error
test “is not clear.” Aplee. Br. at 9. Explaining this rather noncommittal view, the
government notes that, although the district court committed clear or obvious
error in computing Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s Guidelines range, the downward-
variant sentence that it actually imposed on him—that is, thirty-six
months—undisputedly falls within the correct Guidelines range. There is, it
reasons, “some tension within this Court’s precedent,” id. at 10, when the actual
sentence that a defendant received falls within the Guidelines range that would
have been computed absent the error (i.e., the proper Guidelines range),
regarding whether the defendant should be deemed as a matter of law not to have
been prejudiced by the error.
As its sole example of a case holding that in such a situation a defendant
should not be found to have been prejudiced, the government cites United States
v. Hoskins, 654 F.3d 1086, 1099 (10th Cir. 2011). In Hoskins, we reasoned that
even if the defendant could demonstrate clear or obvious error that had increased
14
her applicable sentencing range, she could not establish prejudice because the
actual sentence imposed by the district court fell within the proper lower
Guidelines range. Id.
We recognize that Hoskins could be viewed as obstructing the conclusion
that we reach at the third prong. However, viewed in the context of our precedent
as a whole, Hoskins does not dictate our course here. It is axiomatic that “when
faced with an intra-circuit conflict, a panel should follow earlier, settled
precedent over a subsequent deviation therefrom.” Haynes v. Williams, 88 F.3d
898, 900 n.4 (10th Cir. 1996); accord United States v. Rodriguez-Aguirre, 414
F.3d 1177, 1185 n.10 (10th Cir. 2005). And, to the extent that Hoskins militates
against the path that we take here, it also runs counter to United States v. Osuna,
189 F.3d 1289 (10th Cir. 1999), a pre-Hoskins precedential decision of our court.
In Osuna, contrary to Hoskins, we concluded that the third prong of the
plain-error test was satisfied, even though (like here) the defendant’s actual
sentence—despite the district court’s sentencing error—fell within the properly
computed Guidelines range. 189 F.3d at 1294–95. Furthermore, in reaching this
result, we relied on an even earlier precedential decision—namely, United States
v. Urbanek, 930 F.2d 1512 (10th Cir. 1991). There, in an analogous setting, we
refused to declare harmless a district court’s erroneous obstruction-of-justice
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1—in other words, we found that the
adjustment was prejudicial—even though the defendant’s proper Guidelines range
15
substantially overlapped with the erroneous one. Urbanek, 930 F.2d at 1515–16.
We felt “compelled to remand for resentencing” because “the district court did
not specifically state that [the defendant’s] sentence would have been the same
with or without the obstruction of justice adjustment.” 5 Id. at 1516. As was true
of Urbanek, the district court here did not specifically state—indeed, did not even
intimate—that it would have reached the same sentence if Mr. Rosales-Miranda
had not been (erroneously) assigned the crime-of-violence adjustment, and for the
reasons discussed above, we do not think there is a reasonable probability that it
would have reached the same sentence. Thus, insofar as Hoskins would impede
us from reaching our otherwise sound conclusion that the third prong of the plain-
error test is satisfied, guided by our intra-circuit-conflict rules, and taking note of
our earlier, pre-Hoskins precedential decisions in Osuna and Urbanek, we do not
feel obliged to follow Hoskins.
In sum, because Mr. Rosales-Miranda has shown a reasonable probability
that the relevant outcome—his sentence—would have been different without the
5
The Third Circuit’s reasoning in Langford underscores the soundness
of the approach that our court took in Osuna and Urbanek. See Langford, 516
F.3d at 216 (“Although some courts have adopted an ‘overlapping range’
rationale, we conclude that such an ‘overlap’ does not necessarily render an error
in the Guidelines calculation harmless. Such an overlap, alone, proves too little.
The record must show that the sentencing judge would have imposed the same
sentence under a correct Guidelines range, that is, that the sentencing Guidelines
range did not affect the sentence actually imposed. The overlap may be helpful,
but it is the sentencing judge’s reasoning, not the overlap alone, that will be
determinative.”).
16
error, he has met his burden of showing that his substantial rights were affected.
Accordingly, he has satisfied the third prong of the plain-error test.
B
Under the fourth prong of the plain-error test, the defendant must show that
the complained-of error “seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Figueroa-Labrada, 720 F.3d
1258, 1266 (10th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The fourth
prong of the plain error test is discretionary,” United States v. Turrietta, 696 F.3d
972, 984 (10th Cir. 2012), and its standard is a “demanding standard, and of
course, depends on the facts of the particular case,” United States v. Gonzalez-
Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 737 (10th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
Reversal on the fourth prong is appropriate only where the error is
“‘particularly egregious’ and the ‘failure to notice the error would result in a
miscarriage of justice.’” United States v. Rufai, 732 F.3d 1175, 1195 (10th Cir.
2013) (quoting Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 736). As part of this showing, in
the sentencing context, a defendant “must demonstrate a strong possibility of
receiving a significantly lower sentence” but for the error. United States v.
Mullins, 613 F.3d 1273, 1294 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v.
Meacham, 567 F.3d 1184, 1190 (10th Cir. 2009)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
However, a Guidelines range that is the product of “obvious calculation
17
errors contained in the PSR . . . will be noticed more freely on plain error
review.” United States v. Johnson, 414 F.3d 1260, 1265 (10th Cir. 2005). Such a
patent, egregious PSR calculation error is present here. The PSR disregarded the
express language of the Virginia statute in treating Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s
domestic-violence convictions as felonies—instead of, properly, as
misdemeanors 6—and the district court endorsed this obvious error and predicated
its Guidelines computation on it. The result was a dramatic increase in Mr.
Rosales-Miranda’s Guidelines range—that is, a doubling of it—and we have
determined that there is a reasonable probability that this error prejudiced him.
We likewise believe that, under these circumstances, this patent PSR computation
error should militate in favor of a conclusion that the fourth prong of the plain-
error test is satisfied.
Furthermore, we are confident that there is a strong possibility that, absent
the error, the district court would have imposed a significantly lesser sentence on
Mr. Rosales-Miranda. Consistent with our third-prong reasoning, we predicate
this conclusion on the fact that, in resentencing, the district court would be
starting its § 3553(a) analysis from a substantially lower Guidelines range; and on
our view that nothing in the record suggests that the district court would
otherwise have abandoned its two principled policy disagreements with the
6
Under the applicable Virginia statute, “[a]ny person who commits an
assault and battery against a family or household member is guilty of a Class 1
misdemeanor.” Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-57.2(A).
18
Guidelines that led it, in the original sentencing proceeding, to significantly vary
downward from the advisory Guidelines range. Indeed, the magnitude of the
court’s downward variance bears underscoring: based on its policy critique of the
Guidelines, the district court imposed a sentence on Mr. Rosales-Miranda that
was almost one-half of the low end of what the court thought was the correct
advisory Guidelines range.
Whether the court would elect to vary downward so dramatically when
faced with the true, substantially lower Guidelines range on resentencing is not
the determinative point in this appeal. Rather, our focus is on whether there is a
legally cognizable possibility that the difference between the original, error-laden
sentence that Mr. Rosales-Miranda received and the lower, more favorable
sentence the district court ultimately would impose on resentencing is
“sufficiently significant,” such that we may conclude that leaving the original
sentence in place would “work a miscarriage of justice.” United States v.
Cordery, 656 F.3d 1103, 1108 (10th Cir. 2011).
In Cordery, we determined that the possibility that the defendant would
receive a sentence that was five months lower than his original, error-based
sentence—amounting to a roughly ten percent deviation from his original
sentence—was enough to conclude that permitting the original sentence to stand
would “work a miscarriage of justice.” Id. Or, put another way, we determined
that the ten percent possible difference in the defendant’s sentence was
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“sufficiently significant,” which led us to conclude that the fourth prong of the
plain-error test was satisfied—especially when “on th[e] record there [was] every
reason to believe the district court may find a sentence below” the defendant’s
original sentence in a subsequent resentencing. Id.
Here, we are confident that, irrespective of whether the district court would
elect to vary downward as dramatically as it did in Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s
original sentencing, when confronted with the substantially lower, correct
Guidelines range, the difference between its new sentence and Mr. Rosales-
Miranda’s original sentence would be “sufficiently significant” within the
meaning of Cordery. Starting from a considerably lower, proper Guidelines
baseline, there is at least a reasonable basis in the record to conclude that the
district court would still meaningfully discount that range (at a minimum, by the
ten percent found in Cordery), in making manifest its two policy disagreements
with the Guidelines. And, as in Cordery, on this record, we have “every reason to
believe the district court may find a sentence below” Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s
original sentence. Id. Accordingly, under these circumstances, we conclude that
Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s sentencing error is the kind that “seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings,” Figueroa-
Labrada, 720 F.3d at 1266 (internal quotation marks omitted), and exercise our
discretion to “notice the error,” United States v. Eddy, 523 F.3d 1268, 1270 (10th
Cir. 2008) (quoting Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 736) (internal quotation marks
20
omitted).
In resisting this conclusion, the government contends that the district
court’s two policy disagreements led it to disregard the Guidelines range entirely
and settle on thirty-six months as the appropriate sentence under § 3553(a)’s
sentencing factors. Under the government’s view, there is not a significant
possibility that lowering the Guidelines range to its proper level would result in
the district court imposing a significantly lesser sentence on Mr. Rosales-Miranda
because when the court imposed the thirty-six-month sentence on him, the
Guidelines range was not a factor in its sentencing calculus (i.e, it ignored the
range altogether). See Aplee. Br. at 15 (“Instead of following the guidelines in
this case, the district court looked to the specific circumstances of Mr. Rosales-
Miranda, particularly his extensive criminal history, and based the sentence on the
Section 3553(a) factors. . . . Thus, the record suggests that the district court’s
error in calculating the guideline range did not impact its decision to impose a 36-
month sentence.” (citation omitted)).
We are not persuaded by the government’s reasoning. As we have noted,
district courts are obliged to use the advisory Guidelines range as the jumping-off
point for their sentencing analyses. See, e.g., Peugh, 133 S. Ct. at 2083 (“The
post-Booker federal sentencing scheme aims to achieve uniformity by ensuring
that sentencing decisions are anchored by the Guidelines and that they remain a
meaningful benchmark through the process of appellate review.”). Consequently,
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it would have been patent procedural error for the district court to wholly ignore
the Guidelines, as the government suggests that it did. Thus, in order for us to
employ the government’s reasoning in rejecting Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s claim of
reversible error, we would need to, paradoxically, ascribe further error to the
district court. The legal propriety or wisdom of such a facially dubious
jurisprudential course need not delay us because we find absolutely no foundation
for moving in that direction on this record.
The district court did clearly indicate that its policy disagreements with the
Guidelines caused it to view the recommended range as excessive and
untrustworthy because of its concerns about alleged double-counting and the
relevant Guidelines provision’s purported lack of empirical grounding. But there
is no indication that the district court abandoned the Guidelines range as the
starting point and enduring touchstone in fashioning Mr. Rosales-Miranda’s
sentence. In this regard, the court’s incorporation of its prior reasoning in
Garcia-Jaquez is notable because there the court’s analysis was replete with
references to the Guidelines, and the court left no doubt that its intention was not
to discard the Guidelines range, but rather to discount it to reflect the court’s
policy disagreements. See 807 F. Supp. 2d at 1015 (declining to give “strict
application” to the defendant’s Guidelines range because it was “primarily driven
by § 2L1.2(b)(1), which is not based on empirical data”); id. at 1016 (noting that
the purported double-counting problem associated with the defendant’s trespass
22
conviction “resulted in a guideline range greater than necessary to achieve the
goals of § 3553(a),” but declining to “simply eliminate the trespass conviction
from either the offense level or the criminal history category,” presumably
because it would have been improper to do so and would also have altered the
integrity and usefulness of the Guidelines range as a touchstone; rather, indicating
“the double-counting was a factor that the Court considered in its overall
determination of a sentence” consonant with § 3553(a)’s principles); cf. R., Vol.
II, at 36–37 (“Let me stress it is not my view that this prior conviction [of Mr.
Rosales-Miranda] be eliminated entirely from either the offense level or the
criminal history category. Instead, the double counting is a factor I will consider
in determining the appropriate sentence to impose in this case.”). At bottom, the
government’s contention that there is not a sufficient possibility that the district
court would impose a significantly lesser sentence thus rests on a clear
premise—that is, the district court was not influenced by the improper Guidelines
range in imposing its original sentence; instead, it entirely discarded that range.
However, in our view, there is no foothold in the record for this premise.
Accordingly, the government’s contention is unpersuasive.
In sum, we hold that Mr. Rosales-Miranda has satisfied his burden under all
four prongs of the plain-error test; consequently, we elect to notice the court’s
error.
IV
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For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s sentencing
order, and we REMAND the case with instructions to VACATE Mr. Rosales-
Miranda’s sentence and to conduct resentencing proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
24