Mendiola v. Ashcroft ( 2006 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
July 27, 2006
FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
ED D IE M EN D IO LA ,
Petitioner,
v. No. 04-9612
(Agency No. A92-099-498)
ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney (Petition for Review)
General, *
Respondent.
OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT **
Before T YM KOV IC H, PO RFILIO, and BALDOCK , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
On February 4, 2005, Alberto R. Gonzales became the United States
Attorney General. In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure, M r. Gonzales is substituted for John Ashcroft as the
Respondent in this action.
**
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Eddie M endiola petitions for review of the Bureau of Immigration Appeals’
(BIA ) order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) decision ordering him
removed under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) because he had been convicted of an
aggravated-felony drug-trafficking offense as defined by 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(43)(B). M r. M endiola argues that (1) Ninth Circuit, not Tenth Circuit,
law should decide the deportation issues in this case, because in the Ninth Circuit,
where he was tw ice convicted of possession of a controlled substance, he would
not be classified as an aggravated felon; (2) his motion for a change of venue to
the Ninth Circuit should have been granted; and (3) the IJ improperly relied on an
indictment and a probation violation to prove his conviction. Our recent decision
in Ballesteros v. Ashcroft, No. 04-9528, 2006 W L 1633739 (10th Cir. June 14,
2006), guides our resolution of the choice-of-law and venue claims. Based on
Ballesteros, we conclude the choice-of-law claim lacks merit and we have no
jurisdiction to consider the venue claim. Also, we conclude that we have no
jurisdiction to review the unexhausted proof-of-conviction claim. Accordingly,
we dismiss the petition for review in part for lack of jurisdiction and deny the
remainder of the petition for lack of merit.
I.
M r. M endiola is a native and citizen of Peru. He became a lawful
permanent resident on April 28, 1989. On July 30, 1996, he was convicted in
California state court of misdemeanor possession of steroids in violation of Cal.
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Health & Safety Code § 11377(a). On August 7, 2000, he was convicted in
California state court under the same statute of felony possession of steroids.
After being convicted of being an accessory to a felony in Idaho state court in
September 2003, M r. M endiola was detained by immigration officials and
transferred to the immigration detention facility in A urora, Colorado. Thereafter,
the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) commenced removal proceedings on
the ground that M r. M endiola was an alien convicted of an aggravated felony.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B) (defining aggravated felony as including a
drug-trafficking crime); 8 U.S.C. §1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) (removability).
M r. M endiola moved for a change of venue from the Tenth Circuit to the
Ninth Circuit, asserting that he had no nexus to Colorado and that allowing the
case to continue in the conservative Tenth Circuit would allow the DHS to venue
shop in similar cases. He also asserted, in another motion, that Ninth Circuit law
should apply to determine whether he had an aggravated-felony conviction.
The IJ denied a change of venue and applied Tenth Circuit law, finding that
M r. M endiola w as removable as an aggravated felon based on the felony steroid
conviction, which is a drug trafficking crime, and ordered that he be removed to
Peru. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed M r. M endiola’s appeal.
In doing so, the B IA first decided that the IJ properly applied Tenth Circuit law,
because an IJ must apply the law of the IJ’s circuit and because “there is no
reason to believe that the Tenth Circuit would apply Ninth Circuit law to
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determine [M r. M endiola’s] removability simply because [his] criminal
conviction occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit.” R. at
2-3 (citing United States v. Castro-Rocha, 323 F.3d 846 (10th Cir. 2003);
Tapia-Garcia v. INS, 237 F.3d 1216 (10th Cir. 2001); and United States v.
Cabrera-Sosa, 81 F.3d 998 (10th Cir. 1996), which all applied Tenth Circuit law
when deciding if conviction in state outside Tenth Circuit constituted aggravated
felony). In addition, the BIA decided that the IJ correctly found that
M r. M endiola’s felony steroid conviction was a “drug trafficking crime” under
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) and therefore an aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)(B).
R. at 3. The BIA recognized that “[t]he Tenth Circuit has consistently held that a
state drug offense qualifies as a drug trafficking aggravated felony if it is
punishable under federal narcotics law and classified as a felony in the convicting
jurisdiction.” Id. (citing Castro-Rocha, 323 F.3d 846; United States v.
Valenzuela-Escalante, 130 F.3d 944, 946 (10th Cir. 1997); Cabrera-Sosa, 81 F.3d
998). Because M r. M endiola did not contest the IJ’s finding that possession of
steroids violates federal narcotics law (21 U.S.C. § 844(a)) and because
California classified the second steroid conviction as a felony, the BIA agreed
with the IJ that M r. M endiola was an aggravated felon, ineligible for relief from
removal. R. at 3. M r. M endiola now petitions for review of the BIA ’s decision.
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II.
The government filed a motion to dismiss this petition for review for lack
of jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), based on M r. M endiola’s
conviction for an aggravated felony. Under § 1252(a)(2)(C), we have no
jurisdiction to review discretionary decisions or a final order of removal against
an alien who was convicted of an aggravated felony under § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii).
But there are two exceptions. First, “in reviewing final orders of removal for
aggravated felonies, [we] have jurisdiction . . . to determine whether the
jurisdictional bar applies.” Ballesteros, 2006 W L 1633739, at *2 (quotation
omitted). W e “may therefore decide whether the petitioner is (i) an alien
(ii) deportable (iii) by reason of a criminal offense listed in the statute.” Id.
(quotations omitted). Thus, we have jurisdiction to review any claims that
M r. M endiola’s felony steroid conviction is not a conviction warranting removal
without relief. Additionally, we have jurisdiction to review constitutional claims
or questions of law raised in a petition for review . 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D ); see
also Ballesteros, 2006 W L 1633739, at *2 (discussing review of legal and
constitutional claims). W e review all legal questions de novo. See
Fernandez-Vargas v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 881, 884 (10th Cir. 2005), aff’d,
126 S. Ct. 2422 (2006).
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III.
A.
M r. M endiola argues that his prior convictions should not subject him to
removal without relief. Specifically, he contends that Ninth Circuit law should
determine his removability because he w as convicted of the felony-steroid offense
in California state court and he relied on the application of Ninth Circuit
deportation law when he pled guilty. If Ninth Circuit law applies, he believes
that he is entitled to relief from his removal order.
It is settled that “an alien has no legal right to have removal proceedings
comm enced against him in a particular place, and no litigant has a right to have
the interpretation of one federal court rather than that of another determine his
case.” Ballesteros, 2006 W L 1633739, at *3 (quotations and citation omitted).
“W e routinely apply Tenth Circuit law to determine whether a conviction from
another jurisdiction constitutes an aggravated felony or controlled substance
offense.” Id. Consequently, the IJ and BIA properly applied Tenth Circuit law to
hold that M r. M endiola’s California convictions required his removal. See id.M r. M endiola’s reliance argument does not convince us that Ninth Circuit
law should apply. M r. M endiola argues that he pled guilty based on Ninth Circuit
law and anticipated no immigration consequences for the plea, including removal
for drug trafficking. To prevail on this claim, he must show that he relied on
Ninth Circuit law when he entered into his plea agreement. He argues that in the
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Ninth Circuit he would not be deported because that court would have found that
simple felony possession is not an aggravated felony for deportation purposes
because it would have been a misdemeanor under 21 U.S.C. § 844(a) if
prosecuted in federal court. Aplt. Br. at 11. To support his argument,
M r. M endiola cites Cazarez-G utierrez v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 905, 910, 912
(9th Cir. 2004), which held that a state-felony drug offense is an aggravated
felony for immigration purposes if the offense includes a drug-trafficking element
or is punishable as a felony under federal drug laws. This decision, however, was
entered after M r. M endiola pled guilty in 2000. In addition, it established new
law in the Ninth Circuit. Thus, M r. M endiola cannot have relied on
Cazarez-Gutierrez at the time he pled guilty. Further, there is no evidence in the
administrative record showing that M r. M endiola accepted the plea “conditioned
on the plea’s inability to affect his immigration status.” Ballesteros, 2006 W L
1633739, at *4. His bare allegations of reliance are insufficient to show evidence
of reliance.
B.
M r. M endiola further argues that venue was proper in the Ninth Circuit. H e
contends the government engaged in forum shopping by selecting the Tenth
Circuit and therefore denied him due process and equal protection. Also, he
contends that if venue were in the Ninth Circuit he would have had greater
opportunities to defend himself, because family and friends could have testified
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on his behalf, the Ninth Circuit would have been familiar with local laws, and
fairness concerns would have been satisfied.
The IJ has discretion to deny a request for a change of venue. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.20(b) (providing that IJ “for good cause, may change venue only upon
motion by one of the parties); see also Ballesteros, 2006 W L 1633739, at *5
(“This regulation gives the immigration judge complete discretion, even to the
extent that the immigration judge may still deny the [] change of venue motion
when good cause is present.”). Consequently, we lack jurisdiction to review the
denial of a change of venue unless M r. M endiola raises a constitutional or legal
question. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii); Ballesteros, 2006 W L 1633739, at *5.
M r. M endiola’s venue claims primarily focus on matters of convenience,
which are neither constitutional nor legal claims. See Ballesteros, 2006 W L
1633739, at *6. His bare assertion that the denial of a change of venue resulted in
a denial of due process and equal protection is undeveloped. M r. M endiola may
not turn an abuse-of-discretion argument into a constitutional argument without a
colorable constitutional claim. See Aguilera v. Kirkpatrick, 241 F.3d 1286, 1293
(10th Cir. 2001) (holding that petitioner’s “failure to receive discretionary relief
does not . . . rise to a constitutionally protected interest”). 1 He has not argued
1
Furthermore, M r. M endiola has no constitutional right to remain in the
United States. See Schroeck v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 947, 951-52 (10th Cir. 2005).
He is “entitled only to procedural due process, which provides the opportunity to
(continued...)
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that he did not have an opportunity to present his case; he argued only that
proceedings in the Tenth Circuit were not convenient. Because M r. M endiola’s
venue claim does not present either a legal or constitutional question, we lack
jurisdiction to review the discretionary ruling under § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii).
C.
Next, M r. M endiola argues that the IJ erred in considering and relying upon
the indictment and probation violation provided by the government to prove his
conviction when those documents allegedly fail to provide clear proof of a
drug-offense conviction. M r. M endiola did not sufficiently raise this issue before
the BIA . He merely argued before the BIA that the government had the burden to
prove removability and that, in meeting its burden, the government was limited to
the conviction record. R. at 13; see also id. at 23 (suggesting IJ failed to
“protect” M r. M endiola “from criminal charging documents that preceded the
conviction”). Thus, he failed to make the specific argument he now makes on
appeal. As such, this claim is unexhausted, and we have no jurisdiction to review
it. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Rivera-Zurita v. INS, 946 F.2d 118, 120 n.2
(10th Cir. 1991).
1
(...continued)
be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” Id. at 952
(quotations omitted).
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IV.
Finally, M r. M endiola requests that we transfer this case to the district
court for habeas corpus proceedings, if it is appropriate to do so. No authority
permits such a transfer. Under the circumstances of this case, district courts no
longer have jurisdiction over habeas proceedings that challenge removal orders;
jurisdiction over final orders of removal now lies exclusively in a court of appeals
pursuant to a petition for review. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), (5); Kamara v.
Attorney Gen., 420 F.3d 202, 209 (3d Cir. 2005). But cf. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)
(setting forth exception concerning habeas proceedings under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1225(b)(1) for expedited removal).
The government’s motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part.
To the extent we lack jurisdiction, we DISM ISS the petition for review. To the
extent w e have jurisdiction, we DENY the petition for review.
Entered for the Court
John C. Porfilio
Circuit Judge
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