United States v. Hylton , 308 F. App'x 262 ( 2009 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
January 21, 2009
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 08-6011
GUY R. HYLTON, JR., (D.C. No. 5:06-CR-00299-HE-1)
(W.D. Okla.)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, BALDOCK, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.
Defendant Guy R. Hylton, Jr. served as the long-time city manager of Elk
City, Oklahoma. Under his leadership, Elk City purchased an abandoned train depot,
requiring extensive renovations, for municipal use. Inmates of the Oklahoma
Department of Corrections, assigned to the Elk City Community Work Center, were
selected to perform an overhaul of the depot. As part of their work on the depot,
these inmates were required to remove a large quantity of insulation related to the
depot’s boiler system. Authorities eventually determined that this insulation
contained asbestos. Evidence indicating Defendant was aware of the possibility of
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however,
for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
asbestos in the depot, and yet failed to take any measures to protect the health of
inmates, led to federal authorities initiating criminal proceedings against him.
Ultimately, a grand jury charged Defendant with (1) knowingly causing
asbestos to be released into the ambient air, thus placing others in imminent danger
of death or serious bodily injury, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 7413(c)(5)(A);
(2) knowingly violating the waste disposal standard for asbestos, in violation of 42
U.S.C. § 7413(c)(1); and (3) knowingly and willfully making a false writing, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(3). The petit jury acquitted Defendant on all three
felony counts, but convicted Defendant of negligent endangerment, a lesser included
offense of count one. See 42 U.S.C. § 7413(c)(4). At sentencing, the district court
imposed a six-month term of imprisonment and ordered Defendant to pay a
$15,000 fine.
Defendant raises two issues on appeal. First, Defendant challenges the district
court’s denial of his Motion for Acquittal, arguing the Government’s evidence was
insufficient to show he negligently placed others in imminent danger of death or
serious bodily injury. Second, Defendant disputes the district court’s conclusion that
he lied on the stand and thus the reasonableness of his sixth-month term of
imprisonment. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Finding no merit to
Defendant’s arguments, we affirm.
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I.
We first address Defendant’s assertion that the district court erred in denying
his Motion for Acquittal. Our review of the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
a criminal conviction, as well as the district court’s denial of a motion for acquittal,
is de novo. See United States v. Vigil, 523 F.3d 1258, 1262 (10th Cir. 2008). As we
explained in United States v. Bowen, 527 F.3d 1065, 1076 (10th Cir. 2008):
“The scope of our inquiry is limited to determining whether a
reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt, if it viewed all direct and circumstantial evidence, as well as all
reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence, in the light most
favorable to the Government. Thus, our review of the evidence the
Government presented at trial is highly deferential. We may not assess
the credibility of witnesses or weigh conflicting evidence, as these tasks
are exclusively for the jury. Accordingly, we may reverse only if no
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
(citations omitted).
Defendant contends that the Government presented insufficient evidence for
the jury to conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he negligently placed inmates
working on the depot in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury. The
record in this case, however, reveals that the jury heard sufficient expert testimony
on which to base this conclusion. For example, Dr. Christopher Weis, a board
certified toxicologist, testified that the “tremendous intensity” of the asbestos to
which the inmates were exposed “over a very short time . . . likely overwhelmed
their bodies’ natural ability to remove these fibers,” thus exposing the inmates to a
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heightened risk of developing “serious debilitating and potentially lethal asbestos-
related disease[s].” Dr. Steven Hessl, a physician, further testified that exposure to
the asbestos in the depot placed inmates at a “substantial risk” of developing
“Mesothelioma and lung cancer.”
In tandem, the testimony of these experts provided the jury with a sufficient
basis to conclude Defendant’s actions placed the inmates in imminent danger of
death or serious bodily injury. The relevant instruction submitted to the jury, which
Defendant does not challenge on appeal, provided that “imminent danger”
constituted “the existence of a . . . combination of conditions which could reasonably
be expected to cause death or serious bodily injury.” Furthermore, this instruction
clarified that the danger to which the inmates were exposed must be “an immediate
result” of Defendant’s “conduct,” but that this danger might “involve a harm which
may not ultimately ripen into death or serious bodily injury for a lengthy period of
time, if at all.” Based on the expert testimony described above, a reasonable jury
could conclude (1) that the inmates’ exposure to the asbestos present in the depot
was an immediate result of Defendant’s conduct; and (2) that this exposure created
a combination of conditions which could reasonably be expected, absent a remedy,
to cause the inmates to experience serious bodily injury or death. 1
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Defendant is mistaken in suggesting that the evidence was insufficient to
support his conviction on count one because none of the Government’s witnesses
could testify, with certainty, that the inmates would experience serious bodily injury
(continued...)
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Defendant’s arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. Based on
countervailing expert testimony the defense presented at trial, Defendant argues the
jury could not reasonably rely on the testimony of the Government’s expert
witnesses. But Defendant does not challenge the admissibility of the Government’s
experts’ testimony on appeal. See Fed. R. Evid. 702. As such, the jury was free to
credit the Government’s experts above those presented by the defense. See Abilene
Retail No. 30, Inc. v. Bd. of Comm’rs, 492 F.3d 1164, 1188 (10th Cir. 2007) (noting
that a “battle of the experts . . . requires a . . . trier of fact to resolve”); United States
v. Oliver, 278 F.3d 1035, 1043 (10th Cir. 2001) (noting that “it is solely within the
province of the jury . . . to weigh . . . expert testimony”).
We emphasize that “the jury . . . not the court . . . is the fact finding body. It
weighs the contradictory evidence and inferences, judges the credibility of witnesses,
receives expert instructions, and draws the ultimate conclusion as to the facts. The
very essence of its function is to select from among conflicting inferences and
conclusions that which it considers most reasonable.” Malandris v. Merrill Lynch,
Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., 703 F.2d 1152, 1158 (10th Cir. 1981). Defendant is
surely wrong in assuming that we may “reweigh the evidence for the jury.” United
States v. Russell, 109 F.3d 1503, 1506 (10th Cir. 1997). On appeal, we are “not free
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(...continued)
or death as a result of their exposure to the asbestos in the depot. As explained
above, the jury was only required to find that the inmates’ exposure to conditions in
the depot could reasonably be expected to have such an effect.
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to . . . set aside the jury verdict merely because the jury could have drawn different
inferences or conclusions.” Metcalfe v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 491
F.2d 892, 898 (10th Cir. 1974). Defendant’s conviction must, therefore, stand.
II.
We next address Defendant’s attack on the propriety of his sentence. At trial,
Defendant testified that the first time he was informed asbestos might be present in
the depot was when Jesse Hilley, a member of the Oklahoma Department of Labor’s
asbestos division, came to the depot and shut the renovation work down. Based on
statements by Larry Myers, Steve Dozhier, and Chick Little indicating that
Defendant was aware concerns existed as to the possibility of asbestos in the depot
– before Hilley’s arrival on the scene – the district court concluded Defendant’s
sentence should be enhanced for obstruction of justice. 2 See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. We
review a district court’s legal interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo
and the district court’s factual findings in support of a sentencing enhancement for
clear error. See United States v. Sarracino, 340 F.3d 1148, 1172 (10th Cir. 2003).
Our review of the record demonstrates that the district court was justified in
imposing an obstruction of justice enhancement here. Importantly, a district court
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Defendant suggests the district court erred in relying on Dozhier’s and
Little’s statements in imposing an obstruction of justice enhancement because the
statements of these two individuals were not cited in support of this enhancement in
the Presentence Report. Because Defendant has failed to “make any argument or cite
any authority to support” this assertion, we consider this issue waived and decline
to address it. United States v. Hamilton, 510 F.3d 1209, 1218 n.5 (10th Cir. 2007).
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need only find sentencing facts by a preponderance of the evidence. See United
States v. Rodriguez-Felix, 450 F.3d 1117, 1130 (10th Cir. 2006). The three
statements upon which the district court relied certainly provided an adequate basis
for the district court to find (1) that Defendant intentionally lied, on the stand, in a
manner that obstructed the “prosecution . . . of the instant offense of conviction,” and
(2) that this “obstructive conduct related to” Defendant’s “offense of conviction.”
U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.
We reject Defendant’s claim that an obstruction of justice enhancement was
somehow improper because it “flies in the face” of his acquittal on all three felony
charges requiring actual knowledge of asbestos in the depot. First, we note that
“[t]he Supreme Court and this circuit have both expressly held that acquitted conduct
can be considered for purposes of sentencing.” United States v. Todd, 515 F.3d
1128, 1137 (10th Cir. 2008). Second, and more to the point, the jury in no way
acquitted Defendant of the conduct on which his obstruction of justice enhancement
was based. The jury’s conclusion that Defendant lacked actual knowledge of the
asbestos in the depot does not indicate that Defendant had never heard of the
possibility of asbestos’ presence in the depot prior to Mr. Hilley’s arrival.
Defendant’s argument in this regard is, therefore, meritless.
Defendant also attacks the substantive reasonableness of his sentence; that is,
he challenges the appropriateness of his six-month term of imprisonment given “the
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gravity of [his] crime and the § 3553(a) factors as applied to [his] case.” 3 United
States v. Martinez-Barragan, 545 F.3d 894, 898 (10th Cir. 2008). Specifically,
Defendant challenges the reasonableness of his sixth-month sentence in light of the
district court’s sentencing of his co-defendant, who was convicted of a felony, to an
eight-month term of imprisonment. Our review of the substantive reasonableness of
a defendant’s sentence is conducted under the “deferential abuse of discretion
standard.” United States v. Zapata, 546 F.3d 1179, 1192 (10th Cir. 2008).
The statutory maximum term of imprisonment for Defendant’s misdemeanor
conviction is twelve months. In this case, our review of the record reveals no reason
to believe the district court abused its broad discretion in sentencing Defendant to
a six-month prison term. See United States v. Donohoe, 458 F.2d 237, 239 (10th Cir.
1972) (noting that “[w]ide discretion in imposition of sentence reposes in the trial
judge”). Accordingly, we reject Defendant’s challenge to the substantive
reasonableness of his sentence.
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To the extent, if any, Defendant wishes to challenge the procedural
reasonableness of his sentence, we deem this issue waived. See United States v.
Wooten, 377 F.3d 1134, 1145 (10th Cir. 2004) (noting that we refuse to address
“issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at
developed argumentation”).
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AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court,
Bobby R. Baldock
United States Circuit Judge
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