Neff v. Heredia ( 2010 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
January 26, 2010
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
GARY NEEF,
Petitioner - Appellant,
No. 09-2200
v. (D.C. No. 07-CV-00303-MCA-DJS)
(D.N.M.)
MICHAEL HEREDIA, Warden,
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER
DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner-Appellant Gary Neef seeks to appeal from the district court’s
order and judgment adopting the magistrate judge’s proposed findings and
recommended disposition and denying his habeas corpus petition pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2254. Because Mr. Neef has not made “a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right,” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), we deny his request for a
certificate of appealability (“COA”) and dismiss the appeal. See Slack v.
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 483-84 (2000).
Background
In March 1997, days after his eighteenth birthday, Mr. Neef and three
others agreed to rob an Albertsons grocery store in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Mr. Neef and a codefendant hid in a cooler until the store closed. Shortly
thereafter, Mr. Neef proceeded to the customer service and safe area and shot a
store employee. He then removed approximately $930 in currency from an open
safe. Mr. Neef later dismantled the shotgun he used and disposed of it in various
locations; the murder weapon has never been found. 1 R. 337-338, 384, 524-25,
688. The defendants divided the currency, and Mr. Neef burned the straps from
the currency. 1 R. 525. While being held on the resulting charges, Mr. Neef was
found with a “shank.” 1 R. 364.
Mr. Neef pled guilty to first degree murder (willful and deliberate),
conspiracy to commit armed robbery, armed robbery (with firearm enhancement),
two counts of tampering with evidence, and one count of possession of a deadly
weapon by a prisoner. 1 R. 48-49, as modified by 53. After partially successful
state post-conviction relief, his sentence is life plus eleven years, plus five years
on parole. 1 R. 54, 366. In his federal habeas petition, Mr. Neef raised (1)
ineffective assistance of counsel based upon his counsel’s decision to forego a
motion to suppress in favor of a plea agreement that eliminated the possibility of
the death penalty, 1 R. 8, 16, and (2) failure to suppress evidence based upon an
unlawful seizure and detention, 1 R. 9. The state concedes exhaustion. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(b)(1)(A); 1 R. 43, ¶ 5. On appeal, Mr. Neef argues that his counsel never
tried a death penalty case and should have pursued the motion to suppress, and
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then gone to trial, or at least obtained a better deal. Aplt. Br. 3A(2)-(3). Mr.
Neef contends that he pled and received maximum sentences, except for the death
penalty, which Bernalillo County jurors are reluctant to impose. Aplt. Br. 3A(3).
He also argues the merits. According to Mr. Neef, when the police stopped the
vehicle he and his associates were riding in, the police lacked probable cause, an
arrest warrant or exigent circumstances; accordingly, all evidence obtained
thereafter is derivative evidence which should have been suppressed. Aplt. Br.
3B(1)-(2). In addition to Fourth Amendment violations, Mr. Neef contends that
his confession is the product of Fifth Amendment violations—he had ingested
marijuana and LSD, was sleep-deprived, and was not allowed to make a phone
call or summon counsel. Aplt. Br. 3(B)(3).
Discussion
To warrant a COA, Mr. Neef must demonstrate that the federal district
court’s decision is reasonably debatable or that the issues presented were
adequate for further encouragement. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336
(2003). When a state court resolves a federal claim on the merits, our review of
the result is deferential and state court findings are presumed correct. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d) & (e)(1); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-07, 410-11 (2000).
Ineffective assistance of counsel requires a showing of deficient performance and
prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). In the guilty
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plea context, a defendant must demonstrate that but for counsel’s erroneous
advice, he would not have pled guilty but rather would have gone to trial. Hill v.
Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56-59 (1985).
After an evidentiary hearing, the state district court determined that Mr.
Neef’s counsel performed competently during the pendency of the case, including
negotiating a plea agreement and pursuing successful arguments that would
ultimately reduce Mr. Neef’s sentence. 1 R. 363-64, 370-73. As a result, it was
unnecessary to address the prejudice element. 1 R. 364; Strickland, 466 U.S. at
697. The court determined that counsel was fully prepared to litigate a motion to
suppress, but made a tactical decision that avoiding the death penalty was
paramount, particularly given the “numerous independent witnesses and
devastating evidence available” that supported first-degree murder and imposition
of the death penalty. 1 R. 363; see Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 5-6 (2003)
(counsel is presumed to make decisions for tactical reasons and not due to
neglect). The event was captured on videotape (with Mr. Neef and a codefendant
in ski masks), Mr. Neef made incriminating remarks to others, and he was armed
with a shank while awaiting disposition of the charges. 1 R. 23, 363-64. The
trial court determined that counsel consulted with other death penalty and
appellate practitioners, filed at least thirty-eight motions on Mr. Neef’s behalf,
vigorously argued several motions, and provided competent representation. 1 R.
363. Having determined that Mr. Neef’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim
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failed, the state district court declined to address the merits of the motion to
suppress and denied relief on that ground. 1 R. 364. The New Mexico Supreme
Court denied certiorari. 1 R. 635.
When Mr. Neef pled guilty, he admitted the elements of the offenses and
waived all non-jurisdictional defects. See United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563,
570, 574-75 (1989). Mr. Neef cannot independently pursue his motion to
suppress because a “guilty plea represents a break in the chain of events which
has preceded it in the criminal process.” Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267
(1973); United States v. Wise, 179 F.3d 184, 186 (1999). As a result, most
pretrial issues are waived, at least in the criminal proceeding. Broce, 488 U.S. at
569; Haring v. Prosise, 462 U.S. 306, 319-21 (1983). The only remaining claim
is that the plea was not voluntary and intelligent, here, an assertion that counsel
provided ineffective assistance of counsel which led to the plea. Tollett, 411 U.S.
at 266-67. The district court’s ultimate resolution of the ineffective assistance of
counsel claim, which accorded proper deference to the state court resolution, is
not reasonably debatable. The state court correctly identified the principles of
Strickland, and its application was objectively reasonable. See Bell v. Cone, 535
U.S. 685, 698-699 (2002). Counsel obviously weighed the risks and potential
benefits of continuing with the motion to suppress versus eliminating the
possibility of the death penalty, and we cannot say that the decision made was
objectively unreasonable.
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We DENY a COA and DISMISS the appeal.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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