United States v. Torres-Gonzalez , 1 F. App'x 834 ( 2001 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
JAN 8 2001
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 00-3068
v.
(District of Kansas)
(D.C. No. 99-CR-20026-KHV)
JUAN MOISES TORRES-
GONZALEZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, KELLY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this court has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Appellant, Juan Moises Torres-Gonzalez (“Torres”), pleaded guilty to one
count of illegal reentry after deportation for an aggravated felony, in violation of
8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). The district court concluded that Torres had
previously been deported after conviction for an aggravated felony and,
consequently, increased Torres’ offense level by sixteen levels pursuant to §
2L1.2(b)(1)(A) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”). Torres
was sentenced to a term of seventy-seven months’ incarceration. Torres appeals
the sentence imposed by the district court. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), this court affirms .
On December 3, 1996, in the Superior Court of San Bernardino County,
California, Torres pleaded guilty to one count of commercial burglary and was
sentenced to sixteen months’ imprisonment. Torres was deported on November
26, 1997. On May 17, 1999, Torres pleaded guilty to one count of illegal reentry
after deportation for an aggravated felony in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and
(b)(2). Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, Torres’ base offense level was calculated
at eight. Torres’ offense level was then increased by sixteen levels pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) which provides:
(1) If the defendant previously was deported after a criminal
conviction, or if the defendant unlawfully remained in the United
States following a removal order issued after a criminal conviction,
increase as follows (if more than one applies, use the greater):
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(A) If the conviction was for an aggravated felony, increase
by 16 levels.
The term “aggravated felony” is defined by reference to 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43).
See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n.1. An aggravated felony is defined, inter alia , as “a
theft offense . . . or burglary offense for which the term of imprisonment [is] at
least one year.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G). The district court concluded that
Torres’ California burglary conviction fell within the definition of aggravated
felony and, thus, imposed the sixteen-level increase.
The sole issue raised by Torres in this appeal is that the district court erred
in increasing his offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Torres
contends that the prior crime upon which the increase was based was not a
burglary offense under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G) and, thus, is not an aggravated
felony for purposes of § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). This court reviews questions of law
related to the application of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo . See United
States v. Gomez-Arrellano , 5 F.3d 464, 465 (10th Cir. 1993).
Torres contends that the California statutory definition of burglary is
significantly broader than the generic definition of burglary adopted by the
Supreme Court in Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575, 599 (1990).
Accordingly, Torres argues that the California burglary conviction is not a
“burglary offense” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G) and, thus, is not an
“aggravated felony” under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). The government first
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argues that Taylor is inapplicable because the generic definition of burglary was
adopted by the Court solely for the purpose of determining whether a defendant’s
prior conviction constitutes a crime of violence thereby justifying a sentencing
enhancement pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). But see Ye v. INS , 214 F.3d 1128,
1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (applying the Taylor definition of burglary for purposes of §
1101(a)(43)(G)); Lopez-Elias v. Reno , 209 F.3d 788, 791-92 (5th Cir. 2000)
(same); Solorzano-Patlan v. INS , 207 F.3d 869, 874-75 (7th Cir. 2000) (same).
In the alternative, the government argues that this court should apply the narrow
exception to the categorical approach adopted in Taylor . See Taylor , 495 U.S. at
599-602 (holding that under narrow circumstances a sentencing court can look
beyond the state statutory definition of burglary and examine the charging
instrument and jury instructions to determine whether the defendant was actually
convicted of generic burglary). Because we conclude that Torres’ California
burglary conviction qualifies as an aggravated felony under the Taylor approach,
it is unnecessary to address the government’s first argument.
In Taylor , the Court defined generic burglary as a crime having “the basic
elements of unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building or
structure, with intent to commit a crime.” Id. at 599. Under the categorical
approach adopted in Taylor , the sentencing court must first determine whether
“the state statute corresponds in substance to the generic meaning of burglary.”
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Id. California Penal Code section 459, the statute under which Torres was
convicted, defines burglary as follows:
Every person who enters any house, room, apartment, tenement,
shop, warehouse, store, mill, barn, stable, outhouse or other
building, tent, vessel, . . . floating home, . . . railroad car, locked or
sealed cargo container, whether or not mounted on a vehicle, trailer
coach, . . . any house car, . . . inhabited camper, . . . vehicle as
defined by the Vehicle Code, when the doors are locked, aircraft . . .
, or mine or any underground portion thereof, with intent to commit
grand or petit larceny or any felony is guilty of burglary.
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that this statutory definition of
burglary “is far too sweeping to satisfy the Taylor definition of generic burglary.”
United States v. Franklin , No. 99-10515, 2000 WL 1854832, at * 3 (9th Cir. Dec.
20, 2000). We will assume, without deciding, that the California statutory
definition of burglary does not correspond in substance with the generic
definition of burglary set forth in Taylor . Consequently, Torres’ California
burglary conviction does not automatically constitute a burglary offense under 8
U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G). See id. at 599.
When the state’s statutory definition of burglary is broader than the generic
definition set forth in Taylor , “the sentencing court may look to the underlying
indictment or information and the text of the guilty plea to determine whether the
defendant was charged with and admitted conduct which falls without question
within the ambit of Taylor ’s generic definition.” United States v. Barney , 955
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F.2d 635, 639 (10th Cir. 1992). The court, however, may not consider the
particular facts underlying the conviction. See Taylor , 495 U.S. at 600-02.
In this case, Torres attached a copy of the felony complaint filed in the
California burglary case to the Memorandum in Support of Defendant’s Motion
for Departure that he filed with the district court. In the complaint, Torres was
charged with, “willfully and unlawfully enter[ing] a commercial building . . .
with the intent to commit larceny and any felony.” The government read from
the complaint at the sentencing hearing, and the district court relied on it to reach
the conclusion that Torres had pleaded guilty to conduct that fell within the
generic definition of burglary adopted in Taylor .
It is clear from our review of the California felony complaint 1
that Torres
was convicted of a crime containing all the elements of generic burglary as set
forth in Taylor . Thus, the district court properly used Torres’ California burglary
conviction to increase his offense level by sixteen levels pursuant to U.S.S.G. §
2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Accordingly, the sentence imposed by the district court is hereby
affirmed .
Torres argued at the sentencing hearing that the California conviction did
1
not meet the generic definition of burglary because the building which he entered
was open to the public and therefore his entry was not unlawful or unprivileged.
We do not address this argument both because Torres does not raise it in this
appeal, and also because it would require this court to look beyond the fact of
conviction to Torres’ underlying conduct.
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ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Michael R. Murphy
Circuit Judge
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