Medina v. Williams ( 2022 )

Appellate Case: 21-1350 Document: 010110710142 Date Filed: 07/13/2022 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT July 13, 2022
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
DELANO MARCO MEDINA,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 21-1350
(D.C. No. 1:20-CV-01607-DDD-MEH)
DEAN WILLIAMS; MIKE ROMERO, (D. Colo.)
Defendants - Appellees.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, MATHESON, and EID, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
This is an appeal from the district court’s dismissal of civil rights claims
asserted by Delano Marco Medina, an inmate within the Colorado Department of
Corrections (CDOC). Medina’s pro se complaint, filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983and 28 U.S.C. § 2241, charged that the defendants violated his Eighth Amendment
rights by failing to implement and enforce adequate social distancing guidelines to
protect him from infection by the COVID-19 virus. Medina also asserted that the
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Appellate Case: 21-1350 Document: 010110710142 Date Filed: 07/13/2022 Page: 2
prison’s COVID-19 restrictions violated his First Amendment right of access to the
courts by preventing him from accessing the prison’s law library. He sought habeas
corpus relief, including his release from incarceration, or an “order to show cause.”
R. at 14. We have jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm the dismissal.
The district court dismissed Medina’s claims for failure to state a claim under
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ.
P. 12(b)(1). The standard of review under both these rules is de novo. Smith v.
United States, 561 F.3d 1090, 1097-98 (10th Cir. 2009). Under this standard, the
court must “accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in a complaint and
view these allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Id. at 1098. To
avoid dismissal, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true,
to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Medina appears pro se in this appeal. “[A] pro se litigant’s pleadings are to be
construed liberally and held to a less stringent standard than formal pleadings drafted
by lawyers.” Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir.
2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). But we do not serve as Medina’s advocate.
See Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). Also, our “broad reading
of [Medina’s] complaint does not relieve [him] of the burden of alleging sufficient
facts on which a recognized legal claim could be based.” Id.2
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1. Eighth Amendment Claim
In his complaint Medina asserted that the defendants had imposed a lockdown
at his facility, the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility, since April 1, 2020.
They had quarantined inmates and told those with symptoms to stay in their rooms
and had “cancel[ed] all programs such as [the] law library.” R. at 12. He opined that
this would “not stop the inevi[t]able outbreak” of COVID among prisoners. Id. He
also complained that the CDOC was “not able” to follow guidelines issued by the
United States Center for Disease Control, such as social distancing, id. at 15; and
argued that CDOC should release from custody vulnerable people like himself who
are “not a public safety risk,” id. at 17.1
“Under the Eighth Amendment, prison officials have a duty to . . . ‘tak[e]
reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of . . . inmates.’” Requena v. Roberts,
893 F.3d 1195, 1214 (10th Cir. 2018) (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832
(1994)). To plead a deliberate indifference claim, an inmate must allege: (1) that the
conditions of his incarceration present an objective substantial risk of serious harm
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In his opening appeal brief, Medina makes a new set of arguments, supported
by a new set of facts, that appeared nowhere in his district court complaint. He
claims “the CDOC implemented a policy of herd immunity on inmates” which
resulted in the death of 29 inmates. Aplt. Opening Br. at 2. He asserts that during
the COVID-19 outbreak unspecified correctional officers “were moving inmates all
over the Facility in an effort to get inmates sick,” and that the CDOC “has willfully
infected inmates with the false assumption that herd immunity is good and will allow
them to get back to normal operations.” Id. We decline to consider these new
theories and arguments. See Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1127-28
(10th Cir. 2011).
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and (2) prison officials acted with deliberate indifference to inmate health and safety
by disregarding the risk. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834.
The district court concluded Medina’s vague and conclusory allegations were
insufficient to show that the named defendants’ actions either amounted to an
objectively sufficiently serious deprivation, or that the defendants were deliberately
indifferent to a substantial risk of serious harm. We agree that Medina failed to state
a claim for violation of his Eighth Amendment rights. Even if he established the
objective component of an Eighth Amendment deliberate-indifference claim—by
showing that prisoners at his CDOC facility faced a heightened health risk from
COVID-19—he failed to establish the subjective component because he did not
adequately allege facts that show that the defendants subjectively disregarded the
virus’s risk to his health.
In addressing the subjective prong, “[t]he key inquiry is whether the
[defendants] responded reasonably to . . . the risk posed by COVID-19.” Wilson v.
Williams, 961 F.3d 829, 840-41 (6th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted).
A response may be reasonable even if “the harm imposed by COVID-19 on inmates
. . . ultimately is not averted.” Id. at 841 (brackets and internal quotation marks
omitted). Medina’s complaint fails to allege specific facts indicating that defendants
were deliberately indifferent to him or other inmates. Instead, the complaint
indicates that the defendants took affirmative steps to mitigate COVID-19’s risks,
such as quarantining inmates with symptoms, locking down the facility, and
restricting access to common areas at the prison.
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The complaint identifies two additional measures the defendants could have
taken: complying with the CDC’s guidelines and releasing prisoners from
incarceration. But by Medina’s own admission, prison authorities were “not able” to
comply with the CDC guidelines. See R. at 15. He fails to show that it is reasonable
to expect prison authorities to do what he claims it is not possible for them to do.
Moreover, “social distancing” is the only CDC guideline he specifically mentions,
and the complaint fails to plead any specific facts plausibly detailing how the
defendants unreasonably failed to comply with that guideline. Although the
complaint also suggests that releasing inmates would be a preferable method of
addressing the pandemic, this is not a form of relief that is available through a § 1983
claim involving conditions of confinement. See Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477,
481 (1994) (“[H]abeas corpus is the exclusive remedy for a state prisoner who . . .
seeks immediate or speedier release”). In sum, the complaint’s allegations do not
sufficiently articulate a claim that the defendants acted with deliberate indifference.
The district court therefore properly dismissed this claim.
2. Other Claims
In his complaint, Medina also complained that the defendants denied him
access to a law library and, hence, to meaningful access to the courts. The district
court rejected this claim because he “failed to articulate an actual injury to maintain
standing.” R. at 46. He also maintained, citing 28 U.S.C. § 2241, that the
appropriate remedy for the alleged Eighth Amendment violations was to release him
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from incarceration. But the district court determined that he had failed to articulate a
claim for habeas relief sufficient to challenge the fact or duration of his incarceration.
“The first task of an appellant is to explain to us why the district court’s
decision was wrong.” Nixon v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 784 F.3d 1364, 1366
(10th Cir. 2015). Medina has failed to develop an argument in his opening brief to
explain why the district court’s decisions concerning his access-to-the-courts claim
and his request for release were wrong. We therefore decline to further address these
rulings. See Commonwealth Prop. Advocates, LLC v. Mortgage Elec. Registration
Sys., Inc., 680 F.3d 1194, 1200 (10th Cir. 2011) (holding issues or arguments
insufficiently raised in the opening brief are deemed waived).
3. Conclusion
We affirm the judgment dismissing Medina’s complaint. Because Medina has
shown his inability to pay and the existence of a nonfrivolous argument, we grant his
motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. However, we note that because the
PLRA applies to this appeal, Medina must continue making partial payments until the
entire filing fee has been paid. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1).
Entered for the Court
Allison H. Eid
Circuit Judge
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