Segura v. Hobby Lobby, Inc. , 259 F. App'x 95 ( 2007 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
December 17, 2007
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSElisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
TENNILLE SEGURA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
and
MARGARET RICH,
Plaintiff,
No. 07-1013
(D.C. No. 06-CV-283-LTB)
v.
(District of Colorado)
RICH JONES, Individually,
Defendant - Appellant,
and
HOBBY LOBBY STORES, Inc.,
Defendant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before KELLY, HOLLOWAY and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P.32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Tennille Segura brought a federal claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983against Defendant Officer Rich Jones. Jurisdiction in the District Court was proper
pursuant to 29 U.S.C. §1331. Officer Jones filed a qualified immunity-based summary
judgment motion which the Court granted in part and denied in part on December 8,
2006. Officer Jones filed his notice of appeal on January 4, 2007 regarding the denial of
that part of the motion dealing with the 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim. This is an appeal of a
final order as defined by Mitchell v. Forsyth, thereby providing this court with
interlocutory jurisdiction pursuant to 29 U.S.C. §1291. 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985)(holding
that a claim of qualified immunity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an
appealable final decision within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291).
II. BACKGROUND
Ms. Tennille Segura and her friend, Ms. Margaret Rich, were shopping at a Hobby
Lobby store. The manager of the store suspected them of shoplifting and confronted the
two women, asking them to step into his office. The manager asked the women to empty
their pockets and they refused to do so. Instead, the women requested that the manager
call the police. Officer Jones responded to the call, but prior to any encounter with Ms.
Segura and Ms. Rich, Officer Jones needed to contact the dispatcher in order to determine
if the women in question had any outstanding warrants or prior arrests. This is standard
police procedure. Officer Jones had little information about the situation because the
women refused to provide identification to the store manager. Upon Officer Jones’s
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arrival he was unaware of the status of the individuals’ potential criminal histories.
This is the type of background information that an officer has prior to entering the
scene. Upon Officer Jones’s arrival at the scene, he asked the two women for
identification. Ms. Rich produced identification when asked, but Ms. Segura did not have
any identification on her. At this time, Officer Jones pulled her arms behind her back,
handcuffed her, and pushed her up against the wall. Officer Jones was 6’5” and 370
pounds. Ms. Segura was in handcuffs for roughly five minutes until she gave Officer
Jones her name and date of birth in order to obtain the necessary information regarding
any outstanding warrants and her criminal history. After he confirmed her identity and
ascertained that she had no outstanding warrants, Officer Jones removed the handcuffs.
He then conducted a short investigation into the shoplifting allegations raised by the
manager and found no evidence of misconduct. He then let the women leave.
The two women sued Hobby Lobby under various state tort theories, not at issue in
this appeal. They brought an action against Officer Jones under 42 U.S.C. § 1983alleging violations of their First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. After
discovery was substantially completed, Officer Jones filed a qualified immunity summary
judgment motion. The court granted the motion in its entirety as it applied to Ms. Rich’s
action against Officer Jones. With respect to Ms. Segura’s claim, the court granted
Officer Jones’s motion except as it concerned the force used in placing Ms. Segura in
handcuffs and pushing her. This issue, the denial of qualified immunity on that conduct,
is the sole issue on appeal.
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III. DISCUSSION
A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
Generally, denial of summary judgment is not immediately appealable. McFall v.
Bednar, 407 F.3d 1081, 1086 (10th Cir.2005). However, when a summary judgment
motion is based on qualified immunity, a district court's denial of the motion is subject to
appeal when the issue is a legal one. Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 312-13 (1996).
Mitchell v. Forsyth held that “a district court's denial of a claim of qualified immunity, to
the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an appealable ‘final decision’ within the
meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 notwithstanding the absence of a final judgment.” Mitchell
v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985). Our precedent also indicates that questions
concerning the applicability of qualified immunity should be resolved as early as
possible. Oliver v. Woods, 209 F.3d 1179, 1185 (10th Cir. 2000).
As with other questions of law, we exercise de novo review over a district court’s
denial of the defendant’s qualified immunity based summary judgment motion. Holland
v. Harrington, 268 F.3d 1179, 1185 (10th Cir. 2001). In our recent decision, Cortez v.
McCauley, we reiterated our previously settled legal principle that “[b]ecause of the
underlying purposes of qualified immunity, we review summary judgment orders
deciding qualified immunity questions differently from other summary judgment
decisions.” 478 F.3d 1108, 1114 (10th Cir. 2007) (hereinafter Cortez II) (citing Medina
v. Cram, 252 F.3d 1124, 1128 (10th Cir. 2001)). Because the motion for summary
judgment at issue invokes a claim of qualified immunity and concerns abstract issues of
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law, we have jurisdiction.
B. Issues on Appeal
The Defendant-Appellant, Officer Jones, filed a timely notice of appeal regarding
the district court’s partial denial of his immunity based motion for summary judgment.
Nearly his entire opening brief discusses that jurisdictional issue. However, the Plaintiff-
Appellee’s response brief, while addressing the Defendant-Appellant’s argument and
urging affirmance of the district court’s denial of his summary judgment motion also
treats a different issue ruled on by the district court. Plaintiff-Appellee Segura argues that
the her detention itself was a constitutional violation. Plaintiff-Appellee did not cross-
appeal on this issue and the Defendant-Appellant Jones urges this court not to consider
that issue on the grounds that it was not properly appealed.
In Montgomery v. City of Ardmore, 365 F.3d 926 (10th Cir. 2001), this court stated
that “[i]t is well-recognized that an appellee who has failed to file a cross-appeal cannot
‘attack the decree with a view either to enlarging his own rights thereunder or of
lessening the rights of his adversary.’” (quoting Burgo v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 122 F.3d
140, 145 (2d Cir.1997) (quoting Morley Constr. Co. v. Maryland Cas. Co., 300 U.S. 185,
191 (1937) (Cardozo, J.)). However, in that same section of the City of Ardmore opinion,
we also cite a Second Circuit opinion, Int'l Ore & Fertilizer Corp. v. SGS Control Servs.,
Inc., 38 F.3d 1279, 1286 (2d Cir.1994), which held that “an appellee who has not
cross-appealed may urge alternative grounds for affirmance [of the judgment but] it may
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not seek to enlarge its rights under the judgment by enlarging the amount of damages or
scope of equitable relief.” Thus, the question here becomes whether the Plaintiff-
Appellee Segura is merely urging alternative grounds for an affirmance or is attempting
to expand the scope of her rights.
A recent en banc opinion of this court provides our answer. In Cortez II, we
wrestled with the relationship between an excessive force claim and an unlawful seizure
claim in a single action. 478 F.3d 1108, 1127. We held that
in cases involving claims of both unlawful arrest and excessive force arising
from a single encounter, it is necessary to consider both the justification the
officers had for the arrest and the degree of force they used to effect it. If
the plaintiff can prove that the officers lacked probable cause, he is entitled
to damages for the unlawful arrest, which includes damages resulting from
any force reasonably employed in effecting the arrest. If the plaintiff can
prove that the officers used greater force than would have been reasonably
necessary to effect a lawful arrest, he is entitled to damages resulting from
that excessive force. These two inquiries are separate and independent,
though the evidence may overlap....The plaintiff might succeed in proving
the unlawful arrest claim, the excessive force claim, both, or neither...1
Cortez II, 478 F.3d 1108, 1127. The developing jurisprudence regarding the
independence of these claims, even though they may arise from a single encounter,
governs our analysis as to whether Ms. Segura is attempting to enlarge her rights under
the district court’s decree or whether she is merely advocating an affirmance on different
1
The majority opinion in Cortez II states that “similar analysis applies to claims of
unlawful detention and excessive force: in cases involving claims of both unlawful
detention and excessive force arising from a single encounter, it is necessary to consider
both the justification the officers had for the detention and the degree of force they used
to effect it...These two inquiries are separate and independent, though the evidence may
overlap.” Cortez II, 478 F.3d 1108, 1127 n. 23.
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grounds. Because Cortez II made clear that these two claims are independent, thereby
allowing a plaintiff recovery under both, either or neither, we find that Ms. Segura is
attempting to enlarge her rights. Thus, under our precedents in City of Ardmore and
Cortez II, Ms. Segura’s argument regarding the constitutionality of the detention is not
properly before us because she failed to cross-appeal. This leaves as the only issue on
appeal whether the district court erred in denying the assertion by Officer Jones of
qualified immunity as a response to Ms. Segura’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim.
C. Undisputed Facts and Qualified Immunity
It should be noted at the beginning that Officer Jones assumed the facts as
presented by Ms. Segura. While the district court noted a discrepancy in the parties’
accounts of what happened, stemming from various depositions given by Officer Jones
and Ms. Segura, defense counsel stated in his opening brief, and reiterated at oral
argument, that Officer Jones did not dispute Ms. Segura’s factual account. This is an
important point, because as Cortez II pointed out, this particular issue impacts not only
the factual record in the case but also jurisdiction:
[o]f course, this court lacks jurisdiction over an appeal from the denial of a
defendant's summary judgment order based on qualified immunity insofar
as that order determines whether or not the pretrial record sets forth a
genuine issue of fact for trial. Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 319-20, 115
S.Ct. 2151. We may exercise jurisdiction over such an order when we are
presented with “neat abstract issues of law.” Clanton v. Cooper, 129 F.3d
1147, 1153 (10th Cir.1997).
Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1121 n. 16.
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In the instant case, the facts are not in dispute. For comparative purposes, in
Barrie v. Grand County, Utah, 119 F.3d 862 (10th Cir. 1997), we ruled that the district
court properly denied the defendant’s qualified immunity based motion for summary
judgment because there “was a genuine dispute as to just what happened.” 119 F.3d 862,
866. In Cruz v. City of Laramie, Wyoming, we noted the Supreme Court decision in
Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 313 (1995), directing appellate courts that they “may not
review a district court's resolution of disputed facts, but may review only purely legal
determinations...” 239 F.3d 1183, 1187 (10th Cir. 2001). Therefore, our inquiry into
whether the district court erred in denying Officer Jones’s qualified immunity based
summary judgment motion may proceed precisely because the “what happened
questions” are agreed upon by the parties and all that remain are the questions of law.
D. Two-Part Qualified Immunity Analysis
As previously stated, when faced with a qualified immunity based motion for
summary judgement, the burden shifts to the plaintiff. Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1114. This
burden shifting mechanism requires that a plaintiff show that (1) the defendant violated a
constitutional or statutory right and (2) the right was clearly established at the time of the
defendant's unlawful conduct. Mecham v. Frazier, 500 F.3d 1200, 1204 (10th Cir. 2007).
Both Mecham v. Frazier and Cortez II are on point in the instant case since they
both address excessive force claims. In Frazier, this court stated that the first question in
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the qualified immunity analysis is whether, taking the plaintiff’s allegations as true, the
defendant violated her constitutional rights. Frazier, 500 F.3d at 1204; see also Saucier v.
Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001); Reynolds v. Powell, 370 F.3d 1028, 1030 (10th
Cir.2004).
The second question was discussed in greater detail in Cortez II. Where a
constitutional violation has been shown, the plaintiff must subsequently prove that the
right was clearly established. Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1114. We made clear that this
second question “must be undertaken in light of the specific context of the case, not as a
broad general proposition.” Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1114 (internal citations and quotations
omitted). Citing the Supreme Court’s decision in Saucier v. Katz, we explained the
contours of the phrase “clearly established right.” 533 U.S. 194. “The relevant,
dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it
would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation....”
Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1114 (quoting Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202). With specific regard to
the standard that a plaintiff must meet in order to show that a right is clearly established,
we held in Cortez II that “there must be a Supreme Court or Tenth Circuit decision on
point, or the clearly established weight of authority from other courts must have found the
law to be as the plaintiff maintains.” Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1114-15 (quoting Medina v.
City of Denver, 960 F.2d 1493, 1498 (10th Cir.1992)).
Additionally, we explained the interplay between this doctrinal analysis,
specifically the second question, and a motion for summary judgment by stating that
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“[s]ummary judgment based on qualified immunity is appropriate if the law did not put
the officer on notice that his conduct would be clearly unlawful.” Cortez II, 478 F.3d at1114 (citing Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202).
E. Excessive Force Claims and Qualified Immunity
The issue in the instant case deals with the alleged use of excessive force. The
Cortez II court stated that in order for a plaintiff’s excessive force claim to succeed
against a defendant’s qualified immunity based summary judgment motion “a plaintiff is
required to show that the force used was impermissible (a constitutional violation) and
that objectively reasonable officers could not have not thought the force constitutionally
permissible (violates clearly established law).” Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1128. Ms. Segura
offers two arguments to show that Officer Jones used excessive force: (1) through the use
of handcuffs and (2) by pushing her into the wall.
1. Handcuffing
The district court determined that Officer Jones initiated an investigative detention,
not an arrest. Dist. Ct. Or. at 5. The district court also reasoned that Officer Jones used
the handcuffs on Ms. Segura, knowing that she had previously refused to cooperate, in
order to preclude her escape and did so only long enough to obtain her identity and
criminal record. Id. The district court held that in light of the fact that Officer Jones was
alone, and the previous behavior by Ms. Segura, the seizure constituted a lawful
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investigative detention under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). It is also noteworthy that
the record indicates that the manager told Officer Jones that the suspects were in the aisle
of the store containing scissors and knives. This background is relevant in ascertaining
what the appropriate level of force would be in this situation because we stated in Cortez
II that “police have historically been able to use more force in making an arrest than in
effecting an investigative detention.” Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1126.
Ms. Segura argues that the use of handcuffs violated her Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendment rights to be free from the use of excessive force in the context of an
investigative detention. The handcuffs were on Ms. Segura for roughly five minutes and
left marks on her wrists that disappeared within a day. Ms. Segura makes no allegations
in her brief regarding any psychological injuries sustained by the incident.
Once again, Cortez II is instructive in providing the legal principles necessary in
analyzing whether excessive force was used in effectuating an investigative detention.
There is a balancing of concerns that occurs when evaluating the appropriate level of
force to be used in a Terry stop. “Although Terry stops are normally nonintrusive, we
have indicated that law enforcement may (1) display some force, (2) place suspects on the
ground, (3) use handcuffs, or (4) detain suspects in law enforcement vehicles, even in the
absence of probable cause.” Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1130 (quoting United States v. Perdue,
8 F.3d 1455, 1463 (10th Cir. 1993)). In Graham v. Connor, the Supreme Court held that
“[o]ur Fourth Amendment jurisprudence has long recognized that the right to make an
arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of
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physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it.” 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989). We also have
held that an escalation in the level of force used in a Terry stop can change the detention
into an arrest. United States v. Shareef, 100 F.3d 1491, 1507 (10th Cir.1996).
“We apply Fourth Amendment standards of objective reasonableness to analyze
constitutional claims of excessive force.” Graham, 490 U.S. 386, 396-97. We must
evaluate whether the manner in which Officer Jones handcuffed Ms. Segura constitutes
excessive force. At the outset, we must determine if it was reasonable for Officer Jones
to use handcuffs on Ms. Segura. This reasonableness inquiry “requires careful attention
to the facts and circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime
at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or
others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.”
Graham, 490 U.S. 386, 396; see also Oliver v. Woods, 209 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir. 2000).
Additionally, in United States v. Neff, we held that the use of handcuffs during an
investigative detention is acceptable if done to “maintain the status quo during the course
of [the detention].” 300 F.3d 1217, 1220-21 (10th Cir. 2002). Also, we further held in
United States v. Neff that the “use of handcuffs is not a per se violation of the rights of a
person being detained for investigation based on reasonable suspicion.” 300 F.3d at
1220.
Officer Jones responded to a call where neither suspect had cooperated in
providing identification to the store manager. Thus, Officer Jones was unable to obtain
any information about possible warrants or their criminal histories. Further, the
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knowledge that the suspects had been uncooperative necessarily informs the officer as to
how he should proceed in acting towards the suspects. Ms. Segura was not a bystander
either–she was one of the suspects. Officer Jones already was aware that both suspects
had refused to cooperate in providing identification. Finally, he had been told that they
were acting suspiciously while in the store.
The handcuffs were on Ms. Segura for approximately five minutes and were
removed after she provided Officer Jones with her name and a valid address so that he
would know whether she had any warrants or criminal history. In comparison, Ms. Rich,
who was also in the room at the time, provided Officer Jones with identification thereby
precluding any need for him to handcuff her. With her name and address, she would be
less likely to flee because police would more easily be able to find her. Also, with the
knowledge that Ms. Rich had no prior criminal history or warrants for arrest, Officer
Jones was able to determine that she posed little threat or risk of flight. This different
treatment of the two suspects is relevant in determining whether Officer Jones’s
handcuffing of Ms. Segura was reasonable.
Looking at the totality of the circumstances that Officer Jones confronted, we
cannot say that the use of the handcuffs on Ms. Segura was unreasonable or excessive.
Officer Jones had no information about her, knew that she had been uncooperative, and
was seen acting suspiciously in the aisle containing scissors and knives. Thus, the brief
use of handcuffs to ensure both his own and the suspect’s safety while preventing her
from fleeing was reasonable.
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An excessive force claim requires some actual injury, be it physical or emotional,
that is not de minimis. Cortez II, 478 F.3d at 1129. The handcuffs were on Ms. Segura
for roughly five minutes and the marks that they left on her wrists were gone by the next
day. We feel that this degree of distress or pain falls into the category of de minimis. In
Cortez II, we held that the use of handcuffs which left marks lasting for four days was
“insufficient, as a matter of law, to support an excessive force claim if the use of
handcuffs is otherwise justified.” 478 F.3d at 1129. Again, based on the circumstances
before Officer Jones, the brief use of handcuffs was not unreasonable because she had
been uncooperative, the officer wanted to prevent the suspect from injuring either herself
or himself, and in an attempt to preclude her from trying to escape which would have
further escalated the potential danger to either party and the level of force used to subdue
the suspect. The conduct as to Ms. Segura’s wrists did not rise to the level necessary to
sustain an excessive force claim based on the use of handcuffs.
2. Pushing
The second basis for excessive force raised by Ms. Segura is that Officer Jones
pushed her against the wall in order to place the handcuffs on her. Ms. Segura stated that
her face hit the wall when Officer Jones was placing the handcuffs on her, although there
were no visible marks, cuts or abrasions on her face. Also, Ms. Segura stated that
Officer Jones exacerbated her back injury when he pushed her against the wall. She took
pain medication that evening to allay her discomfort. The injury stemmed from a
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previously herniated disk in her back that was last re-injured while she was gardening.
The case relevant to this claim is Saucier v. Katz. 533 U.S. 194 (2001). That case
involved the shoving of an elderly man, with a visible leg brace on, into the back of a
police van. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 198. The Court held that pushes and shoves must be
adjudged under the Fourth Amendment reasonableness requirement. Id. at 209. The
Court went on to say that the officer “did not know the full extent of the threat respondent
posed or how many other persons there might be who, in concert with respondent, posed
a threat...” Id. at 208. The officer’s lack of knowledge in Saucier v. Katz is similar to
Officer Jones’s circumstances in the instant case. Fourth Amendment reasonableness
analysis “must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make
split-second judgments-in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly
evolving-about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” Graham,
490 U.S. at 396-97.
In Saucier, the Court held that the officer who pushed the suspect was entitled to
qualified immunity because his actions did not violate clearly established law. 533 U.S.
at 208-209. There the suspect was wearing a large and visible leg brace. In the instant
case, Officer Jones had no way of knowing that Ms. Segura had a previous back injury
that occasionally could be exacerbated. The shove in Saucier was also of a more forceful
nature than that in the instant case because it forced the suspect to the ground, whereas
here, Ms. Segura’s face pressed against the wall, leaving no mark or wound. In Saucier,
the plaintiff argued that had he not caught himself, he would have sustained an injury.
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Here, Ms. Segura provides no evidence of an injury to her face and stated that she needed
pain medication for one evening to allay her back injury due to the push. Since the
officer in Saucier was entitled to qualified immunity where there was a visible pre-
existing condition, Officer Jones is entitled to qualified immunity where there was no
cognizable indication of an already existing back injury. Further, the record does not bear
out Ms. Segura’s claim that the injuries to her face were substantial enough to be more
than de minimis.
In sum, we find that the district court erred in denying Officer Jones’s qualified
immunity summary judgment motion with respect to Ms. Segura’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983excessive force claim as to both the handcuffing and the push. We REVERSE the district
court’s partial denial of Officer Jones’s qualified immunity motion for summary
judgment and REMAND for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Entered for the Court
William J. Holloway, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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