United States v. Schwabe ( 2023 )

Appellate Case: 20-1387 Document: 010110795402 Date Filed: 01/10/2023 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT January 10, 2023
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. Nos. 20-1387 & 21-1301
(D.C. No. 1:17-CV-00452-CMA-GPG)
$114,700.00 IN UNITED STATES (D. Colo.)
CURRENCY,
Defendant.
------------------------------
RICHARD SCHWABE,
Claimant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before CARSON, BRISCOE, and ROSSMAN, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
The Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000 (“CAFRA”) provides
prevailing parties an award of “attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably
incurred” in forfeiture proceedings. 28 U.S.C. § 2465(b)(1)(A). But district courts
maintain discretion to determine which costs attorneys have reasonably incurred.
Here, the district court acted within its discretion to reduce a prevailing party’s
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Appellate Case: 20-1387 Document: 010110795402 Date Filed: 01/10/2023 Page: 2
requested award. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the
district court’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs. We do, however, remand to
correctly categorize attorneys’ travel costs as attorneys’ fees.
I.
An informant alerted drug enforcement of a marijuana grow in Silt, Colorado.
Officers went to the property to investigate and discovered two illegal marijuana
grows—one with 42 plants and one with 175 plants. The smaller grow belonged to
Richard Schwabe, whom officers arrested for the cultivation of more than 30
marijuana plants and possession with intent to distribute marijuana.
The officers then acquired a search warrant and lawfully searched the property.
They found marijuana, marijuana trimmings, odor-concealing stink bags, a copy of
the “Marijuana Grower’s Handbook,” and innumerable envelopes. Additionally, they
found $114,700 in cash—$95,200 in a safe, $14,000 in a lockbox, and $5,500 in a
Ziploc bag on a table.
Later, the government filed a complaint for forfeiture in rem arguing that the
seized $114,700 constituted proceeds from marijuana sales forfeitable under 21
U.S.C. § 881(a)(6). Schwabe opposed forfeiture, claiming it was income he earned
and saved over decades. He also asserted 14 affirmative defenses, nine of which the
government moved to strike as legally deficient. In response, Schwabe abandoned
six of the challenged defenses, and the district court struck the other three. Schwabe
also moved: 1) to dismiss the complaint because the civil forfeiture statute’s
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard violates due process; 2) to quash two third-
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party bank subpoenas; and 3) to suppress the fruits of the officer’s search. The
district court denied them all.
The case proceeded to trial and Schwabe came away with a partial victory.
The jury found that only $21,000 was subject to forfeiture, leaving Schwabe with the
remaining $93,700. During the trial, however, the district court admonished
Schwabe’s counsel numerous times for an overall lack of professionalism.
After trial, Schwabe moved for $520,762.50 in attorneys’ fees under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2465(b)(1)(A). But the district court determined that attorney Edward Burch and
his co-counsel, David Michael, exercised unsound billing judgment for themselves
along with attorneys Hagin Emison and Sara Zalkin. The district court based this
finding on Burch’s “relatively modest skillset” and that counsel spent time on
“frivolous legal work,” excessive time on particular tasks, and grossly excessive time
seeking attorneys’ fees. To adjust, the court first went motion by motion, removing
specific hours. It then reduced Burch’s hourly rate from $600.00 to $275.00 along
with similar reductions for Schwabe’s other attorneys. It then lessened Schwabe’s
fee award by 18% to account for his partial victory and an additional 7% to remove
billing for non-substantive legal work. The district court ultimately awarded
Schwabe $133,539.00 in attorneys’ fees.
Schwabe also moved for $18,625.66 in costs. But the Clerk of Court analyzed
Schwabe’s request and determined that only $7,901.48 constituted awardable costs
under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1821 and 1920. And after reducing that amount to reflect
Schwabe’s partial recovery and deducting the costs awarded to the government, the
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Clerk awarded Schwabe $5,558.58, taxed as costs to the government. The district
court affirmed the Clerk’s award. Schwabe appeals both the fee award and the cost
award. We consolidated his appeals.
II.
We review an award of attorneys’ fees for abuse of discretion. Flitton v.
Primary Residential Mortg., Inc., 614 F.3d 1173, 1176 (10th Cir. 2010) (citing
Starrett v. Wadley, 876 F.2d 808, 825 (10th Cir. 1989)). But we review any factual
findings underlying the fee award for clear error and questions of law related to the
fee award de novo. Robinson v. City of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275, 1280 (10th Cir.
1998). We also apply abuse-of-discretion review to cost awards. In re Williams Sec.
Litig — WCG Subclass, 558 F.3d 1144, 1148 (10th Cir. 2009).
III.
The district court did not abuse its discretion by awarding Schwabe less fees
than he requested. But it did wrongly categorize travel expenses as costs rather than
attorneys’ fees.
A.
When a claimant “substantially prevails” against the United States in a civil
forfeiture proceeding, “the United States shall be liable for . . . reasonable attorney
fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred by the claimant.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2465(b)(1)(A). To determine a reasonable fee, “a court will . . . first calculate the
lodestar—the total number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by a reasonable
hourly rate—and then adjust the lodestar upward or downward to account for the
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particularities of the suit and its outcome.” Zinna v. Congrove, 680 F.3d 1236, 1242
(10th Cir. 2012) (quoting Phelps v. Hamilton, 120 F.3d 1126, 1131 (10th Cir. 1997)
(cleaned up)).
But “[i]f the court enters judgment in part for the claimant and in part for the
[g]overnment, the court shall reduce the award of costs and attorney fees
accordingly.” 28 U.S.C. § 2465(b)(2)(D). This partial success “requires more than
just determining ‘the product of hours reasonably expended on the litigation as a
whole times a reasonable hourly rate’ because such ‘may be an excessive amount.’”
Browder v. City of Moab, 427 F.3d 717, 722 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting Hensley v.
Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 436 (1983)). Though “[t]he record ought to assure us that
the district court did not ‘eyeball’ the fee request and cut it down by an arbitrary
percentage . . . .” Id. (quoting Robinson v. City of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275, 1281
(10th Cir. 1998)).
1.
Here, the district court began by calculating the lodestar. Schwabe’s counsel
asserted they collectively spent 862.6 hours for this case. But the district court
determined that Schwabe’s counsel did not exercise proper billing judgment and
reduced the award to 627 hours. Schwabe’s counsel argues this was error. We
disagree.
A district court has broad discretion to determine the number of hours that “in
its experience, should have been expended on the specific case, given the
maneuverings of each side and the complexity of the facts, law, and litigation.” Case
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v. Unified Sch. Dist. No. 233, 157 F.3d 1243, 1250 (10th Cir. 1998) (citing Ramos v.
Lamm, 713 F.2d 546, 554 (10th Cir. 1983)). Counsel for the party claiming fees
bears the burden to prove the hours they expended “by submitting meticulous,
contemporaneous time records that reveal, for each lawyer” the amount of time
expended and their “specific tasks.” Id. (citing Ramos, 713 F.2d at 553). A district
court may reduce the hours if they are “sloppy and imprecise” or if they are
“unnecessary, irrelevant and duplicative.” Id. (first quoting Jane L. v. Bangerter, 61
F.3d 1505, 1510 (10th Cir. 1995); and then quoting Carter v. Sedgwick Cnty., Kan.,
36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir. 1994)).
The district court determined that Schwabe’s counsel engaged in unnecessary,
irrelevant, and duplicative efforts throughout its answer; motion-to-strike response;
and motions to quash, dismiss, and suppress. The district court reduced claimed
hours for the answer and motion-to-strike response after it found most of the
affirmative defenses rested on a thin legal basis. It excluded more hours when
Schwabe moved to quash third-party bank subpoenas as irrelevant. The subpoenas,
however, were highly relevant, revealing information about Schwabe’s income. The
district court then subtracted more hours for the motion to dismiss. Schwabe’s
argument hinged on a statement by one Justice on the denial of certiorari—a thin
legal foundation. The district court then trimmed hours from Schwabe’s motion to
suppress after citing duplicative efforts and the relative simplicity of the facts and
legal principles. We agree with the district court. Each of Schwabe’s submissions
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contained unnecessary, irrelevant, or duplicative efforts. Thus, the district court did
not abuse its discretion by cutting the total hours.
The district court also denied every hour Schwabe claimed for the motion for
attorneys’ fees because it found Schwabe’s total to be outrageously excessive. “An
award of reasonable attorneys’ fees may include compensation for work performed in
preparing and presenting the fee application.” Mares v. Credit Bureau of Raton, 801
F.2d 1197, 1205 (10th Cir. 1986). Of course, “not every hour expended on a fee
request is necessarily reasonable or compensable . . . . [t]he same standards employed
in evaluating time expended in trial and trial preparation apply, to the extent
appropriate in a given case.” Id. at 1205. “[T]he general rule is that at least some
compensation is generally allowable for work reasonably expended on the fee
application . . . although hours not spent representing the client are at best on the
borderline of what Congress intended to be compensable.” Id. at 1206. But we have
suggested that if an attorneys’ fee request “is outrageously excessive, the court may
respond by awarding no fees at all” to disincentivize future attempts to secure
unreasonable compensation. Case, 157 F.3d at 1254 (collecting cases). Schwabe’s
counsel insists that more than three weeks was necessary because they were, in
effect, arguing the merits of a new trial motion. But Schwabe’s argument does little
to overcome the district court’s reasonable conclusion that Schwabe’s requested fees
bore no reasonable relationship to the services his attorneys rendered. The district
court did not abuse its discretion when it concluded that three full work weeks is an
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outrageously excessive amount of time to spend on a motion for attorneys’ fees and
denied Schwabe’s fee request accordingly.
Because we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion by trimming
hours based on its assessment of specific filings, we affirm the district courts
reduction of hours for Schwabe’s counsel. Burch’s claimed hours are reduced from
763.25 by 205 to 558.25. Michael’s hours are reduced from 52 by 19.5 to 32.5.
Emison’s hours are reduced from 40 by 10 to 30. And Zalkin’s hours remain at 6.25.
We agree with the district court’s total hours reduction from 861.5 by 234.5 to 627
hours.
2.
Next, Schwabe asserts the district court abused its discretion in calculating the
reasonable rate of his counsel. He says it disregarded the factors in Johnson v.
Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974).1 He contends the
district court ignored several Johnson factors. But we have explained “that the
lodestar determination is primary and that the propriety of such a determination is not
automatically called into doubt merely because the trial court did not expressly
1
The Johnson factors are (1) the time and labor required, (2) the novelty and
difficulty of the questions, (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly,
(4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case,
(5) the customary fee, (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent, (7) time limitations
imposed by the client or the circumstances, (8) the amount involved and the results
obtained, (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys, (10) the
“undesirability” of the case, (11) the nature and length of the professional
relationship with the client, (12) awards in similar cases. See Johnson, 488 F.2d at
717–19; Mkt. Ctr. E. Retail Prop. v. Lurie, 730 F.3d 1239, 1246–47 (10th Cir. 2013).
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discuss the Johnson factors.” Anchondo v. Anderson, Crenshaw & Assocs., LLC,
616 F.3d 1098, 1104 (10th Cir. 2010). Thus, any failure to consider the Johnson
factors is not an abuse of discretion without more. Schwabe’s argument fails on that
point.
The district court did consider several factors. The district court did “base its
hourly rate award on what the evidence shows the market commands for . . .
analogous litigation.” United Phosphorous, Ltd. v. Midland Fumigant, Inc., 205 F.3d
1219, 1234 (10th Cir. 2000) (quoting Case, 157 F.3d at 1255). And the party
requesting the fees bears “the burden of showing that the requested rates are in line
with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably
comparable skill, experience, and reputation.” Id. (quoting Ellis v. Univ. of Kan.
Med. Ctr., 163 F.3d 1186, 1203 (10th Cir. 1998)).
To determine the proper hourly rate, the district court relied heavily upon the
opinion of the government’s expert Ms. Nancy Cohen over Schwabe’s expert Mr.
David Lane. And the district court was within its discretion to do so. Ms. Cohen is
well-qualified—a partner at a reputable firm in Denver with 38 years of experience, a
member of the Colorado Supreme Court Advisory Counsel, and a member of the
Colorado Supreme Court Standing Committee on the Colorado Rules of Professional
Conduct. She observed that “Burch’s skills at trial were not of a lawyer who had
been practicing law for 12 years” and he “prevailed at trial despite his performance.”
United States v. $114,700.00 in United States Currency, No. 17-CV-00452-CMA-
GPG, 2020 WL 5076762, at *6. (D. Colo. Aug. 26, 2020). The lower court agreed
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and found that the quantitative results happened for reasons outside of Burch’s
“relatively modest skillset,” not because of it. Id.Beyond Burch’s skillset, Ms. Cohen opined that local counsel could have
handled this case. And Schwabe’s expert agreed. During this dispute, 30 civil
forfeiture cases were pending in the District of Colorado litigated by local counsel.
Schwabe had no reason to fly in counsel from a location with a higher cost of living.
Ms. Cohen also observed that the case was straightforward involving just one asset
and one claim. Lastly, Schwabe’s fees expert—who has “tried well over 225 jury
trials over 40 years”—charges nearly the same rate that Burch sought in this case. Id.But Burch has only 12 years of experience. Id. Each fact supports the reasoned
lodestar determination of the district court.
We find that the district court acted within its discretion when it reduced the
hourly rates of Schwabe’s counsel. Burch’s $275.00 reduced hourly rate multiplied
by his reduced hours leaves $153,518.75 in fees. Michael’s $450.00 reduced hourly
rate multiplied by the reduced hours leaves $14,625.00 in fees. Emison’s $250.00
reduced hourly rate multiplied by the reduced hours leaves $7,500.00 in fees. And
Zalkin’s $250.00 hourly rate multiplied by 6.25 hours leaves $1,281.25 in fees. The
total fees after the rate reduction are $177,206.25.
3.
The district court capped its analysis by applying a 25% across-the-board
reduction to the remaining fees. Adhering to § 2465(b)(2)(D), the district court
accounted for Schwabe’s partial victory by subtracting 18% of the proceeds. But the
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district court also applied a 7% reduction after discovering a pattern of billing for
non-legal work. As a general matter, “[i]t is essential that the judge provide a
reasonably specific explanation for all aspects of a fee determination.” Perdue v.
Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 558 (2010). A court, however, need not
explain each disallowed hour nor “announce what hours are permitted for each legal
task.” Mares v. Credit Bureau of Raton, 801 F.2d 1197, 1202 (10th Cir. 1986).
Instead, it may apply “[a] general reduction of hours claimed . . . so long as there is
sufficient reason for its use.” Id. at 1203.
Schwabe, however, contends that the 25% blanket reduction along with the
hourly rate reduction is dramatic and inconsistent with case law. To support the
claim, Schwabe cites United States v. $28,000.00 in U.S. Currency, 802 F.3d 1100(9th Cir. 2015), for the proposition that the court must choose either an hour-by-hour
analysis or a percentage cut. Schwabe cites nothing from this court imposing such a
requirement. And even the Ninth Circuit case—of course, not controlling here—
leaves courts with the option of applying a percentage cut. Id. at 1108.
While the district court’s compound reductions may have been heavy, nothing
reveals them to be an abuse of discretion. This Court’s precedent is clear that district
courts may adjust the lodestar “downward to account for the particularities of the suit
and its outcome.” Zinna, 680 F.3d at 1242 (quoting Phelps, 120 F.3d at 1131). The
district court reduced Schwabe’s counsels’ award by 18%—the proportion of the
Schwabe’s money forfeited to the government as proceeds of drug trafficking.
Nothing requires courts to identify and justify each disallowed hour. Mares, 801
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F.2d at 1202. The district court found that Schwabe’s counsels’ “time sheets are
littered with block billing and paralegal work that should not be charged at the lawyer
hourly rates.” $114,700.00, 2020 WL 5076762, at *7 (cleaned up). Rather than
scour the time sheets for all the instances of non-legal work, the court validly applied
a 7% reduction. The 25% fee reduction for partial success and non-legal work was
appropriate.
We find no reversible error in the final amount calculated by the district court
including the 25% across-the-board reduction. The district court did not abuse its
discretion by reducing Burch’s fee from $153,518.75 to $115,139.00, Michael’s fee
from $14,625.00 to $10,968.75, Emison’s fee from $7,500.00 to $6,150.00, and
Zalkin’s fee from $1,562.50 to $1,281.25.
4.
The District Court did, however, err when it determined that travel expenses
are costs. Travel expenses are attorneys’ fees. See Bee v. Greaves, 910 F.2d 686,
690 (10th Cir. 1990). They may be recovered as such so long as they are reasonable
for the local market. Id. As far as Schwabe knew, the travel expenses were still
pending before the district court when he filed this appeal. We remand only to
consider travel expenses as potential attorneys’ fees. Any changes to either the
attorneys’ fee or costs shall be subject only to this adjustment.
B.
The district court did not abuse its discretion by limiting Schwabe’s requested
costs.
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The district court possesses “broad discretion” in awarding costs. U.S. Indus.,
Inc. v. Touche Ross & Co., 854 F.2d 1223, 1247 (10th Cir. 1988); see also Callicrate
v. Farmland Indus., Inc., 139 F.3d 1336, 1339 (10th Cir. 1998) (“The taxing of costs
rests in the sound judicial discretion of the district court.”). As a result, we review
costs awards only for an abuse of that discretion. See Touche Ross, 854 F.2d at
1245. A district court abuses its discretion where it (1) commits legal error, (2) relies
on clearly erroneous factual findings, or (3) where no rational basis exists in the
evidence to support its ruling. See Elephant Butte Irrigation Dist. v. U.S. Dep’t of
the Interior, 538 F.3d 1299, 1301 (10th Cir. 2008) (citing Nova Health Sys. v.
Edmondson, 460 F.3d 1295, 1299 (10th Cir. 2006)).
Section 2465(b)(1)(A) allows prevailing parties to claim both “reasonable
attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred” in forfeiture proceedings.
Section 1920 catalogues taxable costs such as fees for clerks, marshals, transcripts,
printing, witnesses, copies; certain docket fees; and compensation for certain court
appointed experts. This list is exhaustive to cost awards unless a statute explicitly
provides for more. Rimini St., Inc. v. Oracle USA, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 873, 877 (2019)
(holding that “full” did not expand the meaning of “costs” beyond § 1920’s cabined
list). Section 2465(b)(2)(D) also requires courts to “reduce the award of costs” “[i]f
the court enters judgment in part for the claimant and in part for the [g]overnment.”
Lastly, Rule 54(d)(1) of the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure gives courts discretion to
award the government partial costs unless the specific cost-shifting statute “provides
otherwise.” Marx v. Gen. Revenue Corp., 568 U.S. 371, 377 (2013).
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Schwabe requested $18,997.22 in costs. But the district court awarded only
$5,558.58. It excluded $9,511.62 of expenses for falling outside § 1920’s cost
definition. It disallowed another $1,416.13 as transcript duplications and court-
reporter fees. It then deducted $167.99 as unallowed witness fees which left
$7,901.48. And because Schwabe was only partially victorious, the court had to
“reduce the award of costs . . . accordingly.” § 2465(b)(2)(D). The court reduced
$7,901.48 by 18.3%—the government’s achieved forfeiture percentage—resulting in
$6,454.72. And because of the partial success, the district court further concluded
that the government was entitled to a portion of its costs under Rule 54(d)(1). The
court calculated the government’s costs at $4,894.30. Because the government only
attained a 18.3% victory, the district court awarded the government that percentage
of its costs totaling $896.14. This, in effect, further offset Schwabe’s award. The
district court awarded a final amount of $5,558.58 in costs.
Schwabe contests this cost award on three separate grounds. First, he argues
that the district court wrongly limited § 2465(b)(1)(A)’s “other litigation costs” to the
taxable costs allowed under § 1920. But this modifier is no different from the
modifier “full” in Remini. “[O]ther litigation” also offers no explicit expansion of
the types of costs which a prevailing party may collect. So just as the modifier in
Remini, § 1920 limits the term to the six enumerated taxable cost categories. The
district court made no legal error here. Schwabe’s second and third arguments are
similar. He believes the government’s partial success should allow for neither a
reduction of his cost award nor a partial award to the government. Section
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2465(b)(2)(D), however, explicitly compels courts to reduce a cost award for partial
success. The district court simply followed this legislative mandate.
Reaching a conclusion on the government’s partial award—$896.14—is not as
obvious, however. Nothing in § 2465 requires a court to offset the government’s
cost. But the Marx Court established that a court may award costs to any prevailing
party under Rule 54(d)(1) unless a cost-shifting statute “provides otherwise.” Marx,
568 U.S. at 377. Here, the district court entered judgment to the government for
$21,000, so it did not abuse its discretion in concluding that—just like Schwabe—
the government is a partially prevailing party. And § 2465 does not prevent a court
from awarding proportionate costs.2 Thus, the district court was within its latitude to
offset the government’s costs. The district court did not abuse its discretion by
awarding $5,558.58 in costs to Schwabe. We therefore affirm the court’s reasoning
but reiterate that the ultimate cost award will be affected by the recategorization of
the travel expenses as attorneys’ fees.
C.
Two pending motions remain. First, Schwabe submitted a motion to file a
supplemental appendix on the cost issue. The government does not oppose it. We
grant the motion. The other is a motion to supplement the record on appeal. The
government opposes this motion. Schwabe should have first asked the district court
to supplement the record. Fed. R. App. P. 10(e)(1). But he did not. And we only
2
But the district court would have likewise acted within its discretion had it
rejected the government’s request for costs.
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supplement the record if something “material to either party is omitted from or
misstated in the record by error or accident.” Fed. R. App. P. 10(e)(2). This
proposed supplement contains little material information and was not omitted by
error or accident. We deny this motion.
Entered for the Court
Joel M. Carson III
Circuit Judge
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