Roberson v. Pinnacol Assurance ( 2004 )


Menu:
  •                                                                           F I L E D
    United States Court of Appeals
    Tenth Circuit
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    MAY 12 2004
    FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
    PATRICK FISHER
    Clerk
    JEANNE ROBERSON,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    v.                                                   No. 03-1182
    (D.C. No. 02-D-1309 (OES))
    PINNACOL ASSURANCE, formerly                           (D. Colo.)
    known as Colorado Compensation
    Insurance Authority, formerly known
    as State Compensation Insurance
    Fund; HUGH MACAULAY, M.D.;
    DR. MICHAEL COOPER, M.D.;
    MEDICAL OPS MANAGEMENT,
    INC.; DOES I THROUGH XX,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    ORDER AND JUDGMENT            *
    Before EBEL , HENRY , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.
    After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
    unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
    *
    This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
    doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
    generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
    and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
    this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
    therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
    Plaintiff/Appellant Jeanne Roberson, appearing pro se, appeals from the
    district court’s order granting defendants’ motions to dismiss her claims pursuant
    to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Ms. Roberson’s complaint included requests for:
    (1) monetary damages against defendant Pinnacol Assurance for unlawful
    deprivation of medical benefits previously awarded to her under the Colorado
    Workers’ Compensation Act, 
    Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-40-101
     to § 8-47-209, in
    violation of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) a
    declaratory judgment to “eliminate never-ending enforcement proceedings”
    required to force Pinnacol to pay benefits as ordered in her worker’s
    compensation case; (3) monetary damages against Pinnacol and the two physician
    defendants and defendant Medical OPS Management for allegedly conspiring to
    deprive her of medical benefits; and (4) punitive damages. R., Doc. 1 at 8-10.
    We conclude that the district court improperly dismissed Ms. Roberson’s first
    claim for relief against Pinnacol. Exercising our jurisdiction under 
    28 U.S.C. § 1291
    , we affirm in part and reverse in part.
    I. Standard of Review
    Our review is de novo.    See Sutton v. Utah State Sch. for Deaf & Blind,
    
    173 F.3d 1226
    , 1236 (10th Cir. 1999). A Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal will be upheld
    -2-
    only if, accepting the facts pleaded in the complaint as true, it appears “beyond
    doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which
    would entitle [her] to relief.”     
    Id.
     (quotation omitted).
    II. Relevant Facts
    Pinnacol, formerly known as “the Colorado compensation insurance
    authority,”   1
    is a statutorily-created insurance company designated as a “political
    subdivision of the state.” 
    Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-45-101
    (1) & Historical and
    Statutory notes. It is “the equivalent of a private insurance company” in
    operation, providing workers’ compensation insurance and employer’s liability
    insurance for Colorado employers.         Simon v. State Comp. Ins. Auth.   , 
    946 P.2d 1298
    , 1309 (Colo. 1997); § 8-45-101(5)(f). Thus, participating “[e]mployers pay
    premiums to the [workers’ compensation] Fund, [Pinnacol] receives and processes
    claims, and then makes disbursements to claimants out of the Fund.”           Simon ,
    946 P.2d at 1310. “[Pinnacol] clearly was structured so that it would be more
    responsive and efficient than a state agency. . . .”     Id.
    Ms. Roberson alleges that, after she was injured while employed by
    Goodwill Industries, a workers’ compensation administrative law judge (ALJ)
    1
    We refer to Pinnacol and its predecessor as “Pinnacol” for clarity
    throughout this order even though the Colorado Compensation Insurance
    Authority was not renamed until July 1, 2002. 2002 Colo. Legis. Serv. Ch. 341
    § 1 (West).
    -3-
    found her to be totally and permanently disabled, found Pinnacol to be liable for
    an “aortic injury” and injuries to her thoracic spine, and ordered Pinnacol to pay
    for curing and relieving the effects of the injury in 1991. R., Doc. 1 at 3;        id.
    Doc. 34, Ex. 1 at 1 (ALJ order dated 5/8/2002). After Pinnacol refused to pay for
    complications arising from the aortic injury, Ms. Roberson requested an
    enforcement hearing in 1997. R., Doc. 1 at 4. Consequently, another ALJ
    ordered Pinnacol to pay for medical care for those complications, including
    myelopathy, neuropathy, bowel and bladder incontinence, and for monitoring the
    effects of Ms. Roberson’s various medications.        Id. When Pinnacol ignored bills
    submitted by three medical providers, Ms. Roberson again requested enforcement
    of the order. Id. at 4-5. While exchanging exhibits at the beginning of the
    hearing, Pinnacol agreed to pay the bills, so Ms. Roberson cancelled the hearing.
    Id. at 5.
    In 2000, Pinnacol asked defendant Medical OPS Management to
    schedule independent medical examinations for Ms. Roberson with defendants
    Dr. Macaulay and Dr. Cooper. Both doctors concluded that Ms. Roberson’s aortic
    occlusion was not caused by her work-related accident.         Id. Based on these two
    reports, Pinnacol unilaterally discontinued paying all medical benefits associated
    with the aortic occlusion (90% of Ms. Roberson’s medical benefits),            id. , without
    -4-
    reopening the 1991 award, and in violation of the 1991 order awarding medical
    benefits for the injury,    id. at 6-7.
    Ms. Roberson made claims for additional medical benefits to pay for
    a vitamin B-12 deficiency arising from complications from the aortic injury in
    2000, but Pinnacol denied liability on the claims.      Id. at 6. In 2001, she requested
    another hearing for enforcement and to impose penalties on Pinnacol for violating
    the 1991 order, but she later withdrew her request for penalties out of fear that it
    would open the door for Pinnacol to relitigate all of her previously-awarded
    benefits. Id. at 6-7. At the enforcement hearing held in 2002, an ALJ entered yet
    another order requiring Pinnacol to pay for the medical costs to treat the vitamin
    deficiency, and Pinnacol appealed from that order.        Id. at 7. Ms. Roberson claims
    that Pinnacol continues to refuse to pay for medical benefits for costs associated
    with her injuries, and complications from those injuries, that have already been
    awarded. See id.
    III. The First Claim for Relief
    Ms. Roberson alleged federal-question jurisdiction in part under 
    42 U.S.C. §§ 1983
     & 1985(3).         
    Id. at 2
    . In her first claim for relief, Ms. Roberson
    essentially alleged that, by terminating or discontinuing her medical benefits and
    refusing to comply with lawful binding orders, Pinnacol has deprived her of
    property without due process in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The
    -5-
    magistrate judge construed these allegations as a claim brought pursuant to
    § 1983. 2 Id. Doc. 36 at 6. “To state a cause of action under section 1983 for
    a deprivation of property in violation of the fourteenth amendment, [the plaintiff]
    must allege that he was deprived of property through state action without
    due process.”    Williams v. Morris , 
    697 F.2d 1349
    , 1350-51 (10th Cir. 1982).
    In recommending dismissal of her claims, the magistrate judge observed
    that Pinnacol has admitted that it is a state actor. R., Doc. 36 at 6. But the
    magistrate judge concluded that Ms. Roberson failed to state a cause of action
    against Pinnacol because Pinnacol could be held liable under § 1983 “only when
    an injury was inflicted through a policy or custom that was implemented by the
    entity,” and only if a “direct causal link [exists] between that policy or custom
    and the injury alleged,” and Ms. Roberson “has alleged nothing in regard to
    either of these factors.”   Id. at 6-7.
    After Ms. Roberson objected to these findings and conclusions, the district
    court did not specifically adopt the magistrate’s analysis for this claim for relief,
    2
    Ms. Roberson asserts that, even though she expressly based the district
    court’s jurisdiction over her complaint in part § 1983 and argued below that she
    had satisfied all of § 1983’s requirements,  see R., Doc. 17 at 2, the district court
    generally erred by applying § 1983’s limitations to her first claim for relief. But
    Ms. Roberson fails to understand that, to the extent she seeks damages and costs
    for constitutional deprivations against a state actor, she is in fact seeking relief
    under § 1983. See Davis v. Passman , 
    442 U.S. 228
    , 248 (1979) (noting that
    § 1983 provides the damages remedy for alleged constitutional violations
    occurring under color of state law).
    -6-
    although the court did adopt the analysis in dismissing her third claim for relief.         3
    Instead, the district court dismissed Ms. Roberson’s first claim for relief because
    the court failed “to find anything in her Complaint that adequately sets forth the
    basis for a cognizable due process claim under either [a procedural or substantive
    due process] theory.” R., Doc. 42 at 7. The court concluded that, because the
    complaint was “replete with references to hearings, orders, appeals and other
    procedural processes,” she had not been denied procedural due process.                Id.
    at 7-8. And because nothing in her complaint demonstrated “a degree of
    outrageousness and a magnitude of potential or actual harm that is truly
    conscience shocking,” the court concluded that she had failed to allege
    a substantive due process violation.      Id. at 8 (quotation omitted).
    1. The complaint states a claim for deprivation of a constitutional
    right. Ms. Roberson argues that the district court (1) erred in holding that
    her complaint demonstrates she has been afforded sufficient due process and
    (2) improperly ignored her claim that Pinnacol, as a state actor, unconstitutionally
    deprived her of a property interest (her right to medical benefits as determined in
    binding agency orders) by discontinuing her medical benefits without affording
    her the state-required due process of a pre-deprivation hearing. We agree.
    3
    The district court entitled its order as one “Affirming and Adopting
    Magistrate Judge’s Recommendations,” but nowhere in the order does the court
    adopt the magistrate judge’s whole report or analysis. R., Doc. 42 at 1, 8.
    -7-
    When a state agency has finally ruled that an individual qualifies to receive
    a benefit, the benefit may not be terminated without due process.    See, e.g.,
    Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 
    470 U.S. 532
    , 542 (1985) ( “[T]he root
    requirement of the Due Process Clause” is “that an individual be given an
    opportunity for a hearing   before he is deprived of any significant protected
    interest”) (internal quotations omitted); Goldberg v. Kelly , 
    397 U.S. 254
    , 264
    (1970) (holding that a hearing is required before termination of welfare benefits).
    Here, Ms. Roberson claims that her medical benefits were terminated by Pinnacol,
    a state actor, without a pre-termination hearing. She contends that, under state
    law, if Pinnacol desires to terminate or discontinue benefits previously awarded,
    it must first establish its right to reopen the judgment and obtain a new order
    terminating the benefits before it unilaterally deprives her of those benefits.
    Although her pro se arguments are less than artful, she implicitly argues that the
    fact she has had due process in   obtaining her medical benefits and in attempting
    to enforce that right in prior hearings is irrelevant to her claim that Pinnacol did
    not provide her with due process before it terminated her benefits. We agree.
    Ms. Roberson’s right to pre-deprivation due process comes from the
    workers’ compensation statutory scheme under which she was awarded benefits.
    Section 8-47-103 of the Colorado Revised Statutes provides that
    [a]ll orders of the director . . . shall be valid and in force and
    prima facie reasonable and lawful until found otherwise in an action
    -8-
    brought for that purpose, pursuant to the provisions of articles 40 to
    47 of this title, or until altered or revoked by the director or
    industrial claim appeals office, as the case may be.
    Section 8-43-303 of the Act provides, in part:
    (b) At any time within two years after the date the last medical
    benefits become due and payable, the director or an [ALJ] may, after
    notice to all parties, review and reopen an award only as to medical
    benefits on the ground of an error, a mistake, or a change in
    condition. . . . If an award is reopened under this paragraph (b),
    medical benefits previously ordered may be ended, diminished,
    maintained, or increased. No such reopening shall affect the earlier
    award as to moneys already paid.
    (3) In cases where a claimant is determined to be permanently totally
    disabled, any such case may be reopened at any time to determine if
    the claimant has returned to employment. . . .
    
    Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-43-303
    (2)(b) & (3). Further, under section 8-43-401(2)(a), if
    appeals have been exhausted or no appeals have been taken, “all insurers . . . shall
    pay benefits within thirty days of when any benefits are due,” and if the insurer
    willfully delays or stops paying benefits, it must pay a penalty to the workers’
    compensation division, which is deposited in the division’s cash fund. Our
    review of the workers’ compensation statutes indicates that the Colorado
    legislature has not given an insurer the unilateral right to stop or delay payment
    of medical benefits absent the procedures for reopening set forth in section
    8-4-303(2)(b). Thus, Pinnacol must abide by the final administrative agency
    orders awarding benefits unless it reopens a prior award on the basis of specific
    grounds provided in section 8-43-303.   See Renz v. Larimer County Sch. Dist.
    -9-
    Poudre R-1 , 
    924 P.2d 1177
    , 1180 (Colo. Ct. App. 1996) (affirming reopening of
    prior final award on basis of “applicable statutory criteria”). In         Renz , the court
    noted that the ALJ properly allowed Pinnacol’s predecessor to offset part of the
    previously-awarded benefits     after a hearing, and that “no retroactivity issues are
    raised” because the ALJ allowed the offset only against “future benefit payments
    following reopening.”     
    Id. at 1182
    . Thus, a workers’ compensation benefit
    recipient in Colorado is entitled to pre-deprivation hearings.       4
    2. Ms. Roberson stated facts supporting a claim that Pinnacol’s direct
    acts inflicted her constitutional injury.        Even though the district court did not
    dismiss Ms. Roberson’s first action against Pinnacol on the same grounds
    recommended by the magistrate judge, Pinnacol argues that we should uphold the
    dismissal on those grounds. We disagree. The magistrate judge held that alleging
    that Pinnacol terminated Ms. Roberson’s benefits without notice and hearing
    failed to state a claim because its “actions with regard to one claimant . . . do
    not constitute evidence of the existence of a company-wide policy or custom.”
    R., Doc. 36 at 7. In doing so, the court cited a district court case and          Cannon v.
    City & County of Denver , 
    998 F.2d 867
    , 877 (10th Cir. 1993), which both
    4
    The fact that Ms. Roberson may be able, in future enforcement proceedings,
    eventually to force Pinnacol to reimburse her for substantive medical costs that it
    allegedly refused to pay would not preclude a § 1983 award if a jury found that Pinnacol
    flaunted prior final administrative rulings and violated her rights to due process. See
    Wolfenbarger v. Williams, 
    774 F.2d 358
    , 362 (10th Cir. 1985).
    -10-
    concerned municipality liability for the acts of police officers. But in its analysis
    (and in the district court’s analysis dismissing the third claim for relief on the
    same basis), the court confused direct and derivative liability under § 1983.
    The Supreme Court fully explained the difference between the two concepts
    in Board of County Commissioners v. Brown        , 
    520 U.S. 397
     (1997). There,
    the court recognized that   Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of
    New York , 
    436 U.S. 658
     (1978), requires proof that the municipality itself, and
    not just a person employed by the municipality, deliberately committed the act
    causing the injury to the plaintiff through execution of the municipality’s “policy”
    or “custom.” Brown , 
    520 U.S. at 403-04
    . But the Court also explained that
    [w]here a plaintiff claims that a particular municipal action itself
    violates federal law, or directs an employee to do so, resolving these
    issues of fault and causation is straightforward. . . . [P]roof that a
    municipality’s legislative body or authorized decisionmaker has
    intentionally deprived a plaintiff of a federally protected right
    necessarily establishes that the municipality acted culpably.
    Similarly, the conclusion that the action taken or directed by the
    municipality or its authorized decisionmaker itself violates federal
    law will also determine that the municipal action was the moving
    force behind the injury of which the plaintiff complains.
    . . . . Where a plaintiff claims that the municipality has not directly
    inflicted an injury, but nonetheless has caused an employee to do so,
    rigorous standards of culpability and causation must be applied to
    ensure that the municipality is not held liable solely for the actions of
    its employee.
    -11-
    
    Id. at 404-05
    . The Court then gave examples of where a single decision
    attributable to a municipality (or similar political entity) gives rise to liability
    under § 1983:
    Owen v. Independence, 
    445 U.S. 622
    , 
    100 S.Ct. 1398
    , 
    63 L.Ed.2d 673
     (1980), and Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 
    453 U.S. 247
    , 
    101 S.Ct. 2748
    , 
    69 L.Ed.2d 616
     (1981), involved formal decisions of
    municipal legislative bodies. In Owen, the city council allegedly
    censured and discharged an employee without a hearing. In Fact
    Concerts, the city council canceled a license permitting a concert
    following a dispute over the performance’s content. Neither decision
    reflected implementation of a generally applicable rule. But we did
    not question that each decision, duly promulgated by city lawmakers,
    could trigger municipal liability if the decision itself were found to
    be unconstitutional. Because fault and causation were obvious in
    each case, proof that the municipality’s decision was unconstitutional
    would suffice to establish that the municipality itself was liable for
    the plaintiff’s constitutional injury.
    Similarly, Pembaur v. Cincinnati [, 
    475 U.S. 469
     (1986),] concerned
    a decision by a county prosecutor, acting as the county’s final
    decisionmaker, to direct county deputies to forcibly enter petitioner’s
    place of business to serve capiases upon third parties. Relying on
    Owen and Newport, we concluded that a final decisionmaker’s
    adoption of a course of action “tailored to a particular situation and
    not intended to control decisions in later situations” may, in some
    circumstances, give rise to municipal liability under  § 1983. In
    Pembaur, it was not disputed that the prosecutor had specifically
    directed the action resulting in the deprivation of petitioner’s rights.
    The conclusion that the decision was that of a final municipal
    decisionmaker and was therefore properly attributable to the
    municipality established municipal liability. No questions of fault or
    causation arose.
    Id. at 405-06 (citations omitted). The Court then distinguished these direct
    liability cases from those derivative or vicarious liability cases in which the
    -12-
    plaintiff has suffered a deprivation of rights at the hands of a municipal
    employee. Id. at 406-08. The Court cautioned against “blur[ring] the distinction”
    between the two types of cases.     Id. at 405.
    Ms. Roberson has alleged facts indicating that Pinnacol itself directly
    violated her constitutional rights through the acts of its authorized agents who
    carried out Pinnacol’s decision to terminate or refuse to pay her benefits. Thus,
    this case is similar to   Pembaur and Owen . Although we express no opinion
    regarding the ultimate success of Ms. Roberson’s claims, the court must reinstate
    her § 1983 claims against Pinnacol.
    IV. Third Claim for Relief
    We agree with the district court that Ms. Roberson failed to state facts
    sufficient to support a claim for damages against Pinnacol, the independent
    medical examiners, and Medical OPS Management for alleged conspiracy to
    violate her constitutional rights to due process. Although “[a] § 1983 conspiracy
    claim may arise when a private actor conspires with [a] state actor to deprive a
    person of a constitutional right under color of state law,”    Dixon v. City of Lawton ,
    
    898 F.2d 1443
    , 1449 n.6 (10th Cir. 1990), “the pleadings must specifically present
    facts tending to show agreement and concerted action,”        Hunt v. Bennett, 
    17 F.3d 1263
    , 1268 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotation omitted), and must demonstrate “a single
    plan, the essential nature and general scope of which [was] known to each person
    -13-
    who is to be held responsible for its consequences.”   Snell v. Tunnell , 
    920 F.2d 673
    , 702 (10th Cir. 1990) (quotation omitted). To state that defendant Medical
    OPS Management scheduled an appointment states no facts indicating its
    agreement and concerted action to deprive Ms. Roberson of medical benefits by
    terminating those benefits without reopening her case. And despite the fact that
    she alleges that both independent medical examiners “falsif[ied] data” in their
    reports and reached conclusions that Ms. Roberson’s aortic occlusion was not
    caused by her work-related injury, R., Doc. 1 at 5, Ms. Roberson similarly failed
    to state facts indicating that Pinnacol had a plan to terminate her benefits without
    reopening the award when it scheduled the IMEs or that the doctors were aware of
    such a plan and conspired with Pinnacol to reach that end.
    Ms. Roberson’s attempt on appeal to characterize her conspiracy claims as
    falling under 
    42 U.S.C. § 1985
    (3) is unavailing, as she has not stated facts
    demonstrating § 1985(3)’s “requirement of class-based, discriminatory animus.”
    Dixon , 
    898 F.2d at
    1449 n.6.
    V. Second and Fourth Claim for Relief
    After review of the relevant law as it applies to Ms. Roberson’s claims for
    declaratory relief prohibiting the need for future enforcement actions through
    workers’ compensation proceedings and for punitive damages as a separate claim
    for relief, we conclude that the district court properly dismissed these claims.
    -14-
    We agree with the district court that there simply is no federal or constitutional
    right to be free from a state administrative requirement providing for enforcement
    hearings as the method of obtaining denied or delayed medical benefits, and no
    recognized claim for relief from “endless litigation.” And even if there was, the
    federal district courts would be required to abstain from interfering with the
    ongoing agency proceedings under the Younger abstention doctrine. See Joseph
    A. ex rel. Corrine Wolfe v. Ingram, 
    275 F.3d 1253
    , 1267 (10th Cir. 2002).
    The judgment of the district court is REVERSED in part and AFFIRMED
    in part and REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent
    with this order and judgment.
    Entered for the Court
    David M. Ebel
    Circuit Judge
    -15-