USCA11 Case: 20-12083 Date Filed: 06/06/2022 Page: 1 of 13
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
Nos. 20-12083 & 20-13144
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
KEITH D. JONES,
FLORESTINE EVANS JONES,
Defendants-Appellants,
REAL PROPERTY AND IMPROVEMENTS,
located at 5115 Northside Drive, Sandy Springs, Fulton
County, Georgia 30327,
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2 Opinion of the Court 20-12083
Defendant.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-00122-TCB
____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, BRANCH, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Keith Jones and Florestine Jones (the Joneses), who are rep-
resented by counsel, appeal several rulings in this civil action filed
by Bank of America (“BOA”) seeking declaratory and injunctive re-
lief, indemnification, and appointment of a receiver to recover on
a prior foreclosure judgment. The Joneses contend that the district
court abused its discretion by denying their motion to vacate the
receiver’s appointment, and that it erred in granting summary
judgment to BOA on its claims for permanent injunctive relief and
indemnification. After careful review, we affirm.
I.
The relevant facts are largely undisputed. In 2008, the
Joneses borrowed $5 million from BOA in connection with the
construction of a 24,000 square foot home in northern Atlanta.
The loan was secured by the property and matured in three years.
In 2011, the parties modified the loan to extend it for one year, but
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20-12083 Opinion of the Court 3
negotiations for a second extension in 2012 broke down. As a re-
sult, BOA demanded full repayment and set a foreclosure sale date
in November 2012.
Days before the scheduled foreclosure sale, the Joneses sued
BOA in state court, alleging claims of fraudulent inducement, neg-
ligence, and bad-faith conduct. BOA removed the complaint to
federal district court and raised counterclaims, seeking in part a
judgment for indebtedness owed under the loan documents. Ulti-
mately, the district court entered judgment in favor of BOA and
against the Joneses, concluding that the Joneses had defaulted on
the loan and that BOA was entitled to more than $5.7 million in
principal, interest, and other fees and expenses. We affirmed that
judgment in 2014.
In the years that followed, BOA set a foreclosure sale date
several times, but each sale was delayed due to bankruptcy peti-
tions filed by the Joneses. Eventually, the bankruptcy court per-
mitted BOA to go forward with a foreclosure sale under the secu-
rity deed in May 2017, and BOA itself was the highest bidder at
$4,050,000. After the sale, the bankruptcy court found that the
most recent bankruptcy filing was in bad faith and that BOA could
“exercise all of its state law rights and remedies” with respect to the
property. BOA recorded its deed to the property and then obtained
a writ of possession in Georgia state court and took physical pos-
session of the property, including its contents, in August 2018.
BOA placed the Joneses’ personal property in storage.
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4 Opinion of the Court 20-12083
Later, the Joneses successfully moved a state court to vacate
the writ of possession for lack of proper service. At that point, how-
ever, BOA was already in possession, and it has remained so since.
It appears that BOA later voluntarily dismissed the dispossessory
action without again obtaining a writ of possession.
In January 2020, BOA filed this diversity action to quiet title
to the property and to prevent the Joneses from asserting an inter-
est in or claims related to the property. BOA’s complaint raised
five counts: (1) declaratory judgment; (2) quiet title under Georgia
state law; (3) appointment of a receiver; (4) preliminary and perma-
nent injunctive relief; and (5) indemnification. As relevant here,
BOA claimed that (1) the Joneses still owed them $2.3 million un-
der the foreclosure judgment; (2) appointment of a receiver over
the Joneses’ personal property was necessary to collect on the re-
maining deficiency; (3) injunctive relief was necessary to enable the
receiver to do his or her work and to protect BOA’s interest; and
(4) an indemnification provision in the loan-modification agree-
ment required the Joneses to indemnify BOA for property taxes,
storage costs, and fees and costs related to the eviction, plus rea-
sonable attorney’s fees.
On January 28, 2020, the district court, after a hearing,
granted BOA’s requests for preliminary injunctive relief and ap-
pointment of a receiver. The court preliminarily enjoined the
Joneses from asserting any interest in or claim related to the prop-
erty. It also appointed a receiver for the Joneses’ personal property
that was in BOA’s possession. The court made several supporting
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20-12083 Opinion of the Court 5
findings: (a) the Joneses still owed BOA $2.3 million; (b) they were
unwilling to sell property to satisfy the debt and had obstructed
BOA’s efforts to collect; (c) they were insolvent; (d) BOA was in-
curring storage fees for the Joneses’ personal property; (e) there
was a danger of loss or damage to the personal property if a re-
ceiver was not appointed; and (f) BOA had no adequate remedy at
law and would be irreparably harmed if a receiver was not ap-
pointed to protect and liquidate the personal property to satisfy
BOA’s judgment. Then, in a later order granting BOA a declara-
tory judgment and denying the Joneses’ motion to dismiss, the
court ordered the Joneses to show why summary judgment should
not be granted on BOA’s claim for permanent injunctive relief.
In April 2020, more than two months after the receiver was
appointed, the Joneses filed a motion to vacate and set aside the
order appointing the receiver. They asserted that a receiver was
not warranted because BOA had failed to obtain a valid deficiency
judgment by timely confirming its foreclosure sale, as required by
O.C.G.A. § 44-14-161. Nor could BOA, in their view, recover prop-
erty taxes, storage fees, and fees and costs for the eviction under
the indemnification provision. In a separate filing on the issue of
permanent injunctive relief, the Joneses maintained that BOA
lacked a legitimate interest in the Joneses’ personal property with-
out a valid writ of possession for the real property, which it no
longer had.
The district court denied the Joneses’ motion to vacate on
May 6, 2020. The court first found that the Joneses had failed to
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file the motion, which it construed as brought under Rule 60(b),
Fed. R. Civ. P., within a “reasonable time,” so the “motion [wa]s
due to be dismissed” on that ground alone. The court also con-
cluded that relief was not warranted because, in its view, BOA had
obtained a valid deficiency judgment under Georgia law and could
recover the property taxes, storage fees, and other expenses under
the indemnification provision.
In that same order, the district court also granted BOA per-
manent injunctive relief. Finding that the Joneses had failed to
demonstrate a “genuine issue of material fact as to BOA’s request
for a permanent injunction,” the court permanently enjoined them
“from making, asserting, demanding, or otherwise claiming any
rights, title, or interests in and to the Property.”
The district court entered judgment on May 7, 2020, refer-
ring specifically to the claim for permanent injunctive relief, and
directed the clerk to close the case. It reopened the case a few days
later, though, when BOA pointed out that two matters were still
unresolved: “the ongoing receivership and BOA’s remaining claim
for indemnification.”
On June 6, 2020, the Joneses filed a notice of appeal from the
May 6 order and the May 7 judgment, which was docketed in this
Court as Appeal No. 20-12083. Two days later, on June 8, BOA
moved for summary judgment on the indemnification claim, and
the Joneses timely responded in opposition. The district court
granted summary judgment to BOA on July 21, 2020, and ordered
the Joneses to pay BOA an additional $860,522.52. The Joneses
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20-12083 Opinion of the Court 7
filed a notice of appeal of that ruling, which was docketed in this
Court as Appeal No. 20-13144.
Meanwhile, the receiver continued his work and filed a final
report in December 2020. Around the same time, BOA and the
receiver filed a joint motion for an order terminating the receiver-
ship and for entry of final judgment. The district court held that
motion in abeyance and administratively closed the case pending
the resolution of these appeals.
II.
We first must consider our appellate jurisdiction, which we
review de novo.1 Thomas v. Phoebe Putney Health Sys., Inc.,
972
F.3d 1195, 1200 (11th Cir. 2020). BOA has moved to dismiss the
appeals, arguing that the Joneses missed their chance to appeal the
order appointing a receiver, that they failed to designate for appeal
the grant of injunctive relief, and that the grant of summary judg-
ment on its indemnification claim is not final because the receiver-
ship remains pending.
“As a circuit court, we generally only have jurisdiction over
appeals from final decisions of the district courts.”
SmileDirectClub, LLC v. Battle,
4 F.4th 1274, 1277 (11th Cir. 2021)
(en banc) (quotation marks omitted); see
28 U.S.C. § 1291. A final
order ordinarily is one that fully resolves all claims against all
1 We also raised an issue about the district court’s subject-matter jurisdiction
in this case, but the court has since made findings of fact that establish the
existence of diversity jurisdiction. See
28 U.S.C. § 1332.
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8 Opinion of the Court 20-12083
parties in the proceeding, leaving nothing for the court to do but
execute its judgment. Freyre v. Chronister,
910 F.3d 1371, 1377
(11th Cir. 2018). By statute, we also have jurisdiction over inter-
locutory orders granting or denying injunctive relief, as well as
“[i]nterlocutory orders appointing receivers, or refusing orders to
wind up receiverships or to take steps to accomplish the purposes
thereof, such as directing sales or other disposals of property.”
28
U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), (2).
First, and most clearly, we have jurisdiction to review the
district court’s grant of injunctive relief. Orders granting injunctive
relief are immediately appealable under § 1292(a)(1).
We reject BOA’s contention that the Joneses failed to desig-
nate that ruling for appeal in their first notice of appeal. The notice
specifically designated for appeal “the Final Judgment dismissing
this action rendered May 7, 2020 (Doc. 42),” which expressly refer-
enced the permanent injunctive relief granted in the May 6 order.
So even assuming no intent to appeal the injunction could be in-
ferred from the Joneses’ reference to the “Order denying the
Joneses’ Motion to Vacate rendered May 6, 2020 (Doc. 41),” the
notice as a whole adequately shows an intent to appeal the grant of
injunctive relief against them. See Becker v. Montgomery,
532 U.S.
757, (2001) (“[I]mperfections in noticing an appeal should not be
fatal where no genuine doubt exists about who is appealing, from
what judgment, to which appellate court.”).
Second, the denial of the Joneses’ motion to vacate the ap-
pointment of a receiver is not an immediately appealable ruling.
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20-12083 Opinion of the Court 9
Although it relates to the order appointing a receiver, which is im-
mediately appealable under § 1292(a)(2), it is not itself an order “ap-
pointing [a] receiver” or taking an action related to winding up a
receivership. See
28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(2); People of State of Ill. ex
rel. Hartigan v. Peters,
861 F.2d 164, 165–66 (7th Cir. 1988) (agree-
ing with the Third and Sixth Circuits that “an order refusing to va-
cate the appointment of a receiver is not appealable under section
1292(a)(2), at least where the appeal is by a party to the proceed-
ing”). Nor does an appeal from the denial of a motion to vacate
“raise issues in the underlying judgment for review.” Am. Bankers
Ins. Co. of Fla. v. Nw. Nat’l Ins. Co.,
198 F.3d 1332, 1338 (11th Cir.
1999) (discussing Rule 60(b) motions). And to the extent the notice
of appeal could be construed as seeking review of the appointment
order directly, it was not timely filed within 30 days of that order.
See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction to
review the denial of the motion to vacate the order appointing the
receiver or the underlying order itself.
Nor are we persuaded by the Joneses’ contention that pen-
dant appellate jurisdiction exists over the denial of the motion to
vacate as part of our review of the grant of injunctive relief. Under
the doctrine of pendant appellate jurisdiction, we may review oth-
erwise-nonappealable matters “to the extent that they are inextri-
cably intertwined with an appealable decision.” Spencer v. Beni-
son,
5 F.4th 1222, 1234 (11th Cir. 2021) (quotation marks omitted).
But pendant appellate jurisdiction “should be present only under
rare circumstances, and it does not exist when resolution of the
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10 Opinion of the Court 20-12083
nonappealable issue is not necessary to resolve the appealable
one.” Lavigne v. Herbalife, Ltd.,
967 F.3d 1110, 1120 (11th Cir.
2020) (cleaned up).
Here, while the grant of injunctive relief may have been in-
extricably intertwined with the original order appointing a re-
ceiver, we cannot say the same for the denial of the Joneses’ motion
to vacate. As we just noted, the denial of the Joneses’ motion to
vacate the receivership order “does not raise issues in the underly-
ing [order] for review.” Am. Bankers Ins., 198 F.3d at 1338. Plus,
the Joneses do not address the court’s finding that the motion to
vacate was not filed within a reasonable time, which indicates that
“resolving the nonappealable issue”—whether the court erred in
denying the motion to vacate—“is not necessary to resolve the ap-
pealable one”—whether permanent injunctive relief should have
issued. Lavigne, 967 F.3d at 1120. In any event, we would affirm
the district court even if we had jurisdiction, for the reasons ex-
plained below.
Finally, we need not resolve the difficult question whether
the grant of summary judgment on BOA’s indemnification claim
amounted to a final judgment in the case, notwithstanding the
technically pending, though practically concluded, receivership. 2
2 Because we decline to consider the merits of the district court’s grant of sum-
mary judgment on the indemnification claim, we need not first resolve
whether we possess jurisdiction over that decision. See Sinochem Int’l Co. v.
Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp.,
549 U.S. 422, 431 (2007) (explaining that, while
federal courts may not bypass jurisdictional problems to resolve the merits of
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20-12083 Opinion of the Court 11
Although the Joneses’ brief asserts that the district court erred in
granting summary judgment to BOA on the indemnification claim,
it presents no supporting argument or authority for that issue. See
Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 680–81 (11th
Cir. 2014) (to properly raise an issue for appeal, the appellant must
do more than “raise[] it in a perfunctory manner without support-
ing arguments and authority”). Two sections of their brief are de-
voted to addressing the court’s summary-judgment rulings, but
their substantive arguments relate exclusively to the grant of in-
junctive relief. Therefore, the indemnification claim has not been
properly raised for review, whether we could resolve it or not. See
id. at 680–81 (issues not properly raised on appeal are abandoned).
III.
After all that, we are left with one or arguably two issues to
review. Neither warrants reversal.
The first issue concerns whether the district court erred in
granting permanent injunctive relief. The Joneses claim that they
met their burden to establish genuine issues of material fact about
“outstanding questions of service and the reasonableness of attor-
ney’s fees.” But as the court observed, these issues do not create a
genuine issue of material fact as to BOA’s ownership and posses-
sion of the property. According to undisputed facts in the record,
BOA holds title to the real property free and clear of any claims by
a case, they have flexibility to choose among “threshold grounds for denying
audience to a case on the merits”).
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12 Opinion of the Court 20-12083
the Joneses, and BOA has been in possession of the property since
2018, notwithstanding the dispute about the vacated writ of pos-
session. Beyond the bare assertion that certain disputed factual is-
sues exist, the Joneses do not explain how those disputes are mate-
rial to the grant of injunctive relief in this case or how they under-
mine the district court’s ruling. 3 Accordingly, we cannot say that
the court erred in granting permanent injunctive relief.
Second, even assuming we have pendant appellate jurisdic-
tion to review matters related to the appointment of the receiver,
the Joneses have not shown that the district court abused its discre-
tion. For starters, the Joneses have failed to address, and so have
abandoned any challenge to, the court’s denial of the motion to
vacate the appointment of a receiver on the ground that it was not
filed within a “reasonable time.” See Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 680–81
(issues not raised on appeal are abandoned). That unchallenged
finding independently supports the denial of the motion to vacate.
In any event, the record contradicts the Joneses’ claim that
the district court failed to consider relevant factors in exercising its
discretion to appoint a receiver. See Nat’l P’ship Inv. Corp. v. Nat’l
Hous. Dev. Corp.,
153 F.3d 1289, 1292 (11th Cir. 1998) (“[A] court
of appeals should review a district court’s decision to appoint a
3 The Joneses also assert that the district court failed to cite a legal standard
when granting permanent injunctive relief. But they make no specific argu-
ment that an injunction was not warranted under the well-established factors
for granting injunctive relief, nor do they suggest that the court’s orders are
insufficient to permit meaningful review.
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20-12083 Opinion of the Court 13
receiver for an abuse of discretion.”); Consol. Rail Corp. v. Fore
River Ry. Co.,
861 F.2d 322, 326–27 (1st. Cir. 1988) (listing six fac-
tors relevant to whether a receiver should be appointed). The
court was not required to explicitly discuss each and every factor
that it considered, and its order shows that it made detailed findings
in support of its decision to appoint a receiver, after providing the
parties notice and an opportunity to be heard. In particular, the
court, following a hearing, found that the Joneses owed BOA more
than $2 million but were insolvent and had obstructed BOA’s ef-
forts to collect, and that BOA would be irreparably harmed if a re-
ceiver was not appointed to protect and liquidate the personal
property. Besides incorrectly describing the court’s statements as
“vague,” the Joneses make no specific objection to the court’s find-
ings or the validity of the receivership more generally. We there-
fore cannot say that the court abused its discretion in connection
with appointing a receiver.
For these reasons, we affirm the district court.
AFFIRMED.
