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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-12832
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:18-cv-60482-RKA
OLUWAMUYIWA AWODIYA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ROSS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE,
School of Veterinary Medicine Limited,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(May 24, 2020)
Before JORDAN, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.
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Oluwamuyiwa Awodiya sued Ross University School of Medicine after he
was dismissed in 2017 from its medical program in Dominica for failing the
Comprehensive Basic Science Exam (CBSE) five times. He appeals the district
court’s grant of summary judgment on some of his claims. Following a review of
the record, we affirm in part and reverse in part. 1
I
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. In so
doing, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to Mr. Awodiya. See, e.g.,
Scott v. Harris,
550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007).
II
Mr. Awodiya alleged that Ross had violated the Rehabilitation Act,
29 U.S.C.
§ 794, and the Americans with Disabilities Act,
42 U.S.C. § 12182, by failing to
accommodate his disabilities (ADHD and OCD) in the test-taking process. The
district court ruled that the RA and the ADA do not apply extraterritorially, and that
the acts that formed the basis of Mr. Awodiya’s federal claims took place in
Dominica. 2
1
We assume the parties’ familiarity with the record, and thus set out only what is necessary to
explain our decision.
2
Cases under the RA and the ADA are generally governed by the same standards. See Cash v.
Smith,
231 F.3d 1301, 1305 (11th Cir. 2000). We therefore discuss the claims together and cite
RA cases and ADA cases interchangeably where appropriate.
2
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On appeal, Mr. Awodiya challenges these rulings, arguing that his case
involves a domestic application of the RA and the ADA because (i) he took four of
his five tests at Prometric test centers located in the United States, and (ii) his appeal
of the dismissal was denied by Ross’ dean, William Owen, whose office is located
in Miramar, Florida. He contends in part that he should have been provided a sixth
CBSE administration with corrective measures and accommodations. We address
each argument below.
Mr. Awodiya first argues that the fact that he took his CBSE examinations in
the United States makes his case one involving a domestic application of the RA and
the ADA. That is so, according to Mr. Awodiya, because the mere participation in
an unequal benefit is part of the focus of the RA and the ADA, and the administration
of examinations is conduct relevant to that focus. We disagree. As it relates to failure
to accommodate claims, the focus of the RA and the ADA is the elimination of acts
or omissions that constitute failures to provide reasonable accommodations. Here,
the conduct relevant to that focus occurred in Dominica.
The Supreme Court has held that to determine whether a case involves a
domestic application of a federal statute, a court must identify the law’s “focus,” i.e.,
“the object of its solicitude, which can include the conduct it seeks to regulate, as
well as the parties and interests it seeks to protect or vindicate.” WesternGeco LLC
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v. ION Geophysical Corp.,
138 S. Ct. 2129, 2137 (2018) (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted, modifications in original). “If the conduct relevant to the
statute’s focus occurred in the United States, then the case involves a permissible
domestic application of the statute, even if other conduct occurred abroad. But if the
relevant conduct occurred in another country, then the case involves an
impermissible extraterritorial application regardless of any other conduct that
occurred in U.S. territory.”
Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
We begin our analysis with the text of the RA and the ADA, both of which
make clear that the statutory focus is the elimination of discrimination. For example,
§ 504 of the RA provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability
in the United States . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded
from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination
under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”
29 U.S.C.
§ 794(a). Similarly, the ADA explicitly provides that one of its purposes is to
eliminate discrimination. See
42 U.S.C. § 12101(b)(1) (stating that one purpose of
the ADA is “to provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the
elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities”). And § 12182(a)
of the ADA establishes that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the
basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities,
privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation
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by any person who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public
accommodation.” From those provisions, it is clear to us that the focus of both Acts
is the elimination of discrimination. Given, however, that discrimination under the
RA and the ADA can take different forms, see, e.g.,
42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(A), we
must consider the type of discrimination at issue in a given case to identify the focus
of the provisions in that particular case. See WesternGeco,
138 S. Ct. at 2137 (“To
determine the focus of [the relevant statute] in a given case, we must look to the type
of infringement that occurred.”). Here, Mr. Awodiya raises a failure to accommodate
claim, which the ADA defines as “a failure to make reasonable modifications in
policies, practices, or procedures, when such modifications are necessary to afford
such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations to
individuals with disabilities.”
42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(ii). As is evident from that
text, as to failures to accommodate, the object of the ADA’s solicitude is the
regulation of a particular type of conduct—the “failure to make reasonable
modifications.” See id.3
The few courts addressing failure to accommodate claims under the RA have
similarly found that its focus is the regulation of failures to make reasonable
3
That conduct can take the form of positive action (e.g., the denial of a request for accommodation)
or an omission (e.g., an unreasonable delay in providing an accommodation). See Hill v. Clayton
County Sch. Dist., 619 F. App’x 916, 922 (11th Cir. 2015) (unpublished). See also McCray v.
Wilkie,
966 F.3d 616, 621 (7th Cir. 2020).
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modifications. See Murphy v. Eisai, Inc. & Eisai, Ltd, ___F. Supp. 3d ___,
2020 WL
7022747, at *6 (D.N.J. Nov. 28, 2020) (concluding that the focus of a failure to
accommodate claim under the RA is the “wrongful refusal to provide a reasonable
accommodation”). Cf. Archut v. Ross Univ. Sch. of Veterinary Med., Civ. A. No. 10-
1681 (MLC),
2012 WL 5867148, at *9 (D.N.J. Nov. 19, 2012) (explaining that the
focus of the RA “is centered on acts that constitute exclusionary or accommodating
decisions”), aff’d, 580 F. App’x 90 (3d Cir. 2014).
Based on the above, we hold that—in relation to failures to accommodate—
the focus of the RA and the ADA is the elimination of acts or omissions that
constitute failures to provide reasonable accommodations. With that in mind, we
must now pinpoint the location of the conduct in this case that is relevant to that
focus.
Here, that conduct occurred in Dominica. After failing his fifth semester at
Ross (before failing the CBSE for the first time), in Dominica, Mr. Awodiya began
attending Ross’ counseling center, also in Dominica. There, he authorized the
counseling center to discuss his confidential information with Ross administrators
to determine whether it was appropriate to provide him with reasonable testing
accommodations. Mr. Awodiya requested extended testing time from Davendranand
Sharma, a Ross professor; Mr. McMillan Cuffy, a Ross counselor; and Bryan Hayse,
a Ross associate dean. These individuals worked in Dominica. According to Mr.
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Awodiya, Dean Hayse made the final decision on his request for extended testing
time.
Accordingly, as to Ross’ denial of Mr. Awodiya’s requests for testing
accommodations, we find that the conduct relevant to the focus of the RA and the
ADA in this case occurred in Dominica.
Insofar as the RA and the ADA are concerned, that leaves the denial of Mr.
Awodiya’s appeal by Dean Owen. Aside from noting that Dean Owen’s office is
located in Florida, Mr. Awodiya does not explain why the denial of his appeal is
conduct relevant to the focus of the RA and the ADA. To explain why this matters,
we recount the facts relating to Mr. Awodiya’s dismissal.
The registrar of Ross’ medical school—who is based in Florida—dismissed
Mr. Awodiya because he had failed the CBSE five consecutive times. Mr. Awodiya
appealed to the Students Promotions Committee, explaining that he had been
diagnosed with OCD and trichotillomania (the pulling of eyelashes), that he was
receiving treatment, and that he would “likely pass any future exam, specifically”
the CBSE. The Students Promotions Committee—also based in Florida—upheld the
dismissal.
Mr. Awodiya then appealed to Dean Owen. He again explained his OCD
diagnosis and said that the condition had affected his academic performance. Noting
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that he “never finished an exam on time,” Mr. Awodiya said that he was getting help
from a psychotherapist and a psychiatrist. He reported that he had taken timed
practice tests since his diagnosis, and that those scores had improved. He closed by
saying that he “just need[ed] one more chance” to take and pass the CBSE. Mr.
Awodiya’s treating doctors also sent a joint letter to Dean Owen in support of the
appeal. They explained that Mr. Awodiya was receiving therapy for ADHD and
OCD, that he previously had not understood the nature of these conditions (which
affected his academic performance), and that he was considering taking
psychotropic medication.
Dean Owen rejected Mr. Awodiya’s appeal. Explaining that he had
considered Mr. Awodiya’s appeal, academic record, and pre-matriculation
materials, he ultimately concurred with the decision of the Student Promotions
Committee.
At no time in his appeals to the Student Promotions Committee or to Dean
Owen did Mr. Awodiya allege or complain that he had been denied any requested
accommodations for the CBSE. And aside from asking for an opportunity to take the
CBSE a sixth time, Mr. Awodiya did not request any further accommodations.
But we do not rest our decision on Mr. Awodiya’s failure to make an express
demand for certain accommodations. Cf. Hunt v. Aimco Properties, L.P.,
814 F.3d
1213, 1226 (11th Cir. 2016) (“[A] plaintiff can be said to have made a request for
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accommodation when the defendant has enough information to know of both the
disability and desire for an accommodation.”) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Under the circumstances, we agree with Ross’ alternative argument, see Appellee’s
Br. at 16–20, that Dean Owen’s rejection of Mr. Awodiya’s appeal did not violate
the RA or the ADA. Assuming, without deciding, that Dean Owen’s decision
constitutes the relevant conduct for purposes of a domestic application of the RA
and the ADA, Ross was not required to permit Mr. Awodiya to take the CBSE a
sixth time.
Given that Ross had already dismissed Mr. Awodiya in 2016 after his fourth
CBSE failure, and reinstated him to allow him to take the exam a fifth time, it was
not required to reinstate him again so that he could take the CBSE a sixth time. The
RA and the ADA “impose [ ] no requirement upon an educational institution to lower
or to effect substantial modifications of standards to accommodate a handicapped
[or disabled] person.” Se. Cmty. Coll. v. Davis,
442 U.S. 397, 413 (1979). And Mr.
Awodiya—who has the burden of production on the issue of a reasonable
accommodation—has not shown that “special circumstances” require an exception
to Ross’ academic requirement that students not fail the CBSE in five consecutive
attempts. See US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett,
535 U.S. 391, 401–02, 406 (2002).
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Mr.
Awodiya’s RA and ADA claims.
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III
Mr. Awodiya also alleged that Ross had fraudulently induced him into
applying and enrolling via the following statement on its student admission
requirements webpage: “It is the policy and practice of the University to comply
with the Americans with Disabilities Act as applicable and practical in Dominica.”
Awodiya v. Ross Univ. Sch. Of Med.,
391 F. Supp. 3d 1098, 1107 (S.D. Fla. 2019).
The district court initially denied a summary judgment motion by Ross on this claim,
concluding that there were material issues of fact on whether Ross had made a
misstatement and whether Mr. Awodiya had relied on the website statement.
In its second summary judgment order, the district court (with a different
district judge presiding) understood Mr. Awodiya to be arguing that the website
statement was a promise of future conduct (future compliance with the ADA) by
Ross. See
id. Because Mr. Awodiya had not alleged or proven that Ross had
specifically intended not to comply with that promise, as required by Florida law,
the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Ross on the fraudulent
inducement claim as well. See
id.
Liberally construing Mr. Awodiya’s briefs on appeal, see Miller v. Donald,
541 F.3d 1091, 1100 (11th Cir. 2008), we understand them to argue that the district
court mischaracterized his fraudulent inducement claim. According to Mr. Awodiya,
he did not argue that the website statement was a promise of future conduct, but
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instead that it was a false statement about the existence of a policy to comply with
the ADA. After a review of the record, we agree with Mr. Awodiya, and conclude
that the initial denial of summary judgment was correct.
Under Florida law, fraudulent inducement requires the existence of “(1) a false
statement concerning a material fact; (2) the representor’s knowledge that the
representation is false; (3) an intention that the representation induce another to act
on it; and (4) consequent injury by the party acting in reliance on the representation.”
Butler v. Yusem,
44 So. 3d 102, 105 (Fla. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“Generally, the false statement of material fact necessary to establish fraud must
concern a past or existing fact.” Prieto v. Smook, Inc.,
97 So. 3d 916, 917 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2012). A promise of future conduct cannot give rise to a fraudulent inducement
claim unless “the plaintiff can demonstrate that the person promising future action
does so with no intention of performing or with a positive intention not to perform.”
Mejia v. Jurich,
781 So. 2d 1175, 1177 (Fla. 3rd DCA 2001).
Whether a statement concerns a past or existing fact or is a promise of future
conduct depends, in part, on whether it is backward/present-looking or forward-
looking. See Prieto,
97 So. 3d at 917; King v. Bencie, 752 F. App’x 881, 883–84
(11th Cir. 2018). One Florida case, Thor Bear, Inc. v. Crocker Mizner Park, Inc.,
648 So. 2d 168 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994), is instructive on this point. There, during
negotiations on a retail space lease agreement, a mall had represented to the plaintiff
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(i) that it had enough parking to accommodate the plaintiff’s future store, and (ii)
that more paved parking would be built near the store. See
id. at 170. After trial, the
trial court entered final judgment in favor of the mall. It understood the statements
to be opinions of future affairs, and without evidence that the mall specifically
intended not to comply with the statements at the time it made them, there was no
actionable fraud. See
id. at 170–171. The Fourth District disagreed and reversed,
identifying the statement that the mall had sufficient parking as a statement of
existing fact and the statement that more paved parking would be built as a promise
of future conduct. See
id. at 172–73.
Here, the district court found that “[t]he evidence in this case does not support
[Mr. Awodiya’s] view that, at the time it posted the statement on its website, [Ross]
specifically intended not to comply with the ADA.” Awodiya, 391 F. Supp. 3d at
1107. Though we are cognizant that Mr. Awodiya did not always express his
fraudulent inducement claim with a lawyer’s precision, a review of the record
convinces us that his claim is based on an alleged false statement concerning an
existing fact—that Ross, contrary to its website statement, did not have a policy or
practice of complying with the ADA.4
4
As noted, two district judges presided over this case. The first district judge interpreted Mr.
Awodiya’s fraudulent inducement claim as we do, relating to the existence of a policy and practice
at Ross to comply with the ADA. See D.E. 154 at 19. After the case was reassigned, the second
district judge recharacterized Mr. Awodiya’s fraudulent inducement claim as relating to a promise
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For example, in its motion relating to the earlier summary judgment order,
Ross noted that “[t]he [website statement] language clearly states that [Ross] will
comply with the ADA ‘as applicable and practical’ in Dominica.” D.E. 107 at 17.
Mr. Awodiya’s response was adamant: “The [website] statement does not contain
the term ‘will’ comply, it merely states ‘It is [Ross’] policy . . . to comply.’ [Ross’]
argument attempts to morph the representation from a statement of fact into a
statement of intent. Where is the policy? There is no policy.” D.E. 137 at 21.
Moreover, in his brief relating to the summary judgment order at issue, Mr. Awodiya
again characterized the website statement as concerning an existing fact: “[Ross]
advertised a false statement in the Admissions Requirements section of its website
claiming that the university had a policy requiring its faculty to comply with the
Americans with Disabilities Act in Dominica.” D.E. 192 at 10.
Given our understanding of Mr. Awodiya’s fraudulent inducement claim, we
agree with the first district judge that the evidence in the record creates a genuine
dispute of material fact as to whether Ross had a policy or practice of complying
with the ADA in Dominica. On the one hand, Matthew Stewart-Fulton, one of Ross’
accommodation coordinators, testified that Ross did not have a policy requiring
faculty to comply with the ADA, and instead that it abided by the “spirit” of the
of future conduct. See Awodiya, 91 F. Supp. 3d at 1107. We agree with the interpretation of the
first district judge.
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ADA. Additionally, Dean Hayse testified that Ross uses the ADA as a guideline but
is not beholden to it, and confirmed that Ross does not require its faculty to comply
with the ADA. On the other hand, Dr. Sharma testified that he had assisted other
students in obtaining accommodations, and that Ross does not deny accommodation
requests once students’ documentation is adequate. Further, Ross maintains an
accommodation office in order to process requests for accommodations.
This conflicting evidence is sufficient for Mr. Awodiya’s fraudulent
inducement claim to survive summary judgment. We therefore reverse in part the
district court’s order on summary judgment as it relates to Mr. Awodiya’s fraudulent
inducement claim.5
IV
We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Mr. Awodiya’s
fraudulent inducement claim and affirm in all other respects.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
5
Two theories comprise Mr. Awodiya’s fraudulent inducement claim—a theory that Ross
affirmatively misrepresented a material fact, and a theory that Ross fraudulently omitted a material
fact from its website statement. We understand Mr. Awodiya’s fraudulent omission theory to be
that Ross failed to disclose that it had no policy or practice to comply with the ADA despite the
website statement providing that it had a policy to comply with the ADA as applicable and practical
in Dominica, precisely because the ADA is not applicable in Dominica. See Appellant’s Br. at 28;
Appellant’s Reply Br. at 15.
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BRANCH, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I concur with Parts I and II of the majority’s analysis, but respectfully
dissent from its holding in part III that we should reverse the district court’s grant
of summary judgment to Ross on Awodiya’s fraudulent inducement claim because
I believe the majority has misconstrued the district court’s order. Instead, I would
affirm the district court.
Awodiya’s fraudulent inducement claim is that he attended Ross based on
his reliance on its allegedly false assurance on its website that “[i]t is the policy
and practice of the University to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act
as applicable and practical in Dominica.” The district court found that Awodiya
could not withstand summary judgment because he had not presented any evidence
that Ross’s website statement was false. representation. The district court is
correct.
To establish fraudulent inducement under Florida law, a plaintiff must show
(1) the defendant made a false statement of material fact, (2) the defendant knew or
should have known that the statement was false, (3) the defendant intended to
induce the plaintiff’s reliance, and (4) the plaintiff suffered an injury by acting in
reliance on the representation. Wadlington v. Continental Med. Servs.,
907 So.2d
631, 632 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2005). The first element, a false statement of
material fact, can be satisfied when the plaintiff establishes either (1) “a false
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statement . . . concern[ing] a past or existing fact,” Prieto v. Smook, Inc.,
97 So. 3d
916, 917 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2012), or (2) a promise of future action with “no
intention of performing,” Mejia v. Jurich,
781 So. 2d 1175, 1177 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct.
App. 2001).
In this case, the website promises future action. And, as the district court
correctly noted, Awodiya presented no evidence that Ross had “no intention” of
honoring the ADA statement on its website when it made it. Further, the district
court detailed Ross’s evidence of the times it provided such accommodations to
students. Accordingly, I would affirm the district court on this claim.
The majority reverses because it believes the district court misconstrued
Awodiya’s argument. The majority believes that Awodiya’s claim is that Ross
falsely claimed it had a policy or practice of complying with the ADA when it, in
fact, had no such policy or practice. But this interpretation is a distinction without
a difference. Ross announced the policy when it made the statement on the
website; thus, the policy exists. Awodiya’s questioning of whether Ross truly had
such a policy is another way of asking whether Ross intended to comply with the
policy at the time it was announced. And, as the district court correctly noted,
Awodiya has presented no evidence that Ross lacked such an intention. Because
the district court did not err in its analysis of the fraudulent inducement claim, I
respectfully dissent.
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