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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 20-11222
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-25073-KMW
WILLIE LEE HARPER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ADMINISTRATIVE LIEUTENANT,
Nakenya Weatherspoon,
ASSISTANT WARDEN (PROGRAMS),
Joyce T. Burke,
SERGEANT LYTONIA MERRITT,
Florida Department of Corrections,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(May 24, 2021)
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Before MARTIN, BRANCH, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Willie Lee Harper, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the sua sponte
dismissal of his prisoner civil rights complaint for failure to state a claim upon which
relief may be granted. Harper claims that he was terminated from his law library job
after he filed a grievance against two prison guards involving an unrelated
disciplinary hearing. Because Harper plausibly alleged a factual basis for his First
Amendment retaliation claim and a separate conspiracy to retaliate claim, we vacate
the district court’s order as to those two claims and remand for further proceedings.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Harper alleges the following facts leading up to and related to his termination
from his position at the prison law library. On September 10, 2016, an allegedly
false disciplinary report was written against Harper. The disciplinary hearing was
conducted by Nakenya Weatherspoon and Joyce T. Burke. At the hearing,
Weatherspoon asked Harper how he would like to plea. When Harper asked if he
could address the report first, Weatherspoon and Burke became “extremely hostile,
antagonistic, and intimidating.” They yelled at him that he could not say anything
and demanded his plea. Weatherspoon then entered a plea of no contest, even though
Harper claims that he does not remember entering such a plea. Harper states that he
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was intimidated and frightened by the situation and did not feel free to argue against
such a plea.
Weatherspoon proceeded to ask Harper what he wanted to say about the
charge. When he began to contest the veracity of the disciplinary report, Burke again
yelled at him that any information about the incident was required to be submitted
in a statement before the hearing. Before Harper could respond further,
Weatherspoon declared Harper guilty of the charge and issued a penalty in the form
of a change in his employment from the law library to food service for thirty days.
Harper appealed this decision to the Warden, explaining the actions of
Weatherspoon and Burke at the hearing. On September 29, 2016, the Warden denied
his appeal.1 Harper then appealed to the Office of the Secretary, who filed a
grievance on November 2, 2016, on behalf of Harper based on the allegations in his
appeal about Weatherspoon and Burke’s conduct during the hearing.
Following his thirty days on food service duty, Harper returned to his job at
the law library. On November 9, 2016, while he was working in the library,
Weatherspoon and Burke entered the library and spoke with Lytonia Merritt. They
discussed the grievance filed by Harper concerning the disciplinary hearing and
“about what they could do to get back at [Harper].” Harper then heard Merritt state
1
Following receipt of the grievance from the Office of the Secretary, the Warden later
reversed his denial of the appeal, reversed the finding of guilt made at the disciplinary hearing,
and granted other relief related to Harper’s appeal.
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that “I don’t like him anyway, he thinks he’s so smart, he loves this Law Library job,
I’ve been looking for a way to get him out of here anyway.” The three discussed the
issue further and ultimately agreed to terminate Harper’s employment at the law
library. Following that exchange, Harper was removed from his law library position,
Merritt posted a notice to fill his prior position, and Burke assigned him to inside
grounds duty. About a week after he was terminated from his law library position,
two guards, who are not parties in this action, passed Harper in the mess hall,
smirked at him, and said “they kicked you out of the Law Library.”
On December 14, 2016, Harper filed a second grievance with the Warden
related to his removal from his law library job. On December 4, 2018, after waiting
the requisite amount of time to exhaust his administrative remedies, and having
received no response from the Warden, Harper filed a prisoner civil rights complaint
under
42 U.S.C. § 1983. The magistrate judge granted Harper’s motion to proceed
in forma pauperis and ordered him to amend his complaint, calling the complaint a
shotgun pleading that lacked sufficient factual allegations and was not provided in
the correct complaint form with all the requisite information.
Harper then filed an amended complaint—this time in the correct form—that
outlined the same factual allegations as in his initial complaint. The amended
complaint raised the following claims: violations of the First Amendment against
Weatherspoon, Burke, and Merritt for retaliating against Harper for the exercise of
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his free speech rights; violations of the Eighth Amendment against Weatherspoon
and Burke for issuing a punishment not authorized by the Florida Department of
Corrections; violations of Fourteenth Amendment due process against
Weatherspoon and Burke; and conspiracy against Weatherspoon, Burke, and Merritt
for conspiring to retaliate against Harper for the exercise of his free speech and due
process rights.
The magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation, recommending
that the case be dismissed for failing to state a claim upon which relief may be
granted. As to the due process claims, the magistrate judge concluded that the claims
failed because the penalty alleged—a temporary removal from his law library
position—does not constitute a deprivation of his liberty interests sufficient to
invoke Fourteenth Amendment due process protections. The magistrate judge noted
that, to the extent Harper argued his due process rights were violated because he was
permanently removed from his job as a prison law clerk, the analysis is the same.
As for the Eighth Amendment claims, the magistrate judge found that the thirty-day
food service assignment did not amount to a penalty that disregarded a risk to
Harper’s health or safety or otherwise subjected him to inhumane conditions.
Turning to the First Amendment claims, the magistrate judge found that
Harper’s grievances and appeal of those grievances constituted protected speech that
satisfied the first element of a First Amendment retaliation claim. But the magistrate
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judge held that the claims failed based on the second and third elements of a free
speech retaliation claim. As to the second element, the magistrate judge concluded
that the amended complaint contained no allegations explaining why a person of
ordinary firmness would be deterred from exercising their free speech because they
were removed from their duties as a prison law clerk. As to the third element, the
magistrate judge determined that Harper failed to establish a causal link between his
grievances and Merritt’s alleged retaliatory actions.
Harper filed objections to the report. The district court overruled those
objections, adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, and
dismissed with prejudice the amended complaint. This timely appeal ensued.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a district court’s sua sponte dismissal of a § 1983 action
under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b)(1), 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Leal v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr.,
254
F.3d 1276, 1278–79 (11th Cir. 2001). When reviewing a dismissal for failure to
state a claim, we accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and view them
in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Starship Enters. of Atlanta, Inc. v. Coweta
Cty.,
708 F.3d 1243, 1252 (11th Cir. 2013). Pro se pleadings are liberally construed
and held to less stringent standards, but such pleadings must still suggest some
factual basis for a claim. See Jones v. Fla. Parole Comm’n,
787 F.3d 1105, 1107
(11th Cir. 2015).
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III. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Harper challenges only the dismissal of his First Amendment
retaliation claims and his conspiracy claim. 2
A. First Amendment Retaliation
Although an inmate has no constitutional right to retain a specific job within
the prison, prison administrators are not permitted to grant or withhold such
privileges for impermissible reasons—such as retaliating against an inmate for
exercising his free speech rights. Adams v. James,
784 F.2d 1077, 1079–80 (11th
Cir. 1986). The First Amendment forbids such retaliation. Farrow v. West,
320
F.3d 1235, 1248 (11th Cir. 2003). To state a First Amendment retaliation claim, the
inmate must allege that: “(1) his speech was constitutionally protected; (2) the
inmate suffered adverse action such that the administrator’s allegedly retaliatory
conduct would likely deter a person of ordinary firmness from engaging in such
speech; and (3) there is a causal relationship between the retaliatory action and the
protected speech.” Smith v. Mosley,
532 F.3d 1270, 1276 (11th Cir. 2008). “The
gist of a retaliation claim is that a prisoner is penalized for exercising the right of
free speech.” Thomas v. Evans,
880 F.2d 1235, 1242 (11th Cir. 1989).
2
Because Harper does not challenge the dismissal of his Eighth Amendment cruel and
unusual punishment claims and his due process claims, he has abandoned those claims. See
Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (holding that issues not briefed on appeal,
even by pro se parties, are deemed abandoned).
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Here, Harper plausibly alleged each element of a retaliation claim against
Merritt, Burke, and Weatherspoon. As the district court correctly found, the
grievances filed by Harper relating to Weatherspoon and Burke’s actions against
him during his initial disciplinary hearing are protected speech under the First
Amendment. See Smith,
532 F.3d at 1276 (“It is an established principle of
constitutional law that an inmate is considered to be exercising his First Amendment
right of freedom of speech when he complains to the prison’s administrators about
the conditions of his confinement.” (citing Farrow,
320 F.3d at 1248)).
The district court erred, however, in holding that Harper’s retaliation claims
failed as to the second and third elements. The adverse action alleged by Harper was
the loss of a job as head law clerk in the prison law library—a position which he had
held since 2012 after having been a law clerk for one year, and a position where he
had received high performance reviews. Viewed in the light most favorable to
Harper, the loss of this long-standing privilege at the hands of Merritt, Burke, and
Weatherspoon, who each had significant control over Harper in their roles as prison
officers, for no other reason than because Harper filed a grievance would deter a
person of ordinary firmness from exercising his free speech rights. See Bennett v.
Hendrix,
423 F.3d 1247, 1252, 1254 (11th Cir. 2005); see also Smith,
532 F.3d at
1275, 1277 (finding that disciplinary action that placed an inmate in temporary
segregation and took away certain privileges satisfied the second element of a
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retaliation claim). At this preliminary pleading stage, then, the second element is
satisfied.
As to the third element, “[t]he causal connection inquiry asks whether the
defendants were subjectively motivated to discipline” because Harper filed a
grievance. Smith,
532 F.3d at 1278. Harper alleged that just one week after his
grievance was filed, he heard Merritt, Burke, and Weatherspoon discussing the
grievance and how they could “get back at [him]” for filing it. During that exchange,
the three officers determined that the way to get back at him would be to terminate
him from his law library position. And shortly after that exchange, they did just that.
Harper alleged additional evidence suggesting retaliatory animus as the motivation
behind his termination from the law library—following his termination and
reassignment to a different position, two other guards smirked at Harper and stated
that “they kicked [him] out of the Law Library.” Taking these allegations as true,
Merritt, Burke, and Weatherspoon were “subjectively motivated to discipline
[Harper] because [he] complained of” their actions in his filed grievance. See
id.
Moreover, Merritt, Burke, and Weatherspoon made the decision to terminate him
despite the fact that Harper had held the law library position for about ten years, he
had been promoted to head law clerk, and he received high performance reviews.
There was seemingly no other reason to terminate Harper from the law library
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position besides the retaliatory motive to “get back at” him for the contents of his
grievance.
The district court points to a statement made by Merritt during the
conversation with Burke and Weatherspoon about what to do to Harper for the
grievance—“I don’t like him anyway, he thinks he’s so smart, he loves this Law
Library job, I’ve been looking for a way to get him out of here anyway”—as
implying that Merritt would have fired Harper regardless of the grievance. As such,
the district court held that Harper failed to satisfy the third element of his retaliation
claim against Merritt. First, we disagree that this statement necessarily implies that
Merritt would have fired Harper regardless of the grievance. The statement implies
that Merritt wanted to fire him but needed a reason to do so, suggesting not only that
there was no reason up until that point—again, supporting the fact that the only
reason Merritt, Burke, and Weatherspoon terminated Harper was in retaliation for
the grievance—but also that Merritt would not have terminated him until some
reason arose. And such a reason may never have arisen—Harper had held that
position for ten years with no incident and only positive reviews.
Furthermore, the district court misunderstood what is required of Harper at
this stage of the litigation. Harper is only required to allege sufficient “facts to state
a claim of retaliation by prison officials that is ‘plausible on its face.’” Douglas v.
Yates,
535 F.3d 1316, 1321 (11th Cir. 2008) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
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550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). As to the causal connection element, Harper must allege
facts that, taken as true, show that “the adverse action was motivated at least in part
by [Harper’s] protected conduct.” Thaddeus-X v. Blatter,
175 F.3d 378, 394 (11th
Cir. 1999). This initial establishment of a prima facie case is all that is required. At
the summary judgment stage, Harper must prove this subjective motivation behind
the adverse action. At which point, the burden of production shifts to the defendants.
Merritt must then prove that she “would have taken the same action in the absence
of the protected activity” in order to defeat liability. Smith,
532 F.3d at 1278
(quoting Thaddeus-X, 175 F.3d at 399). Harper has sufficiently alleged facts that
state a prima facie case on his First Amendment retaliation claims against Merritt,
Burke, and Weatherspoon. The district court therefore erred in dismissing his
amended complaint as to these claims.
B. Conspiracy to Retaliate
Harper argues that the magistrate judge and the district court both failed to
address his § 1983 conspiracy to retaliate claim. In his amended complaint, Harper
listed as a legal claim that Merritt, Burke, and Weatherspoon “conspired together”
to retaliate against him for exercising his free speech rights. Although it may not
have been clear that he was raising separate First Amendment retaliation and
conspiracy to retaliate claims, Harper alleged facts that suggest a conspiracy and did
object to the report and recommendation for failing to consider a separate conspiracy
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claim. Construing the amended complaint liberally, Harper raised a separate
conspiracy to retaliate claim. The district court therefore erred by not addressing
this separate claim or Harper’s objections related to it.
To state a § 1983 conspiracy claim, Harper must first plausibly allege an
underlying denial of his constitutional rights. GJR Investments, Inc. v. County of
Escambia, Fla.,
132 F.3d 1359, 1370 (11th Cir. 1998). As outlined above, Harper
plausibly alleged First Amendment retaliation—an actionable wrong that may
underlie a § 1983 conspiracy claim. Harper must also show that the defendants
“reached an understanding to violate [his] rights.” Rowe v. City of Fort Lauderdale,
279 F.3d 1271, 1283 (11th Cir. 2002) (quoting Strength v. Hubert,
854 F.2d 421,
425 (11th Cir. 1988), overruled in part on other grounds by Whiting v. Traylor,
85
F.3d 581, 584 n.4 (11th Cir. 1996)). Harper “does not have to produce a ‘smoking
gun’ to establish the ‘understanding’ or ‘willful participation’ required to show a
conspiracy, but must show some evidence of agreement between the defendants.”
Id. at 1283–84 (citations omitted). The specific allegations related to the meeting
between Merritt, Burke, and Weatherspoon, during which they discussed the
grievance and how to “get back at” Harper—ultimately agreeing during that meeting
to terminate him from his law library position—is seemingly sufficient at this stage.
Because the district court failed to address the conspiracy to retaliate claim, and
because it is not readily apparent why the claim is due to be dismissed as a matter of
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law, we vacate and remand on this claim as well. See Simmons v. Wainwright,
462
F.2d 1340, 1342 (5th Cir. 1972) 3 (“Because of the district court’s failure to enter
findings and conclusions with respect to all of the appellant's claims under
42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, we are compelled to vacate the judgment below, and remand the cause.”).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the order dismissing with prejudice
Harper’s amended complaint as to his First Amendment retaliation claim and his
§ 1983 conspiracy to retaliate claim and remand for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
3
We adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit announced prior
to October 1, 1981. Bonner v. City of Prichard,
661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981).
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