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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-11915
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:10-cr-00035-JDW-TBM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
SANDCHASE CODY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_______________________
(May 28, 2021)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, LUCK, Circuit Judge, and MARKS,*
District Judge.
WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge:
*
Honorable Emily Coody Marks, Chief United States District Judge for the Middle
District of Alabama, sitting by designation.
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This appeal requires us to decide an issue of first impression in our Circuit:
whether a certificate of appealability is required when a federal prisoner obtains
relief through a postconviction motion, 28 U.S.C. § 2255, and appeals the decision
to correct only the illegal sentence instead of performing a full resentencing. We
hold that a certificate of appealability is required to challenge the choice of remedy
under section 2255. And we grant the government’s motion to dismiss this appeal
for lack of jurisdiction.
I. BACKGROUND
Sandchase Cody was convicted in 2010 of two counts of distributing and
possessing with intent to distribute cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C); one
count of being a felon in possession of ammunition, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); and
one count of possessing with intent to distribute cocaine base, cocaine, and
marijuana, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). Cody’s felon-in-possession conviction
came with a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence, under the Armed Career
Criminal Act, based on state convictions for sale of cocaine, shooting at a building,
and throwing a missile into an occupied motor vehicle. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
Cody’s guideline imprisonment range was 262 to 327 months, and the district court
sentenced him to concurrent 294-month sentences on each of the four counts.
In 2016, we granted Cody’s application for leave to file a second-or-
successive motion to correct his sentence in the light of Johnson v. United States,
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576 U.S. 591 (2015); see 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(2). Johnson held that the residual
clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act was unconstitutionally vague.
576 U.S. at
597, 606; 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). We granted Cody’s application because it
was unclear whether his prior convictions for shooting at a building and throwing a
missile into an occupied motor vehicle were violent felonies under the Act.
Cody filed his motion to vacate, and he and the government stipulated that
his state convictions did not trigger a mandatory minimum sentence under the Act.
Cody asked the district court to vacate the criminal judgment and schedule a
hearing to resentence him on all counts. The government requested that the district
court “at most” correct Cody’s felon-in-possession sentence to remove the armed-
career-criminal enhancement and leave his concurrent sentences on the other three
counts intact.
The district court rejected Cody’s argument that the sentencing-package
doctrine required resentencing on all counts, and it instead corrected Cody’s felon-
in-possession sentence to reflect the 120-month statutory maximum that applied
absent the armed-career-criminal enhancement. 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). The district
court denied Cody a certificate of appealability.
The district court entered a final order in the proceeding under section 2255
and an amended judgment correcting Cody’s sentence in the criminal case on the
same day. Cody filed a notice of appeal from the amended judgment. We issued a
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jurisdictional question asking “whether . . . the notice of appeal reflect[ed] an
intent to appeal the final judgment in the criminal case, the final judgment in the
[section] 2255 proceedings, or both.” Cody then filed a separate notice of appeal
from the final order in the proceeding under section 2255, and he and the
government filed their responses to the jurisdictional question in this appeal.
We denied a certificate of appealability in the section 2255 appeal. We
explained that “reasonable jurists would not debate whether the district court
abused its discretion by correcting Mr. Cody’s sentence without a full resentencing
hearing.” The government then moved to dismiss Cody’s criminal appeal for lack
of appellate jurisdiction based on the absence of a certificate of appealability.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo our appellate jurisdiction. Thomas v. Phoebe Putney
Health Sys., Inc,
972 F.3d 1195, 1200 (11th Cir. 2020).
III. DISCUSSION
Because Cody does not have a certificate of appealability, we lack
jurisdiction to consider his argument that the district court erred by correcting his
sentence instead of performing a full resentencing. “Unless a circuit justice or
judge issues a certificate of appealability, an appeal may not be taken to the court
of appeals from . . . the final order in a proceeding under section 2255.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(1)(B). “As a result, until a [certificate of appealability] has been issued
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federal courts of appeals lack jurisdiction to rule on the merits of appeals from
habeas petitioners.” Miller-El v. Cockrell,
537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003).
The certificate-of-appealability requirement applies not only to an appeal
from the final order in a proceeding under section 2255 but also to an appeal from
an amended criminal judgment, to the extent it raises section 2255 issues. United
States v. Futch,
518 F.3d 887, 894 (11th Cir. 2008). For example, even in an
appeal from a new sentence, “[t]o the extent [a prisoner] appeals the denial of his
[section] 2255 motion as to his conviction, those claims are part of his [section]
2255 proceedings” and we may not consider them without a certificate of
appealability.
Id. By contrast, “direct appeal matter[s]” that arise after the
proceeding under section 2255—for example, an argument that the district court
misapplied the sentencing guidelines at a prisoner’s resentencing—do not require a
certificate of appealability.
Id. at 895.
Our jurisdiction over Cody’s appeal turns on the extent to which he
challenges errors in his new sentence as opposed to aspects of his proceeding under
section 2255. The only issue Cody raises on appeal is “[w]hether the district court
erred in denying [him] a resentencing hearing on all counts where the district court
vacated [his] unlawful [Armed Career Criminal Act] enhancement.” Specifically,
he argues that the district court erred by correcting his sentence on his felon-in-
possession conviction instead of holding a new resentencing hearing on all counts.
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In other words, the only issue presented in the appeal involves the choice of
statutory remedy. See United States v. Brown,
879 F.3d 1231, 1235 (11th Cir.
2018) (“[Under section 2255,] the court must choose from among four distinct
remedies: (1) discharge the prisoner; (2) resentence the prisoner; (3) grant the
prisoner a new trial; or (4) correct the prisoner’s sentence.”).
It is apparent from the text of section 2255 that a district court’s choice
between correcting a sentence and performing a full resentencing is a part of the
proceeding under that statute. Section 2253 does not specify what it means by “a
proceeding under section 2255.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). But a “proceeding” is
“[t]he regular and orderly progression of a lawsuit, including all acts and events
between the time of commencement and the entry of judgment.” Proceeding,
Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed. 1999). And the only thing in section 2255 that
matches that description is the series of steps outlined in section 2255(a) and (b).
28 U.S.C. § 2255(a)–(b).
Subsection (a) provides a mechanism by which a prisoner may commence a
proceeding to correct his sentence, and subsection (b) provides a clear outline of
what that proceeding entails. To start, “[u]nless the . . . records of the case
conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief, the court shall cause
notice thereof to be served upon the United States attorney, grant a prompt hearing
thereon, determine the issues and make findings of fact and conclusions of law[.]”
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Id. § 2255(b). Then, if the court agrees with the prisoner “that there has been such
a denial or infringement of the constitutional rights of the prisoner as to render the
judgment vulnerable to collateral attack,”
id., an additional two-part process is
required to remedy the violation. The court “shall vacate and set the judgment
aside and,” “as may appear appropriate,” select one of four remedies: “discharge
the prisoner,” “resentence him,” “grant a new trial,” or “correct the sentence.”
Id.
After that choice is made, the proceeding under section 2255 is over.
Of course, each remedy requires the district court to take separate action in
the prisoner’s criminal case, whether that action be as simple as entering a
corrected sentence or as complex as holding a new trial. And our precedents make
clear that the implementation of a chosen remedy on the criminal docket occurs
outside of the proceeding under section 2255 and is subject to review on direct
appeal without a certificate of appealability. Futch,
518 F.3d at 895. An erroneous
resentencing or an erroneous correction following a proceeding under section 2255
is reviewable without a certificate of appealability.
It would be unreasonable to read sections 2253 and 2255 to exclude the
choice of remedy from the scope of a proceeding under section 2255. To do so, we
would have to conclude that “a proceeding under section 2255,” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(1)(B), consists of the steps in section 2255(b), except that the proceeding
ends halfway through the two-part remedial process in the final sentence, at a point
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that is not even set apart with a comma, see
id. § 2255(b) (“. . . the court shall
vacate and set the judgment aside and shall discharge the prisoner or resentence
him or grant a new trial or correct the sentence as may appear appropriate.”). That
is not a natural reading of the text. The process described in section 2255(b) occurs
in a “proceeding under section 2255,” and that process includes the choice between
four statutory remedies.
Cody’s argument in support of jurisdiction misses the mark. He relies
heavily on the Fourth Circuit’s decision in United States v. Hadden,
475 F.3d 652
(4th Cir. 2007). To be sure, the Fourth Circuit in Hadden did consider a prisoner’s
challenge to the district court’s choice of section 2255 remedy without requiring a
certificate of appealability.
Id. at 666–67. And we relied on some of Hadden’s
analysis in our own opinion in Futch. See
518 F.3d at 893–94. But Futch did not
import Hadden wholesale. Although Futch discussed Hadden at length in
connection with the question of when a section 2255 order granting a resentencing
becomes final,
id. (discussing Hadden), it cited Hadden only in passing in
connection with its other holdings,
id. at 894–95 (citing Hadden,
475 F.3d at 664).
The Fourth Circuit conceded that its interpretation of section 2255 in Hadden was
“somewhat novel,”
475 F.3d at 664, and it never addressed what the phrase “a
proceeding under section 2255” means in section 2253, 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B).
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Hadden does not bind us, and the text of the statute answers the question before us
without resort to Hadden’s contrary holding.
IV. CONCLUSION
We GRANT the government’s motion and DISMISS the appeal for lack of
jurisdiction.
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