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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 20-13190
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cr-20072-CMA-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TERRENCE ROBERSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(June 11, 2021)
Before JILL PRYOR, LAGOA and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Terrence Roberson pled guilty to conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery
and was sentenced to 51 months’ imprisonment. On appeal, he contends that the
district court miscalculated his Sentencing Guidelines range by erroneously
applying a three-level enhancement for brandishing a dangerous weapon during the
robbery. See U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E). He does not dispute that the district court
correctly followed this Court’s binding precedent when it applied the enhancement.
Instead, he argues that our precedent is wrong. As a panel of this Court, we have
no power to depart from our squarely-controlling precedent; thus, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Roberson committed a robbery in a supermarket parking lot. 1 When a truck
driver for a tobacco distributor arrived at the supermarket to deliver cigars, among
other products, Roberson and a co-conspirator approached the driver. Roberson
was unarmed but “had his hand in his jacket pocket as if he were holding a gun.”
Doc. 30 at 1. 2 Believing that Roberson had a gun, the driver, in fear for his life,
fled into the supermarket. Roberson and his co-conspirator made off with three
boxes of tobacco products that were in the truck.
1
These facts are unchallenged on appeal. They were established by Roberson’s
admissions and undisputed testimony elicited at his sentencing hearing.
2
“Doc.” numbers refer to the district court’s docket entries.
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Roberson was indicted for conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery (Count
One) and Hobbs Act robbery (Count Two) under
18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). He pled
guilty to the first count, and the government dismissed the second count. After the
district court accepted his plea, a probation officer prepared a presentence
investigation report (“PSI”).
The PSI assigned Roberson a total offense level of 20, which included a
three-level enhancement for brandishing a dangerous weapon during the robbery.
See U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E). Based on that total offense level and Roberson’s
criminal history category of IV, the PSI calculated his guidelines range as 51 to 63
months’ imprisonment.
Roberson objected to the three-level enhancement for brandishing a
dangerous weapon during the offense. He argued that even though he pretended to
wield a gun in his jacket pocket, the enhancement was inapplicable because he did
not in fact brandish or possess a weapon during the offense. The district court
disagreed. Relying on our caselaw, the court concluded that Roberson had
brandished a dangerous weapon within the meaning of the guideline provision.
The district court adopted the PSI’s guidelines calculation and sentenced Roberson
to 51 months’ imprisonment—the bottom of the guidelines range.
This is Roberson’s appeal.
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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court’s interpretation and application of the
Guidelines. United States v. Tejas,
868 F.3d 1242, 1244 (11th Cir. 2017). We
review the district court’s factual findings for clear error.
Id.
III. DISCUSSION
The sole issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in applying the
dangerous weapon enhancement. It did not.
Under § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E), a defendant’s offense level is increased by three
levels if he brandished or possessed a dangerous weapon during a criminal offense.
The defendant need not have possessed a dangerous weapon if he “used [an] object
in a manner that created the impression that the object was an instrument capable
of inflicting death or serious bodily injury,” as is the case when, for example, a
defendant “wrap[s] a hand in a towel during a bank robbery to create the
appearance of a gun.” U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1 cmt. n.2. The “critical” inquiry is
“whether the defendant intended the appearance of a dangerous weapon.” United
States v. Bates,
213 F.3d 1336, 1337, 1338–39 (11th Cir. 2000) (holding that the
dangerous weapon enhancement applied when the defendant “reach[ed] with his
right hand into his pants waist band area” to “simulat[e] the presence of a
weapon”).
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Roberson makes no attempt to distinguish Bates, for good reason. In Bates,
the dangerous weapon enhancement applied even though the defendant was
unarmed because the defendant’s “hand simulated possession of what appeared to
be a dangerous weapon” and the victim “perceived [the defendant] to possess a
dangerous weapon.”
Id. at 1339. So too here. When Roberson and his co-
conspirator confronted the truck driver, Roberson “had his hand in his jacket
pocket as if he were holding a gun.” Doc. 30 at 1. And the driver was left with the
firm impression that Roberson wielded a gun under his jacket, so much so that he
fled into the store. Because Bates controls, the district court did not err in applying
the enhancement when calculating Roberson’s guidelines range.
Roberson resists this conclusion, arguing that we should depart from Bates’s
holding because it contravenes “the plain and unambiguous language of the
guideline[s].” Appellant’s Br. at 16; see also U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E) (providing
that the enhancement applies “if a dangerous weapon was brandished or
possessed”) (emphasis added). He further argues that the commentary to the
guideline should be ignored because it contradicts the plain language of the
guideline. The merits of his argument are of no moment. Under our prior
precedent rule, we are bound by Bates “even if convinced it is wrong.” Andrews v.
Biggers,
996 F.3d 1235, 1236 (11th Cir. 2021) (alteration adopted) (internal
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quotation marks omitted). We therefore decline Roberson’s invitation to disregard
or overturn Bates, and we affirm his sentence.
AFFIRMED.
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