USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 1 of 14
[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-10827
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:17-cv-00372-GMB
JENNIFER AKRIDGE,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
ALFA MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
________________________
(June 21, 2021)
Before WILSON, GRANT, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
WILSON, Circuit Judge:
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 2 of 14
This appeal concerns the impermissible curtailment of a civil plaintiff’s
access to full discovery. Plaintiff-Appellant Jennifer Akridge filed a complaint
against her former employer, Defendant-Appellee Alfa Mutual Insurance Company
(Alfa), alleging disability discrimination in violation of the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA),
42 U.S.C. § 12112. Akridge alleged that, although Alfa
claims she was terminated because of automation of some of her job
responsibilities, she was actually terminated because of the high costs to Alfa in
treating her multiple sclerosis (MS). The district court granted summary judgment
to Alfa, finding that Akridge presented insufficient evidence to create a genuine
issue of material fact about whether there was an intent to discriminate. This
appeal followed. Because we find that Akridge was denied full discovery, we
reverse the grant of summary judgment.
I.
Jennifer Akridge was hired as an agency clerk in 1989, beginning what
would become a 27-year career at Alfa. Two years later, Akridge was promoted to
the Auto Underwriting Department, where she would spend the remainder of her
time at Alfa. In 1993, after her promotion, Akridge was diagnosed with MS.
Akridge was initially hospitalized due to complications arising from her MS. After
being released from the hospital, she filed for short term disability and was away
2
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 3 of 14
from work for ten weeks. Consequently, some Alfa executives and members of the
Human Resources Department knew of Akridge’s diagnosis.
Akridge’s diagnosis altered many aspects of her life: her MS causes her to
suffer from migraine headaches and prevents her from sitting for long periods of
time as her legs will become numb or restless; the numbness and associated
mobility issues resulted in Akridge’s reliance on a walker upon her return to work;
and, to manage her condition, she now has to take many expensive prescribed
medications for the rest of her life as MS has no cure.1 However, one aspect of
Akridge’s life remained constant: her work performance.
Despite her diagnosis, Akridge not only continued to perform her necessary
job duties, but consistently received positive performance reviews. In fact, two
years after her diagnosis, Akridge was selected out of almost 1,000 employees as
Alfa’s “Employee of the Year.” Akridge continued to receive excellent work
evaluations and was promoted to a management-level position in the Underwriting
Department in 1998. Multiple Alfa employees testified to Akridge’s work ethic,
her positive work evaluations, and the quality of her work. Tony Bohannon, a co-
1
Akridge affied that her medications cost around $10,000 per month. Due to the high expense,
BlueCross BlueShield had to get annual approval from Alfa to continue covering the medication.
Akridge also stated that, in the two-year period prior to her termination, employees were verbally
cautioned by Alfa about rising healthcare expenses and were reminded that these expenses affect
employees’ healthcare premiums.
3
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 4 of 14
worker of Akridge’s for over 22 years, swore in an affidavit to Akridge’s
“outstanding” work quality, noting “[w]hat was especially amazing [was] that she
received an ‘E’ (Exceeds expectations) [evaluation] continually for as many as 15–
17 years.” These positive work reviews continued until Akridge was fired on
December 2, 2016. The quality of her work never declined: even in her last
evaluation before her termination, Akridge’s then-supervisor Linda Pelt noted that
Akridge went “the extra mile to help customers and the people in the field” and
“did a great job with all the projects she was assigned.” According to Bohannon,
“[i]t was rare to see an employee terminated, especially with an ‘E’ evaluation.”
However, these positive performance reviews did not stop Alfa from terminating
Akridge.
Akridge filed the present suit against Alfa in 2017. In her amended
complaint, Akridge alleged that Alfa violated the ADA by subjecting her to
disparate treatment based on her disability. 2 According to Akridge, Alfa
discriminated against her by terminating her to avoid paying the expensive health
insurance costs related to her MS treatment. Alfa answered and denied liability.
The parties then consented to have a magistrate judge enter a final judgment in
2
Akridge also alleged that Alfa failed to provide her with a reasonable accommodation for her
disability, in violation of the ADA. The magistrate judge granted Alfa summary judgment on this
claim, and Akridge does not challenge that ruling on appeal.
4
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 5 of 14
their case. The magistrate judge, in turn, entered a scheduling order directing the
parties to complete discovery.
From the outset of discovery, Akridge sought to depose ten Alfa employees,
including Scott Forrest, the then-Executive Vice President of Human Resources.
Following a series of attempts to depose Forrest, Akridge filed two motions to
compel his deposition, which Alfa opposed. The magistrate judge denied both
motions.
In May 2018, Akridge again moved to compel Forrest’s deposition, asserting
that his testimony was “relevant and necessary.” Again, Alfa opposed Akridge’s
motion, noting that Forrest did not have any relevant information about Akridge’s
termination. In an affidavit, Forrest denied consulting with the individuals who did
have relevant and necessary information—Underwriting Department supervisors
Tommy Coshatt, Beth Chancey, and Robert Plaster—before Akridge’s termination.
He further denied having any involvement with the decision. According to Alfa’s
response to interrogatories, only Coshatt, Chancey, and Plaster (collectively,
decisionmakers)3 “participated in any way, directly or indirectly, in the decision to
eliminate [Akridge’s] job.”
3
The district court and the parties used the term “decisionmakers” to refer to Coshatt, Chancey,
and Plaster. We adopt the same term on appeal.
5
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 6 of 14
In addition to deposing the decisionmakers, Akridge twice deposed Alfa’s
corporate representative Susie White, a member of Alfa’s Human Resources
Department who reported to Forrest. White testified that no one at Alfa knew of
any employee’s medical costs and that Alfa did not maintain records on such costs.
White also testified that Coshatt and Chancey decided to eliminate Akridge’s
position because, after departmental restructuring, it was no longer necessary. In
making this decision, Coshatt and Chancey considered job-related costs.
Alfa explained, in response to interrogatories, that the termination of
Akridge’s position resulted from a reorganization and was “due to automation of
[Akridge’s] job responsibilities and as part of [Alfa’s] efforts to reduce costs.”
While the Alfa reorganization was companywide and the directive to reduce
expenses came from the entire senior leadership—including Forrest—Chancey
testified that the decision to fire individuals was made at the departmental level.
Chancey also stated that she never spoke to Forrest about Akridge or her
termination, and that Akridge’s medical costs were not taken into consideration
because they did not know what those costs were.
In her motion, Akridge argued that Forrest’s deposition testimony was
reasonably calculated to lead to critical and admissible information because, as
Executive Vice President of Human Resources, he had broad access to her personal
information as well as information regarding Alfa’s decision to eliminate her
6
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 7 of 14
position. In support, Akridge pointed out that Forrest signed her severance papers
and was listed as the “decision” contact on Alfa’s BlueCross BlueShield insurance
documents and Alfa’s Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
employee benefit plan.
After hearing oral argument, the magistrate judge denied Akridge’s third
motion to compel Forrest’s deposition. The judge determined that any information
Forrest had was “minimally relevant and, even if relevant, compelling his
deposition at this time would be disproportional to the needs of the case.” The
judge further reasoned that Forrest had not been identified as someone involved in
the termination decision.
In the following six months—from July 2018 to January 2019—Akridge
made nine more attempts to compel Forrest’s deposition, all of which were denied.
The court determined that Akridge never showed that Forrest had any material
knowledge of the circumstances surrounding her termination. However, the court
also found that White, as Alfa’s corporate representative, could not adequately
answer all of Akridge’s questions and ordered Alfa to designate a second corporate
representative for Akridge to depose on certain limited topics. Akridge again
moved to depose Forrest. Meanwhile, Alfa moved for summary judgment, arguing
that Akridge could not establish a prima facie case of disability discrimination.
7
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 8 of 14
The district court granted Alfa’s motion for summary judgment and denied
Akridge’s renewed motion to compel. The judge concluded that Akridge showed
the decisionmakers knew that eliminating her position would eliminate her salary
and benefits but that she did not demonstrate that they knew of any employee’s
medical costs. Therefore, the court reasoned, Akridge failed to show Alfa
considered her disability in deciding to eliminate her position. This is Akridge’s
appeal, which arises out of issues surrounding the discovery process.
II.
To defeat a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff must present
affirmative evidence showing a genuine issue of material fact, “even where the
evidence is likely to be within the possession of the defendant.” Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 257 (1986). However, this general rule only
holds true so “long as the plaintiff has had a full opportunity to conduct discovery.”
Id.; see also Snook v. Tr. Co. of Ga. Bank of Savannah,
859 F.2d 865, 870 (11th
Cir. 1988) (“This court has often noted that summary judgment should not be
granted until the party opposing the motion has had an adequate opportunity for
discovery.”).
We review the district court’s efforts to manage discovery for abuse of
discretion. Adkins v. Christie,
488 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2007). A district
court abuses its discretion in limiting discovery when it makes “a clear error of
8
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 9 of 14
judgment” or applies “an incorrect legal standard.”
Id. While we are mindful that
“district courts have broad discretion in fashioning discovery rulings,” we also note
that this discretion is not absolute: courts “are bound to adhere ‘to the liberal spirit
of the Federal Rules.’”
Id. at 1331 (alteration adopted). Thus, discovery rulings
“are not entirely sacrosanct” and if the district court “fails to adhere to the liberal
spirit of the Rules, we must reverse.” Burns v. Thiokol Chem. Corp.,
483 F.2d 300,
305 (5th Cir. 1973).4
The discovery process depends on the parties participating in good faith.
With that in mind, we begin our analysis with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
26(b)(1) which sets forth the general scope of discovery: “Parties may obtain
discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim
or defense and proportional to the needs of the case[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1).
Relevance in the context of discovery “has been construed broadly to encompass
any matter that bears on, or that reasonably could lead to other matter that could
bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case.” Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v.
Sanders,
437 U.S. 340, 351 (1978). And since the Rules “strongly favor full
discovery whenever possible,” Republic of Ecuador v. Hinchee,
741 F.3d 1185,
1189 (11th Cir. 2013), a civil litigant is generally entitled to “any information
4
All decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to the close of business on
September 30, 1981, are binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Prichard,
661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).
9
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 10 of 14
sought if it appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence.” Degen v. United States,
517 U.S. 820, 825–26 (1996) (internal
quotation mark omitted). Accordingly, information “need not be admissible in
evidence to be discoverable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1).
The Supreme Court has stressed on multiple occasions the need to construe
the Rules liberally to allow for robust discovery. See, e.g., Hickman v. Taylor,
329
U.S. 495, 506 (1947) (advising that “the discovery provisions are to be applied as
broadly and liberally as possible”); see also Schlagenhauf v. Holder,
379 U.S. 104,
114 (1964) (beginning its analysis “with the basic premise ‘that the deposition-
discovery rules are to be accorded a broad and liberal treatment’”). Because
“[m]utual knowledge of all the relevant facts . . . is essential to proper litigation . . .
either party may compel the other to disgorge whatever facts he has in his
possession.” Hickman,
329 U.S. at 507. Nevertheless, “discovery, like all matters
of procedure, has ultimate and necessary boundaries.”
Id. These limitations
necessarily arise when—as Alfa alleges has happened here—“it can be shown that
the examination is being conducted in bad faith or in such a manner as to annoy,
embarrass or oppress the person subject to the inquiry” or “when the inquiry
touches upon the irrelevant or encroaches upon the recognized domains of
privilege.”
Id. at 507–08.
III.
10
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 11 of 14
Because the discovery sought by Akridge—the deposition of Scott Forrest—
does not cross any of these “ultimate and necessary boundaries,” we find that the
district court committed a clear error of judgment when it impermissibly curtailed
her access to discoverable information. See
id. at 507.
In opposing the deposition of Scott Forrest, Alfa argues that Akridge has not
shown that Forrest has any information touching on the issues related to this case,
that his deposition would be unduly burdensome, and that it is being pursued as
part of a “fishing expedition.” We are not convinced.
To support her claim, Akridge sought information pertaining to her
termination, the cost-saving measures Alfa put in place, whether her healthcare
costs were taken into consideration, and whether other employees at Alfa had
similar healthcare costs. Chancey testified that “[i]t’s a savings when you eliminate
a job that has a salary like [Akridge’s]” and agreed that “when you eliminate a job,
you eliminate not only the salary but any of the benefits that go with the job.” It
stands to reason that if a company terminates an employee in an effort to “cut
costs,” someone at that company must have access to information on how costly an
employee is—including pay and benefits. And “benefits” necessarily includes
employer-provided healthcare. For Akridge, that includes many high-cost
medications that she needs to treat her MS. In total, these medications cost
approximately ten thousand dollars each month.
11
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 12 of 14
As the Executive Vice President of Human Resources, the “Decision Maker”
for Alfa’s ERISA employee benefit plan, and the “Decision” contact for Alfa’s
BlueCross BlueShield insurance plan, we find it difficult to believe that Forrest had
no information touching on Akridge’s medical expenses and termination. The roles
that Forrest held at Alfa—and the corresponding access to medical insurance
information they entail—are relevant and thus sufficient to make his testimony
discoverable. See Oppenheimer Fund, Inc.,
437 U.S. at 351 (defining relevance).
And if Forrest truly has no such information, we see no reason why he cannot
make himself available for questioning and say as much in a deposition.5
The factors that would make deposing Forrest “burdensome”—according to
Alfa—are the very same ones that make his testimony relevant and important to
Akridge’s case. Forrest was in a position of authority, the decision maker or
decision contact for both of Alfa’s health insurance plans, and a member of the
senior management team who made the ultimate decision to reduce costs. We do
not doubt that, as an Executive Vice President, Forrest is an individual with a busy
work schedule whose time is valued by Alfa. However, “[d]iscovery is not a one-
5
Nor are we convinced that Forrest’s affidavit is sufficient here. Courts have noted that “[t]he
deposition of a witness will usually be more reliable than his affidavit, since the deponent was
either cross-examined by opposing counsel, or at least available to opposing counsel for cross-
examination.” Perma Rsch. & Dev. Co. v. Singer Co.,
410 F.2d 572, 578 (2d Cir. 1969).
“Affidavits, on the other hand, are usually drafted by counsel, whose familiarity with summary
judgment procedure may render an affidavit less credible.” Jiminez v. All Am. Rathskeller, Inc.,
503 F.3d 247, 253 (3d Cir. 2007).
12
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 13 of 14
way proposition,” and issues—especially those involving claims of
discrimination—“cannot be resolved by a doctrine of favoring one class of litigants
over another.” Schlagenhauf, 379 U.S. at 113 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Further, any burden this deposition would pose is outweighed by the benefit of
obtaining a full and accurate understanding of the facts in the pursuit of a just
result. See Bell v. Swift & Co.,
283 F.2d 407, 409 (5th Cir. 1960) (“The [discovery]
rules are in the interest of the administration of justice and transcend in importance
mere inconvenience to a party litigant.”).
Finally, we are also not persuaded by Alfa’s claim that Akridge’s attempts to
depose Forrest were part of a fishing expedition. Akridge sought to depose Forrest
from the outset of discovery. She abided by the limitations imposed on her
regarding the number and length of depositions but was nevertheless repeatedly
thwarted in her effort to get answers to her questions. “No longer can the time-
honored cry of ‘fishing expedition’ serve to preclude a party from inquiring into
the facts underlying his opponent’s case. Mutual knowledge of all the relevant
facts gathered by both parties is essential to proper litigation.” Hickman,
329 U.S.
at 507 (footnote omitted).
Because Alfa did not demonstrate a burden or abuse of process sufficient to
justify such limitations on discovery, and especially in light of the relevant nature
13
USCA11 Case: 19-10827 Date Filed: 06/21/2021 Page: 14 of 14
of the information sought by Akridge, we conclude that the court committed a
clear error of judgment by denying Akridge the opportunity to depose Forrest.
IV.
Because the district court abused its discretion in limiting discovery, we
vacate the grant of summary judgment, reverse the district court’s denial of
Akridge’s motion to compel the deposition of Forrest, and remand with
instructions that the district court permit Akridge to depose Forrest.
VACATED, REVERSED, AND REMANDED.
14
