USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 1 of 11
[PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-10772
____________________
MARY BRADY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
CARNIVAL CORPORATION,
A Panamian Corporation,
d.b.a. Carnival Cruise Lines,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cv-22989-MGC
____________________
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 2 of 11
2 Opinion of the Court 21-10772
Before NEWSOM, MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and LAWSON,∗ District
Judge.
NEWSOM, Circuit Judge:
This is a slip-and-fall case arising under admiralty law. In a
nutshell, Mary Brady slipped on a puddle of water and broke her
hip shortly after boarding a Carnival cruise ship. She then sued the
cruise line for negligence. The district court granted summary
judgment for Carnival, holding that it lacked a duty to protect
Brady because its crewmembers had neither actual nor construc-
tive notice of the particular puddle that caused her fall. For the
following reasons, we reverse and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
I
The facts, taken in the light most favorable to Brady, as the
summary-judgment loser, are as follows: On the afternoon of Au-
gust 18, 2018, the weather was hot and dry in Cape Canaveral, Flor-
ida. Brady boarded the Carnival “Sunshine” for a cruise vacation
with her family and friends. She immediately proceeded to the
ship’s Lido Deck to meet other members of her party and grab
some lunch. The scene was what one would expect at the begin-
ning of a cruise: The sun was shining, music was playing, and it
∗ Honorable Hugh Lawson, United States District Judge for the Middle Dis-
trict of Georgia, sitting by designation.
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 3 of 11
21-10772 Opinion of the Court 3
was “really crowded” on the deck because the passengers weren’t
yet allowed in their cabins.
After a few minutes, Brady found the group she was search-
ing for and began walking toward them. Brady was looking
straight ahead at her friend, Jessica Chasen, and didn’t see a patch
of colorless liquid on the deck. Brady stepped in the puddle and
her foot came out from under her. She “went flying up in the air”
and landed “really hard on [her] back,” with her “feet [coming]
down afterwards.” The impact fractured Brady’s hip, and the in-
jury would require Brady to leave the ship and undergo hip-re-
placement surgery.
Although Carnival claimed—in both an interrogatory an-
swer and a casualty report submitted to the Bahamas Maritime Au-
thority—that there was a caution sign in place, Brady said there
weren’t any warning signs in the immediate vicinity of her fall.
There appears to be some truth to both positions, as a photo that
Carnival took of the scene depicts a caution sign on the Lido Deck
some 20 feet away from the puddle on which Brady slipped.
Brady sued Carnival in admiralty for negligence. Following
discovery, the district court granted Carnival’s motion for sum-
mary judgment on the basis that Brady failed to show that Carnival
had knowledge of the particular puddle that caused Brady’s fall. Af-
ter the court denied Brady’s Rule 59 motion for reconsideration,
she timely appealed.
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 4 of 11
4 Opinion of the Court 21-10772
II
“We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de
novo, considering the facts and drawing all reasonable inferences
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Melton v.
Abston,
841 F.3d 1207, 1219 (11th Cir. 2016) (per curiam). Sum-
mary judgment is proper if the movant shows that “there is no gen-
uine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “[T]he sub-
stantive law will identify which facts are material.” Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). And a “genuine” dis-
pute exists if “a jury applying [the applicable] evidentiary standard
could reasonably find for either the plaintiff or the defendant” as to
the material fact.
Id. at 255.
III
Maritime law governs the liability of a cruise ship for a pas-
senger’s slip and fall. Everett v. Carnival Cruise Lines,
912 F.2d
1355, 1358 (11th Cir. 1990). That cousin of the common law, how-
ever, draws heavily “on general principles of negligence law.” Car-
roll v. Carnival Corp.,
955 F.3d 1260, 1264 (11th Cir. 2020) (quota-
tion omitted). Consistent with those principles, Brady must make
four showings in order to prevail: “(1) Carnival had a duty to pro-
tect her from a particular injury; (2) Carnival breached that duty;
(3) the breach actually and proximately caused her injury; and
(4) she suffered actual harm.”
Id.
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 5 of 11
21-10772 Opinion of the Court 5
This appeal implicates only the first element. As to that one,
Carnival owed Brady “a duty of ‘ordinary reasonable care under
the circumstances, a standard which requires, as a prerequisite to
imposing liability, that the carrier have had actual or constructive
notice of the risk-creating condition.’” K.T. v. Royal Caribbean
Cruises, Ltd.,
931 F.3d 1041, 1044 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Keefe
v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc.,
867 F.2d 1318, 1322 (11th Cir. 1989)
(per curiam)).
A
At the outset, we clarify what, under our precedent, the rel-
evant “risk-creating condition” was here. It was not, as the district
court suggested, the presence of the particular “puddle on which
[Brady] slipped.” Order at 3. Rather, the salient issue is whether
Carnival knew, more generally, that the area of the deck where
Brady fell had a reasonable tendency to become slippery—and thus
dangerous to passengers—due to wetness from the pool.
This much is dictated by our decision in Carroll. There, the
plaintiff was crossing Deck 11 of another Carnival cruise ship. See
955 F.3d at 1262–63. “While Mrs. Carroll was walking behind her
husband, her right foot clipped the leg of one of the lounge chairs”
on the deck, “causing her to fall and suffer injuries.” Id. at 1263.
There was no evidence—at least none cited by the court or the par-
ties—that Carnival was aware that the specific chair that caused
Carroll’s fall was protruding into the walkway. Yet in reversing on
the issue of notice, this Court relied on more general “evidence re-
flecting that Carnival took corrective measures to prevent people
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 6 of 11
6 Opinion of the Court 21-10772
from tripping over the lounge chairs in the walkway on Deck 11.”
Id. at 1265 (emphasis added). For instance, “one of Carnival’s pool
deck supervisors . . . testified that the lounge chairs on Deck 11
were supposed to be arranged in the upright position, and he was
instructed (and trained other employees that he supervised) to
make sure that the chairs were not protruding into or blocking the
walkway.” Id. at 1266. Another employee “testified that part of
her duties included patrolling Deck 11 and moving any lounge
chairs that were blocking the walkway.” Id. And a third “testified
that because passengers sometimes pull out chairs and do not put
them back in place, they can create an ‘unsafe condition,’ so it is
part of the staff’s duties to take corrective action and remove that
hazard.” Id. Because this testimony showed that Carnival had
“taken corrective measures”—repositioning the lounge chairs on
Deck 11 to maintain a clear walkway—we held that the protruding
chair that injured Carroll was a “known danger.” Id. This was
“enough to withstand summary judgment on the issue of Carni-
val’s notice,” despite a lack of evidence that Carnival knew that the
specific injury-causing chair was jutting out into the walkway. Id.
Carroll is a published decision, and “we are bound by the
prior-precedent rule to follow” it. Arias v. Cameron,
776 F.3d 1262,
1275 (11th Cir. 2015). That is, “even if we disagree[] with [Car-
roll],” we are “required to be faithful to it.”
Id.
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 7 of 11
21-10772 Opinion of the Court 7
Here, the district court failed to faithfully follow Carroll.1
The court ruled for Carnival because “[t]here is no evidence in the
record that any Carnival crewmember was notified or was other-
wise aware of the existence of the puddle on which [Brady]
slipped.” Order at 3 (emphasis added); see also id. at 5 (“There is
no evidence Carnival knew of the existence of this puddle of wa-
ter.”); id. at 6 (focusing on “whether Carnival had constructive no-
tice of the puddle on the deck”). While that may be true, it misses
the relevant question. Under Carroll, the issue of notice turns
more broadly on (1) whether Carnival had notice that the area
where Brady fell had a reasonable tendency to become wet, see
Carroll, 955 F.3d at 1266, and (2) whether it “had actual or con-
structive knowledge that the pool deck where [Brady] fell could be
slippery (and therefore dangerous) when wet,” Sorrels v. NCL (Ba-
hamas) Ltd.,
796 F.3d 1275, 1288 (11th Cir. 2015).
B
Taking all reasonable inferences and construing the evi-
dence in Brady’s favor, we hold that a rational jury could find for
her on both questions.
1 In fairness to the district court, neither side cited Carroll in their summary
judgment briefs. But the fact that the parties have failed to identify a binding
decision doesn’t make it any less binding. Between the closing of briefing and
oral argument in this Court, we sought and received supplemental briefing on
Carroll’s application.
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 8 of 11
8 Opinion of the Court 21-10772
Start with whether Carnival knew that the deck area was
reasonably likely to become wet. Carnival’s representative, Mau-
rice Vega, admitted in an interrogatory that “the mid ship open
Lido Deck area”—i.e., where Brady fell—“is reasonably expected
to become wet due to . . . passengers’ use of the swimming pool.”
The interrogatory continued on to note that, nevertheless, “yellow
caution cones were in place.” Such a warning sign is visible in the
background of one of the photos, about 20 feet from the location
of Brady’s fall. And Chasen overheard a crewmember provide a
statement that there were “safety cones on the deck” in the vicinity
“where [Brady] fell.” The cruise line’s casualty report similarly
claims that a “caution sign was in place.” A rational factfinder
could conclude from this evidence that a warning sign was indeed
in place on the pool deck—or was meant to be—near the location
of the incident. So too, a rational factfinder could draw the infer-
ence from Carnival’s admissions and its placement of a warning
sign near its pool that it knew that the area would frequently be-
come wet from its passengers’ normal use of the pool. See Carroll,
955 F.3d at 1266.
In response, Carnival insists that Vega “clarified” at his dep-
osition that the warning signs weren’t related to wetness on the
deck, but rather, were “placed as a general reminder to passengers
to be careful.” Br. of Appellee at 29. That is one view of the evi-
dence. “At the summary judgment stage, however, we must view
all evidence and factual inferences in favor of [Brady].” Guevara v.
NCL (Bahamas) Ltd.,
920 F.3d 710, 722 (11th Cir. 2019). When
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 9 of 11
21-10772 Opinion of the Court 9
read in the light most favorable to her, both Carnival’s interroga-
tory response and its casualty report link the placement of the cau-
tion sign to the expectation of wet conditions on the pool deck. To
elevate Vega’s deposition testimony over these documentary
sources would be to invade the jury’s province as the finder of fact.
See Anderson,
477 U.S. at 255 (“Credibility determinations, the
weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences
from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge[.]”). Particu-
larly when Carnival’s admissions are viewed alongside the sign’s
proximity to the pool, a reasonable jury could find a “connection
between the warning and the danger.” Guevara, 920 F.3d at 721;
see Amy v. Carnival Corp.,
961 F.3d 1303, 1309 (11th Cir. 2020).
That leaves the question whether Carnival “had actual or
constructive knowledge that the pool deck where [Brady] fell could
be slippery (and therefore dangerous) when wet.” Sorrels, 796 F.3d
at 1288 (emphasis added). As we’ve explained before, “[e]vidence
that a ship owner has taken corrective action can establish notice
of a dangerous or defective condition.” Carroll, 955 F.3d at 1265.
And that’s just what we have here. The fact that warning signs
were “posted on the pool deck” in the general area of Brady’s fall,
when “viewed in the light most favorable to [Brady], is enough to
withstand summary judgment as to notice.” Sorrels, 796 F.3d at
1289. That’s because a reasonable inference from the placement of
the caution sign is that Carnival knew that the Lido Deck would
become slippery when wet. See id. at 1288 (permitting this infer-
ence where a crewmember “would sometimes post warning signs
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 10 of 11
10 Opinion of the Court 21-10772
on the pool deck after it had rained” and “had been told to post
warning signs in the restaurant whenever there was water or some
other liquid on the floor . . . because it was known to her supervi-
sors that the teak floor could be slippery when wet”); Mabrey v.
Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc.,
438 So. 2d 937, 938 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
1983) (holding that evidence of a “Slippery When Wet” sign at the
entrance to a deck of the cruise ship precluded a directed verdict).
In other words, a jury could reasonably find that placing a warning
sign on the deck served as Carnival’s acknowledgment of the dan-
ger. Even the district court seems to have accepted this inference.
It just erred (for reasons already explained) in its framing of the rel-
evant hazard.
At the same time, it doesn’t matter that the caution sign
wasn’t placed exactly where Brady fell. The deck in both loca-
tions—which are fairly close to one another—is made of the same
material. So, if a jury believes that the sign indicates that Carnival
had notice that the deck would become slippery when wet, then it
could reasonably infer that Carnival knew that the area where
Brady slipped would pose that same hazard.
“To be clear, a reasonable jury also could see other evidence
to indicate that Carnival lacked notice.” Amy, 961 F.3d at 1310.
For example, one interrogatory response from Carnival claims that
the “deck material” is “appropriate for the mid ship open Lido Deck
area.” But weighing this conflicting evidence is a “task . . . for the
jury.” Id. Based on Carnival’s repeated admissions that warning
signs were present in the area, we hold that there is a genuine issue
USCA11 Case: 21-10772 Date Filed: 05/05/2022 Page: 11 of 11
21-10772 Opinion of the Court 11
of material fact as to Carnival’s notice. See id. at 1309; Carroll, 955
F.3d at 1266; Sorrels, 796 F.3d at 1289; Mabrey,
438 So. 2d at 938.
Accordingly, the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the
basis that Carnival lacked notice was improper. 2
* * *
We REVERSE and REMAND for the district court to ad-
dress, in the first instance, Carnival’s alternative argument with re-
spect to the alleged open-and-obvious nature of the hazard.
2 Inso holding, we don’t foreclose the possibility of Carnival “showing that it
did not breach its duty to warn because” the alleged “sign provided passengers
with a sufficient warning about the dangerous condition in the area.” Gue-
vara, 920 F.3d at 722 (emphasis added). The issue of breach, however, isn’t
before us.
