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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 17-11774
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket Nos. 0:16-cv-61582-CMA; 16-bkc-01154-RBR
In Re: BERESFORD BRYAN BERTRAM,
THERESA BERTRAM,
Debtors.
_______________________________________________________
BERESFORD BRYAN BERTRAM,
THERESA BERTRAM,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
versus
HSBC MORTGAGE SERVICES, INC.,
Defendant - Appellee.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(November 5, 2018)
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Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This appeal primarily presents an issue about the scope of the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine, which bars a plaintiff from challenging in federal court the
validity of a state court judgment. Defendant HSBC Mortgage Services, Inc.,
(“HMSI”) filed a foreclosure action in Broward County Circuit Court related to
real property owned by plaintiffs Beresford and Theresa Bertram. After the state
court entered a final judgment in favor of HMSI, Beresford petitioned for Chapter
7 bankruptcy. In an adversary proceeding in bankruptcy court, the Bertrams sued
HMSI, claiming that the foreclosure judgment was invalid because the debt they
owed HMSI was unsecured and, alternatively, that even if HMSI had properly
foreclosed on the mortgage, the subsequent sale of their property was improper.
HMSI moved to dismiss the Bertrams’ complaint, arguing that the
bankruptcy court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine barred their claims. The bankruptcy court agreed with HMSI and
dismissed the complaint. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s
judgment.
We agree that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars the Bertrams’ claims
challenging the validity of the state court’s foreclosure judgment. But the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine does not bar the Bertrams’ claims challenging the foreclosure
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sale, which were not actually raised or inextricably intertwined with the issues
resolved in the state court’s final judgment. We thus affirm in part and reverse in
part.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The Bertrams owned property in Broward County, Florida, secured by a
mortgage. When the Bertrams defaulted on the mortgage, HMSI filed an action in
state court seeking to foreclose on the mortgage. The trial court granted summary
judgment to HMSI and entered a final judgment in its favor foreclosing the
mortgage (the “final foreclosure judgment”). The Bertrams did not appeal the final
foreclosure judgment.
Instead, the Bertrams filed in the trial court a motion to aside the final
foreclosure judgment, which was denied. After their motion was denied, the
Bertrams filed an interlocutory appeal with Florida’s Fourth District Court of
Appeal. While the appeal was pending, a foreclosure sale of the property moved
forward. The sale was scheduled, and the Clerk of Court for Broward County
purported to sell the property. A few days after the sale, the Bertrams filed in the
trial court an objection to the foreclosure sale. In their objection, the Bertrams
requested that the trial court invalidate the final foreclosure judgment it had
previously entered in favor of HMSI. They also alleged that HMSI failed to follow
proper procedures in conducting the foreclosure sale. After a hearing, the trial
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court overruled the Bertrams’ objection and directed the Clerk to issue a certificate
of title and writ of possession.
Shortly after the sale, the Fourth District Court of Appeal affirmed the trial
court’s earlier order denying the Bertrams’ motion to set aside the final judgment.
The Bertrams did not appeal the decision to the Florida Supreme Court. Instead,
they filed another interlocutory appeal with the Fourth District Court of Appeal—
this time seeking review of the trial court’s order overruling their objection to the
foreclosure sale. The Fourth District Court of Appeal affirmed the trial court.
Under the rules of Florida’s appellate courts, the mandate from the Fourth District
Court of Appeal would issue 15 days after the decision. See Fla. R. App. P.
9.340(a). Because the decision was released on October 22, 2015, the mandate
was set to issue on November 6, 2015. But, on November 4, Beresford filed a
Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. The Florida appellate court then stayed issuance of
the mandate pending resolution of Beresford’s bankruptcy.
After the bankruptcy court entered an order granting Beresford a discharge,
the Bertrams commenced a pro se adversary proceeding against HMSI. In the
adversary proceeding, the Bertrams brought claims challenging the validity of the
final foreclosure judgment and the subsequent sale of the property. The Bertrams
alleged that the sale of the property was invalid because, among other reasons,
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HMSI allegedly had transferred its interest in the property to another entity after
the final foreclosure judgment was entered but before the sale was completed.
HMSI moved to dismiss the Bertrams’ complaint, claiming that the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine barred the action. HMSI attached to its motion a certificate of
service indicating that it had “filed” the motion “via CM/ECF.” Doc. 11-2 at 341. 1
The certificate included a “service list” for the motion that listed the Bertrams’
address as well as an email address but did not identify how HMSI had served the
Bertrams.
Id. The Bertrams admit that they received a copy of the motion via
email.
The bankruptcy court then noticed a hearing on the motion to dismiss and
directed HMSI to serve a copy of the notice on the Bertrams. HMSI filed a
certificate of service indicating that it had served the Bertrams with a copy of the
notice setting the hearing via Federal Express and email.
Beresford appeared at the hearing on the motion to dismiss but claimed that
he had received no notice of the hearing and only happened to learn of it when he
asked the clerk’s office about the status of HMSI’s motion to dismiss. To give the
Bertrams time to prepare, the bankruptcy court rescheduled the hearing on the
motion to dismiss. The Bertrams subsequently filed their opposition to the motion
to dismiss.
1
All citations in the form “Doc. #” refer to the district court docket entries.
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The Bertrams then filed a motion to strike the certificate of service attached
to HMSI’s motion to dismiss as well as the certificate showing that HMSI had
notified them of the original hearing on the motion to dismiss. They asserted that
the certificate of service attached to the motion to dismiss was insufficient because
it failed to identify how HMSI had served them. The Bertrams also challenged the
accuracy of the certificate of service for the notice of hearing. And they contended
that their address on both certificates of service was incorrect because the wrong
zip code was listed. Because HMSI had failed to effectuate proper service, the
Bertrams asked the bankruptcy court not to consider HMSI’s motion to dismiss.
The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the motions to strike and to dismiss.
The court denied the motion to strike because the Bertrams admitted they received
a copy of the motion to dismiss via email and had adequate time to prepare for the
hearing. The court granted the motion to dismiss, concluding that the Bertrams’
claims were, in effect, challenging the validity of a state court judgment and barred
by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.
The Bertrams appealed the bankruptcy court’s order denying the motion to
strike and granting the motion to dismiss to the district court. The district court
affirmed the bankruptcy court. This is the Bertrams’ appeal from the district
court’s decision.
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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When we review an order of a district court entered in its role as an appellate
court reviewing a bankruptcy court’s decision, we “independently examine[] the
factual and legal determinations of the bankruptcy court, applying the same
standards of review as the district court.” In re FFS Data, Inc.,
776 F.3d 1299,
1303 (11th Cir. 2015). We review de novo determinations of law whether from the
bankruptcy court or district court, and we review a bankruptcy court’s factual
findings under a clearly erroneous standard. See In re Bilzerian,
100 F.3d 886, 889
(11th Cir. 1996). We further review de novo a bankruptcy court’s application of
the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach,
713 F.3d
1066, 1069 (11th Cir. 2013). And we review for abuse of discretion the
bankruptcy court’s denial of a motion to strike. See Telfair v. First Union Mortg.
Corp.,
216 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2000).
III. DISCUSSION
The Bertrams contend that the bankruptcy court erred in denying their
motion to strike and granting HMSI’s motion to dismiss. We address these
arguments in turn.
A. The Motion to Strike
The Bertrams argue that the bankruptcy court erred when it denied their
motion to strike. They contend that they were never properly served with a copy
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of the motion to dismiss or given notice of the first hearing and that they were
denied due process.
Before we can address this issue, we must consider whether we have
jurisdiction to review it. HMSI argues that we lack jurisdiction to review the
bankruptcy court’s order denying the motion to strike because it was a non-final
order. “A court of appeals has jurisdiction over only final judgments and orders
arising from a bankruptcy proceeding, whereas the district court may review
interlocutory judgments and orders as well.” In re Donovan,
532 F.3d 1134, 1136
(11th Cir. 2008); see 28 U.S.C. § 158(a), (d). A bankruptcy court order is final if
it “completely resolve[s] all of the issues pertaining to a discrete claim.”
Donovan,
532 F.3d at 1137 (internal quotation marks omitted). HMSI reasons that because
the bankruptcy court’s order denying the motion to strike was not a final order, we
may not review it.
Even if the bankruptcy court’s order denying the motion to strike was not
final on its own, we conclude that we have jurisdiction because the bankruptcy
court entered a final order when it granted HMSI’s motion to dismiss, which
completely resolved all of the issues pertaining to the Bertrams’ claims in the
adversary proceeding. We have recognized, outside the bankruptcy context, that
“review of the final judgment opens for consideration the prior interlocutory
orders.” Barfield v. Brierton,
883 F.2d 923, 931 (11th Cir. 1989). Put differently,
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“the doctrine of cumulative finality allows an appeal from a non-final order to be
‘saved’ by subsequent events that establish finality.” In re Rimstat, Ltd.,
212 F.3d
1039, 1044 (7th Cir. 2000). And we have applied the doctrine of cumulative
finality in the bankruptcy context. See In re Valone,
784 F.3d 1398, 1401 (11th
Cir. 2015) (concluding that we had jurisdiction to review bankruptcy court order
disallowing an exemption, even though the order was not final, because the
bankruptcy court had subsequently confirmed the Chapter 13 plan and thus entered
a final order). Applying the doctrine of cumulative finality, we conclude that we
have jurisdiction to review the order denying the motion to strike.
Turning now to the merits of the Bertrams’ arguments regarding the motion
to strike, we cannot say that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion. We
assume for purposes of this appeal that the certificate of service attached to
HMSI’s motion to dismiss did not strictly comply with the bankruptcy court’s local
rules because it failed to identify how HMSI had served the Bertrams. See Bankr.
S.D. Fla. L.R. 2002-1(F), 9013-3. We also assume for purposes of this appeal that
HMSI failed to properly serve the Bertrams with the notice about the first hearing.
See Bankr. S.D. Fla. L.R. 9073-1(B). We acknowledge that the bankruptcy court
had discretion to impose sanctions for HMSI’s failure to comply with the local
rules. See Bankr. S.D. Fla. L.R. 1001-1(D). But we disagree that the court abused
its discretion in declining to impose sanctions here, given that the Bertrams
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actually received a copy of the motion to dismiss from HMSI via email and had
sufficient time to prepare for the hearing.
The Bertrams nevertheless contend that the lack of proper service denied
them due process. Again, we disagree. Procedural due process guarantees a
person notice and an opportunity to be heard “at a meaningful time and in a
meaningful manner.” Catron v. City of St. Petersburg,
658 F.3d 1260, 1266 (11th
Cir. 2011). We see no due process violation here. Even if HMSI’s certificates of
service were technically deficient, the Bertrams admit that they actually received a
copy of the motion to dismiss, meaning they received actual notice. Although the
Bertrams contend that they failed to receive adequate notice of the first hearing on
the motion to dismiss, they were not prejudiced because the bankruptcy court
rescheduled the hearing. At the subsequent hearing, the Bertrams confirmed they
had had adequate time to prepare and were able to present oral argument. The
bankruptcy court did not violate the Bertrams’ due process rights given that they
actually received a copy of HMSI’s motion to dismiss when it was filed, had the
opportunity to submit a written opposition to the motion, and were heard on the
merits.
B. The Motion to Dismiss
We now turn to the bankruptcy court’s decision to dismiss the Bertrams’
claims based on the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine
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takes its name from two Supreme Court cases, Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.,
263 U.S. 413 (1923), and District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman,
460
U.S. 462 (1983). These decisions collectively hold that a federal district court may
not review and reverse a state court civil judgment, because only the United States
Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over judgments of state courts in civil
cases. See 28 U.S.C. § 1257; Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp.,
544 U.S. 280, 292 (2005).
The Rooker-Feldman bars litigation in federal court of claims that were
actually raised in the state court and those “inextricably intertwined” with the state
court judgment. Casale v. Tillman,
558 F.3d 1258, 1260 (11th Cir. 2009). “A
claim is inextricably intertwined if it would effectively nullify the state court
judgment, or it succeeds only to the extent that the state court wrongly decided the
issues.”
Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The doctrine does not
apply, however, where “the plaintiff had no reasonable opportunity to raise his
federal claim in state proceedings.” Powell v. Powell,
80 F.3d 464, 467 (11th Cir.
1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). We have explained that “[a] claim about
conduct occurring after a state court decision cannot be either the same claim or
one ‘inextricably intertwined’ with that state court decision, and thus cannot be
barred under Rooker-Feldman.” Target Media Partners v. Specialty Mktg. Corp.,
881 F.3d 1279, 1286 (11th Cir. 2018).
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The Supreme Court has cautioned that the scope of the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine is narrow and “confined to cases of the kind from which the doctrine
acquired its name: cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries
caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings
commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.”
Exxon Mobil
Corp., 544 U.S. at 284. The doctrine is inapplicable if the federal
action was commenced before the state proceedings ended. Nicholson v. Shafe,
558 F.3d 1266, 1274-75 (11th Cir. 2009). State proceedings end, for purposes of
the Rooker-Feldman doctrine when: (1) “the highest state court in which review is
available has affirmed the judgment below and nothing is left to be resolved,”
(2) “the state action has reached a point where neither party seeks further action,”
or (3) “the state court proceedings have finally resolved all the federal questions in
the litigation, but state law or purely factual questions (whether great or small)
remain to be litigated.”
Id. at 1275 (internal quotation marks omitted). As to the
second scenario, a state proceeding ends when the losing party allows the time for
appeal to expire.
Id. Conversely, state proceedings remain pending when “the
losing party . . . does not allow the time for appeal to expire (but instead, files an
appeal).”
Id. It follows that state proceedings have not ended if an appeal from the
state court judgment remains pending at the time that the plaintiff files the federal
case. In this circumstance, if the state appellate court affirms the lower court’s
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judgment after the federal case is filed, the federal court retains jurisdiction.
Id. at
1279 n.13.
This case does not fit completely the Rooker–Feldman mold. We agree with
the bankruptcy court and district court that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine barred the
Bertrams’ claims that sought to invalidate the state court’s final foreclosure
judgment. The state proceedings related to the final foreclosure judgment ended
for purposes of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine when the state trial court entered the
judgment and the Bertrams did not appeal, which was years before the Bertrams
filed their adversary proceeding in the bankruptcy court. See
id. at 1275. Because
the state court proceedings as to the final foreclosure judgment had ended when the
adversary proceeding complaint was filed, the Bertrams could not sue in federal
court to invalidate that judgment. See
id. at 1274-75.
The Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not bar all of the Bertrams’ claims,
however. A close reading of their complaint shows that some of the Bertrams’
claims arose out of HMSI’s conduct with regard to the foreclosure sale. Because
these claims are about conduct that occurred after the final foreclosure judgment
was entered and the time for appeal expired, they cannot be barred under the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See Target Media
Partners, 881 F.3d at 1286.
We acknowledge that the Bertrams also litigated issues related to the
foreclosure sale in state court when they filed an objection to the foreclosure sale.
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At the time that the Bertrams brought the adversary proceeding, the state court had
overruled their objection and the Fourth District Court of Appeal had affirmed the
trial court. But the Fourth District Court of Appeal had not yet issued the mandate.
Because the mandate had not issued, the state action had not yet reached a point
where neither party sought further action, meaning the state court litigation
challenging the foreclosure sale had not yet ended. See
Nicholson, 558 F.3d at
1275. It is true that this litigation was pending when the Fourth District Court of
Appeal issued its mandate, bringing an end to the state court litigation challenging
the foreclosure sale. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not bar the Bertrams’
claims challenging the foreclosure sale because the doctrine “cannot spring into
action and vanquish properly invoked subject matter jurisdiction in federal court
when state proceedings subsequently end.”
Id. at 1275 n.13.
The Bertrams nonetheless urge us to conclude that the bankruptcy court
erred in applying the Rooker-Feldman doctrine because, they contend, the debt
they owed to HMSI was discharged in Beresford’s Chapter 7 case. This argument
rests on the premise that the debt the Bertrams owed to HMSI was unsecured. The
problem is that in raising this argument the Bertrams seek to nullify the state
court’s final foreclosure judgment, which necessarily involved a determination that
HMSI had a valid mortgage on the property. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars
this attempt to relitigate issues that were decided by the state court. See Casale,
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558 F.3d at 1260. Because we must accept that the Bertrams’ debt to HMSI was
secured by a mortgage interest, we reject the Bertrams’ argument that the
bankruptcy court’s Chapter 7 discharge extinguished HMSI’s right to foreclose on
the mortgage debt. See Johnson v. Home State Bank,
501 U.S. 78, 82-83 (1991)
(recognizing that a Chapter 7 discharge extinguishes only the debtor’s personal
liability on the debt, not the right to foreclose on the mortgage).
The Bertrams also argue that the bankruptcy court erred in relying on the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine because a bankruptcy court is authorized to abstain from
hearing a case only when abstention is authorized under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c). This
provision states that “nothing in this section prevents a district court in the interest
of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law,
from abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding under title 11 or arising in or
related to a case under title 11.” 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1). We reject the Bertrams’
interpretation because nothing in this provision bars a bankruptcy court from
abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding under the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine. 2
2
The Bertrams raise a litany of other arguments about why the bankruptcy court erred in
granting the motion to dismiss. All of these arguments lack merit. For example, they argue that
HMSI’s motion to dismiss constituted a non-core matter, meaning the bankruptcy court had to
issue proposed findings of fact and conclusions on law on the motion to dismiss. Because the
bankruptcy court instead issued an order granting the motion to dismiss, the Bertrams argue that
we must vacate. But the Bertrams conceded in the bankruptcy court that their adversary
complaint raised a core proceeding. It was thus appropriate for the bankruptcy court to follow
the procedures that apply to core proceedings in deciding the motion to dismiss.
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We thus conclude that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars some but not all of
the Bertrams’ claims. We emphasize that our opinion today addresses only the
applicability of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, not whether HMSI has other
defenses to the Bertrams’ claims, and we offer no opinion about whether the
Bertrams’ claims will ultimately succeed on the merits.
IV. CONCLUSION
We hold that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine barred only the Bertrams’ claims
related to whether HMSI could foreclose on the mortgage, not their claims related
to HMSI’s conduct when the property later was sold. We thus affirm the district
court’s order affirming the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the Bertrams’ claims
challenging the final foreclosure judgment. But we reverse the district court’s
order affirming the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the Bertrams’ claims related to
the foreclosure sale. We remand the case to the district court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
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