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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 17-13429
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cr-20757-JEM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
KAREN KALLEN-ZURY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(June 12, 2018)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Karen Kallen-Zury appeals from the district court’s summary denial of her
second motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. See Fed. R.
Crim. P. 33(b)(1). She argues on appeal that her motion was timely and that her
new evidence warranted a new trial. After careful review, we affirm.
I.
In 2013 Kallen-Zury was convicted of operating a Medicare fraud and
kickback scheme at Hollywood Pavilion (“HP”), a mental-health facility she co-
owned and operated. 1 Briefly stated, Kallen-Zury and HP unlawfully paid
recruiters to bring patients to HP to receive psychiatric services that HP could bill
to Medicare. The evidence showed that most of the patients were drug addicts who
did not need the psychiatric services offered at HP. We affirmed Kallen-Zury’s
convictions and sentence on direct appeal. United States v. Kallen-Zury (Kallen-
Zury I), 629 F. App’x 894 (11th Cir. 2015).
In 2016 Kallen-Zury filed a first motion for a new trial based on newly
discovered evidence. Some of that evidence—testimony from the trial of another
HP employee—partly contradicted the trial testimony of a patient recruiter named
Gloria Himmons, who stated that she was directed by an HP employee (not Kallen-
1
More precisely, Kallen-Zury was convicted of one count of conspiracy to commit
healthcare fraud and wire fraud, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1349; five counts of wire fraud, in
violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 1343 and 2; two counts of healthcare fraud, in violation of
18 U.S.C.
§§ 1347 and 2; one count of conspiracy to defraud the United States and to pay and receive
kickbacks in connection with a federal healthcare-benefit program, in violation of
18 U.S.C.
§ 371; and five counts of payment of kickbacks in connection with a federal healthcare-benefit
program, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b)(2)(A).
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Zury) to file false reports of her activities for HP. The district court denied Kallen-
Zury’s motion, and we affirmed. United States v. Kallen-Zury (Kallen-Zury II),
710 F. App’x 365 (11th Cir. 2017). In relevant part, we concluded that the
evidence relating to Himmons did not warrant a new trial because Himmons’s
testimony was largely cumulative of the testimony from other patient recruiters and
because the government produced other evidence to corroborate these accounts.
See id. at 372–73.
In 2017, over three years after the date of the jury verdict, Kallen-Zury filed
a second motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. This time,
she relied on evidence from trial in the case of United States v. McCardell, No.
5:16-cr-212, from the Western District of Louisiana. McCardell involved a similar
Medicare kickback scheme at Physician’s Behavioral Hospital (“PBH”) in
Shreveport, Louisiana. Himmons testified at the McCardell trial that she recruited
patients for PBH during the same period of time that she was recruiting patients for
HP. In addition, according to Kallen-Zury, Himmons referred many of the same
patients to both PBH and HP, and PBH admitted these patients for inpatient
psychiatric services. Kallen-Zury argued that the McCardell evidence impeached
Himmons’s credibility and refuted evidence that patients were fraudulently
diagnosed at HP.
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The district court summarily denied Kallen-Zury’s motion for the reasons
stated in the government’s response. These reasons included that the motion was
untimely since it was filed more than three years after the jury verdict, and that it
did not meet the requirements for a new trial under Rule 33(b)(1) since it relied on
evidence that was cumulative, impeaching, and did not undermine confidence in
the integrity of the verdict. Kallen-Zury now appeals.
II.
We review the denial of a motion for a new trial for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Campa,
459 F.3d 1121, 1151 (11th Cir. 2006) (en banc). We
likewise review for an abuse of discretion a district court’s decision to not hold an
evidentiary hearing. United States v. Slocum,
708 F.2d 587, 600 (11th Cir. 1983).
Abuse-of-discretion review is deferential: we will affirm unless the district court
made a clear error of judgment or applied the wrong legal standard. United States
v. Lyons,
403 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir. 2005).
III.
A defendant may move within three years of the verdict for a new trial on
the basis of newly discovered evidence. Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(b)(1). “Motions for a
new trial based on newly discovered evidence are highly disfavored in the
Eleventh Circuit and should be granted only with great caution.” Campa,
459 F.3d
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at 1151 (quotation marks omitted). The defendant bears the burden of justifying
the need for a new trial.
Id.
To obtain a new trial based on newly discovered evidence, the defendant
must establish that (1) the evidence was discovered after trial; (2) the failure to
discover the evidence was not due to a lack of due diligence; (3) the evidence is
not merely cumulative or impeaching; (4) the evidence is material to issues before
the court; and (5) the evidence is of such a nature that a new trial would probably
produce a different result. United States v. Barsoum,
763 F.3d 1321, 1341 (11th
Cir. 2014). The failure to satisfy any one of these requirements is fatal to a motion
for new trial. United States v. Taohim,
817 F.3d 1215, 1223 (11th Cir. 2013).
Newly discovered evidence need not relate directly to the issue of guilt or
innocence to justify a new trial, but it must “afford reasonable grounds to question
. . . the integrity of the verdict.” United States v. Scrushy,
721 F.3d 1288, 1304
(11th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks omitted).
Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Kallen-Zury’s
motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. See Campa,
459 F.3d
at 1151. To begin with, the court’s summary denial order is sufficient to permit
meaningful review. The court said it was denying the motion for the reasons stated
by the government in its response to her motion. And the record is otherwise
complete enough to provide an adequate basis for our review. See Hall v. Holder,
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117 F.3d 1222, 1226 (11th Cir. 1997) (remand is unnecessary where the record is
complete and “provides an adequate basis” for our review of the merits of the
case). Likewise, no evidentiary hearing was necessary because “the record
contained all the evidence needed to dispose of each of the grounds asserted as a
basis for a new trial.” Scrushy, 721 F.3d at 1305 n.30.
Turning to the grounds asserted in the motion, Kallen-Zury contends that the
McCardell evidence warrants a new trial for two reasons. First, she says, it
severely undercuts Himmons’s credibility because it shows that Himmons was
committing other crimes at the time she recruited patients for HP and that she lied
about these facts to the government and the court. Second, Kallen-Zury contends,
it contradicts evidence at her trial that most of the patients referred to HP did not
need psychiatric services. Neither ground warrants a new trial.
While the McCardell evidence shows that Himmons committed additional
crimes in referring patients to PBH, this evidence is merely cumulative and
impeaching. As such, “it is not the type of evidence that warrants a new trial.” See
Taohim, 817 F.3d at 1223. More significantly, Kallen-Zury fails to explain how
this evidence would have resulted in a different result in light of the “strong”
evidence of Kallen-Zury’s guilt. See Kallen-Zury II, 710 Fed. App’x at 372–73;
Kallen-Zury I, 629 F. App’x at 906. As we said in affirming the denial of her first
motion, Himmons’s testimony was “largely cumulative” of testimony from the
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other patient recruiters, and the government produced evidence to corroborate the
consistent accounts of the patient recruiters. See Kallen-Zury II, 710 F. App’x at
372–73. The McCardell evidence has no direct bearing on this other evidence.
Accordingly, the McCardell evidence relating to Himmons’s credibility, even
considered in conjunction with the evidence from Kallen-Zury’s first motion for a
new trial, is not of such a nature that a new trial would probably produce a
different result. See Barsoum, 763 F.3d at 1341.
The district court likewise reasonably concluded that any patient overlap
among PBH and HP did not undermine confidence in the verdict. According to
Kallen-Zury, the McCardell evidence establishes that (a) Himmons recruited many
of the same patients for both PBH and HP, and (b) the patients Himmons recruited
for PBH needed psychiatric treatment. 2 From these two assertions, Kallen-Zury
draws the inference that many of the patients Himmons recruited for HP likewise
needed psychiatric treatment, contradicting evidence at her trial that “[m]ost of the
patients were drug addicts who did not need the psychiatric services offered at
HP.” Kallen-Zury I, 629 F. App’x at 897.
2
We note that, with regard to her assertion of patient overlap, Kallen-Zury’s brief fails to
cite with any specificity the “parts of the record on which [she] relies,” in violation of Fed. R.
App. P. 28(a)(8)(A). Instead, she simply invites this Court, as she did the district court, to
compare an exhibit from the McCardell trial with HP’s patient census, which, the government
notes, is more than 3,000 pages. Neither this Court nor the district court, however, should be
expected to do a litigant’s work for her. See Chavez v. Sec’y Fla. Dep’t of Corr.,
647 F.3d 1057,
1061 (11th Cir. 2011). In any case, while the failure to comply with Rule 28 “may result in
waiver or abandonment of issues on appeal,” we exercise our discretion to consider this issue.
Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
327 F.3d 1283, 1286 n.4 (11th Cir. 2003).
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Even assuming that there was some patient overlap among PBH and HP,
however, the McCardell evidence does not establish that the overlapping patients
admitted by PBH needed psychiatric treatment covered by Medicare, much less
that these same patients needed psychiatric treatment when they were admitted to
HP at different times. According to the McCardell trial transcript, PBH patients
were admitted based on a PBH doctor’s determination of whether second-hand
reports of psychiatric symptoms fit admissions criteria. But that is as far as the
McCardell evidence goes regarding the patients’ need for psychiatric treatment.
And, in fact, both the Director of Social Services and the Director of Nursing for
PBH, who actually spoke with PBH patients before admission, testified that they
were concerned that the patients recruited by Himmons may have been faking or
exaggerating their symptoms. So the McCardell evidence is not inconsistent with
the testimony from Kallen-Zury’s trial. See Kallen-Zury II, 710 F. App’x at 367
(“[T]he conspirators often falsified the patients’ records to reflect serious
psychiatric problems or told the patients to claim psychiatric issues upon
admission.”). And it certainly was within the district court’s discretion to conclude
that this tenuously connected new evidence was not of such a nature that a new
trial would probably produce a different result. See Barsoum, 763 F.3d at 1341.
Because we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by
denying Kallen-Zury’s second motion for a new trial on the merits, we need not
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and do not address whether the motion was timely either because it related back to
her first motion or because she could establish equitable tolling. See Eberhart v.
United States,
546 U.S. 12, 19 (2005) (holding that the time limit to file a Rule 33
motion, though “admittedly inflexible,” is a non-jurisdictional claims processing
rule). Accordingly, we affirm the denial of her second motion for a new trial based
on newly discovered evidence.
AFFIRMED.
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