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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
______________________
No. 16-17648
______________________
Agency Docket No. 12-35-R
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
Petitioner,
versus
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
Respondent.
_______________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Department of Education
_______________________________
(February 28, 2018)
Before JULIE CARNES and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and CONWAY, ∗
District Judge.
∗
Honorable Anne C. Conway, United States District Judge for the Middle District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
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CONWAY, District Judge:
The Georgia Department of Education petitions the Court to review the final
decision of the Secretary of Education (“the Secretary”) ordering Georgia to repay
approximately $2.1 million of federal grant funds to the United States Department
of Education. The Secretary denied Georgia an equitable offset for the amount of
funds due to be repaid following an audit. For the reasons that follow, we deny the
petition to review the Secretary’s decision.
I. BACKGROUND
The United States Department of Education (“the Department”) awarded a
$10.7 million grant to the Georgia Department of Education (“Petitioner”) to be
distributed to local education entities in 2007 under the 21st Century Community
Learning Centers grant program, which targeted students at high-poverty, low
performing schools. Following the Department’s award of the federal grant,
Georgia held a competition to award subgrants to local education agencies and
community-based non-profits that provide academic enrichment opportunities such
as tutorial services to help students during non-school hours. The competition
required an eligible entity to submit an application, and Petitioner used a peer-
review process to award the subgrants.
Following receipt of a “suspicious activity report” in May 2007 from a bank
for one of the local grant recipients, state auditors ultimately uncovered evidence
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of a “complex fraud scheme” involving several Georgia Department of Education
employees as well as members of the independent external peer review panel and
some of the subgrant recipients who manipulated the outcome of the grant
competition. As “a result of apparent collusion and management override of
internal controls,” the auditors found the grant competition was “severely flawed.”
The auditors determined that three of Petitioner’s employees had
inappropriately overridden internal controls and intentionally altered the results of
the independent external peer-reviewed competition so that seventeen lower-
scoring applicants received subgrants even though other, unfunded applicants had
received higher scores. The auditors noted that the highest-ranking applicants, as
determined by the independent external peer review panel, received reduced
funding and, in some cases, no funding. Petitioner’s internal audit found
employees had manipulated the outcome of the 2007 grant competition in favor of
certain community-based organizations who were connected to one of Petitioner’s
employees.1
In May 2012, the Department responded with a preliminary determination
letter finding that Petitioner had failed to follow its own procedures when
conducting the grant competition, and the harm to the federal interest was the total
1
Associate Superintendent Cassandra Herring used her position for personal gain through
contractual arrangements with four grant recipients who agreed to compensate her for the
awarding of the grant and/or program evaluation required by the grant. App. 98. The United
States Attorney subsequently entered into a non-prosecution agreement with Herring, who
agreed to repay $40,000 to the Department. Suppl. App. 39.
3
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amount of funds awarded to sixteen entities that did not qualify for funding and a
seventeenth entity that received more funds than the amount for which it qualified.
The Department demanded that Petitioner refund the full $5.7 million diverted to
the lower-scoring programs; the parties subsequently stipulated to the reduced
amount of $2.1 million based on the relevant statute of limitations.
Petitioner appealed the Department’s $2.1 million refund demand to the
Office of Administrative Law Judges, requesting an “equitable offset” for the
entirety of the amount demanded, arguing it had spent non-federal grant funds that
aided beneficiaries in the same manner Congress had intended in enacting the
legislation governing the grant program. The Department objected to any equitable
offset or reduction because of the extent of the fraud. The administrative law judge
denied Petitioner’s request for an equitable offset, as did the Secretary of
Education. Petitioner seeks review of the agency’s final decision, arguing that the
Secretary erred by denying Petitioner any equitable offset. 2
II. DISCUSSION
Petitioner argues the Secretary’s consideration of the underlying fraud
scheme as reason to deny the equitable offset violates the statute’s “proportional-
2
We have jurisdiction to review the Secretary’s decision concerning recovery of grant funds
from the state of Georgia as the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit where the recipient
is located. 20 U.S.C. § 1234g(b); Freeman v. Cavazos,
939 F.2d 1527, 1531 n.5 (11th Cir. 1991).
4
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to-harm” recovery rule and invokes what Petitioner characterizes as an “unclean-
hands” defense without a principled explanation for the change in course.
A. Standard of Review
This Court reviews the Secretary’s decision to determine whether the
Secretary’s findings are supported by substantial evidence and whether they reflect
the application of proper legal standards. Bell v. New Jersey,
461 U.S. 773, 792,
103 S. Ct. 2187, 2198,
76 L. Ed. 2d 312 (1983); Bennett v. Kentucky Dep’t of
Educ.,
470 U.S. 656, 666,
105 S. Ct. 1544, 1550,
84 L. Ed. 2d 590 (1985); see 20
U.S.C. § 1234g(c) (factual findings are conclusive “if supported by substantial
evidence”). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable person
would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Moore v. Barnhart,
405 F.3d
1208, 1211 (11th Cir. 2005). It is “more than a scintilla, but less than a
preponderance.” Hale v. Bowen,
831 F.2d 1007, 1011 (11th Cir. 1987) (internal
quotation marks omitted). The “limited” substantial evidence review “precludes
deciding the facts anew, making credibility determinations, or re-weighing the
evidence.” Moore,
405 F.3d at 1211; see also Dyer v. Barnhart,
395 F.3d 1206,
1211 (11th Cir. 2005).
The court may set aside the Department’s final decision only if is “arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”
5
U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). The arbitrary and capricious standard is “exceedingly
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deferential.” Sierra Club v. Van Antwerp,
526 F.3d 1353, 1360 (11th Cir. 2008)
(quotation marks omitted). An agency’s decision will not be overturned as long as
the agency “examine[d] the relevant data and articulate[d] a satisfactory
explanation for its action including a rational connection between the facts found
and the choice made.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.
Co.,
463 U.S. 29, 43,
103 S. Ct. 2856, 2866,
77 L. Ed. 2d 443 (1983) (the standard
is “narrow, and a court is not to substitute its judgment for that of the agency”).
Agency actions are arbitrary and capricious when the agency “has relied on factors
which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an
important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs
counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be
ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.” Miccosukee
Tribe of Indians of Fla. v. United States,
566 F.3d 1257, 1264 (11th Cir. 2009)
(quoting Alabama–Tombigbee Rivers Coal. v. Kempthorne,
477 F.3d 1250, 1254
(11th Cir. 2007)).
Applied in the context of disallowed educational grant costs, “[w]here the
Secretary has properly concluded that funds were misused under the legal
standards in effect when the grants were made, a reviewing court has no
independent authority to excuse repayment based on its view of what would be the
most equitable outcome.” Bennett v. New Jersey,
470 U.S. 632, 646,
105 S. Ct.
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1555, 1563,
84 L. Ed. 2d 572 (1985); Wyoming v. Alexander,
971 F.2d 531, 536
(10th Cir. 1992) (recognizing that judicial review of the agency’s decision to deny
a partial reduction of a refund demand for vocational education grant funds is
“narrow and deferential”).
B. Equitable Offset
The General Education Provisions Act (“GEPA”) requires a recipient of a
federal education grant, such as the 21st Century Community Learning Centers
program, who is “determined to have made an unallowable expenditure, or to have
otherwise failed to discharge its responsibility to account properly for funds,” to
return funds in “an amount that is proportionate to the extent of the harm its
violation caused to an identifiable Federal interest associated with the program
under which the recipient received the award.” 20 U.S.C. § 1234b(a)(1).
Identifiable federal interests relevant here include serving only eligible
beneficiaries, providing only authorized services or benefits, complying with
expenditure requirements and conditions, preserving the integrity of application
requirements, and maintaining accountability for the use of funds. 20 U.S.C.
1234b(a)(2)3.
3
Although GEPA allows for the refund amount to be reduced by an amount that is
“proportionate to the extent the mitigating circumstances caused the violation,” Petitioner has not
argued that any statutorily-defined “mitigating circumstances” apply in this case. See §§
1234b(b)(1), (2) (defining “mitigating circumstances” as state’s reasonable reliance on erroneous
or delayed guidance from the Department or a court order).
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The concept of “equitable offset” is not defined or addressed in GEPA, but
is a recognized equitable remedy that has been applied in refund cases since the
late 1980’s on a case-by-case basis at the discretion of the finder of fact. See, e.g.,
New York v. Riley,
53 F.3d 520, 522 (2d Cir. 1995) (denying petition for review of
an equitable offset of refund due for salary costs improperly charged to vocational
education grant); Tangipahoa Parish Sch. Bd. v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ.,
821 F.2d
1022, 1030-31 (5th Cir. 1987) (granting petition for review by school district
concerning expenditures which failed to comply with federal bilingual grant
requirements and remanding to the Department for reconsideration of the
appropriate refund amount in consideration of “equitable factors”); Consol.
Appeals of Fla. Dep’t of Educ., 69 Educ. Law Rep. 1373, 1393-94,
1990 WL
357910, at *24 (ED.O.H.A. June 26, 1990) (noting that court and Department of
Education precedents supported the concept of equitable offset as an available
remedy); cf. Bennett v. Ky. Dep’t of Educ.,
470 U.S. 656, 674,
105 S. Ct. 1544,
1554
84 L. Ed. 2d 590 (1985) (remanding to court of appeals for the calculation of
the amount to be repaid following determination that state had misused grant
funds).
Based on Department of Education precedent, a state is not entitled to an
equitable offset as a matter of right. Riley,
53 F.3d at 522. The proponent seeking
the equitable offset bears the burden of proof and must establish its case by the
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preponderance of the evidence. Application of Ariz. Dep’t of Educ., Dkt. No. 06-
07-R,
2010 WL 3378298 (ED.O.H.A. Aug. 12, 2010) (allowing an equitable offset
amount reached by the parties, based on additional funds that the state could prove
it had spent for special education programs from which a refund was due). When
the Secretary has disallowed certain expenditures charged against a grant but a
state has incurred other expenditures which would have been allowable had they
been charged to the grant, the Secretary has “deemed it equitable” to allow the
state to offset against the disallowed costs the other costs incurred by the state.
Riley,
53 F.3d at 522. “[T]he net result is that no federal funds are disbursed for
purposes or in amounts not sanctioned by the statute.”
Id. “[F]ederal appellate
courts reviewing the Secretary’s decisions [have] inject[ed] the doctrine of
fairness, including application of [an] equitable offset or credit, where state
educational services which support the legislative intent are actually performed,
even though they were not originally charged to the appropriate federal grant.”
Appeal of the State of New York,
63 Ed. Law Rep. 1183,
1989 WL 296753
(ED.O.H.A. Aug. 29, 1989).
Here, the Secretary summarized the factors or “[c]ircumstances that may
affect the equitable offset determination” based on previous agency cases,
including “the scope of the violation, whether the violation was intentional or an
honest mistake, and the efforts by the appellant to mitigate the violation’s harm.”
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App. 134. The Secretary declined to grant Petitioner’s request for equitable offset
because he found the “nature and scope” of Petitioner’s violation was “too serious
to warrant an equitable offset” where the fraud perpetrated by state employees
resulted in “the misuse of $5.7 million in a single fiscal year.”
Id. at 135. The
Secretary rejected Petitioner’s arguments the violation was not severe because
“only” three employees had participated in the scheme; he found Petitioner “need
not have adopted a fraudulent scheme at a high level,” or incorporated dozens of
employees, for the violation to be severe when it was an act of intentional fraud,
and not an honest mistake.
While Petitioner had attempted to mitigate the harm, the Secretary found
there was little Petitioner could do because by the time it acted the entire amount of
grant money had been improperly expended, and an important objective of the
grant program was to make the funds available to “properly chosen subgrantees.”
The “violating individuals fraudulently undermined the subgrant competition,
thereby frustrating key objectives” of the grant program. The harm to the federal
program was not significantly lessened because the seventeen ineligible grant
recipients may have used the funds to aid the federal program’s intended
beneficiaries—students at high-poverty, low-performing schools—as Petitioner
claimed. The Secretary denied Petitioner’s request for an equitable offset because
to allow otherwise “would be inequitable to future potential subgrantees.”
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Petitioner does not dispute that a complex fraud scheme involving its
employees led it to award $5.7 million in grant funds to entities that were not
qualified to receive such funds under the terms of the 21st Century Community
Learning Centers grant program. Petitioner instead argues the Secretary acted
arbitrarily and capriciously in denying an equitable offset because he ignored the
“proportional-to-harm” language of § 1234b and based his decision on the nature
and scope of the underlying fraud scheme, which Petitioner contends is
“irrelevant” to an equitable offset determination. Petitioner argues the measure of
the Department’s recovery in a grant refund action is not the total amount of the
disallowed expenditures, but rather is an amount “proportionate to the extent of the
harm” caused to the identifiable federal interest of the program, and requires the
Secretary to consider any non-federal expenditures that ameliorate the
Department’s “harm.” Petitioner essentially contends § 1234b’s proportional-to-
harm recovery rule required the Secretary, once he determined Petitioner owed a
refund, to accept evidence that Petitioner ameliorated the “harm” to the grant
program from the state’s own funds expended in pursuing the same legislative
goals intended by the grant. Petitioner also argues the Secretary acted arbitrarily
and capriciously when he adopted an “unclean hands” analysis without providing a
principled explanation for the decision. Petitioner argues the decision goes against
decades of Department precedent in allowing equitable offset claims.
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In support, Petitioner argues that until the Secretary’s 2014 decision in
Application of the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 4 the Department had
consistently decided equitable-offset claims by evaluating only whether the
relevant grant recipient had made previously uncredited expenditures that furthered
the purposes of the underlying grant. Petitioner argues that neither the denial of the
equitable offset by the Secretary, nor the Third Circuit’s decision declining to
review the Secretary’s decision provide a principled explanation for the denial of
the equitable offset. The Department specifically acknowledged during the appeal
that the Pennsylvania case was the first time it had objected to the grantee’s
request for an equitable offset based on the nature of the grantee’s misconduct. 5
The Third Circuit denied Pennsylvania’s petition for review challenging the
Secretary’s denial of an equitable offset following an audit of the Philadelphia
School District which revealed widespread misuse of $7 million in federal funds.
Pa. Dep’t of Educ. v. Sec’y U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 643 F. App’x 89, 90 (3d Cir.
2016), cert. denied,
137 S. Ct. 282 (2016). 6 In denying the state’s request, the
4
Application of Pa. Dep’t of Educ., Dkt. No. 11-33-R (ED.O.H.A. Dec. 29, 2014). See
Department of Educ. Br. Add. 1; available at http://oha.ed.gov/secretarycases/20110330R-S.pdf.
5
Pa. Dep’t of Educ. v. Sec’y U.S. Dep’t Educ., 643 F. App’x 89, 91 (3d Cir. 2016), cert.
denied,
137 S.Ct. 282 (2016). Although the improper expenditures in a prior case, Application of
Arizona Department of Education, Dkt. No. 06-07-R,
2010 WL 3378298 (ED.O.H.A. Aug. 12,
2010), were indisputably the result of employee fraud in falsifying travel and vendor invoices
totaling $212,436, the Department disputed only the amounts to be offset against the refund, and
not the state’s entitlement to an offset; the Secretary ultimately allowed a credit of $165,243.
6
The unpublished disposition was not an opinion of the full court and under the local
appellate rules did not constitute binding precedent. Pa. Dep’t, 643 F. App’x at 92 (citing U.S.
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Secretary had concluded an equitable offset was not warranted based on the audit
report containing “evidence of a complete breakdown in the basic budgetary
practices required by Federal grant regulations,” including the school district’s
improper use of federal grants to supplant state and local funding, inadequate
enforcement of policies and procedures for processing financial transactions, and
lack of written policies and procedures for various fiscal processes.
Id. at 91.
The Secretary had emphasized that the fiscal oversight failures of such
magnitude were “too egregious” and “too widespread” to merit an equitable offset.
Id. The Secretary also had not found the school district’s corrective actions taken
after receiving the final audit report adequately counteracted the mismanagement
and improper expenditures because, absent the audit, it was unclear when or
whether these practices would have been addressed.
Id. The Third Circuit panel
held that the Secretary’s fact-driven decision was not an arbitrary departure from
established precedent or an abuse of discretion, noting that the court “must give
deference to an agency’s interpretation of its own decisions unless the proffered
interpretation is capricious.”
Id. (citing CBS Corp. v. F.C.C.,
663 F.3d 122, 143 (3d
Cir. 2011)). As the court explained, “the very name ‘equitable offset’ suggests that
the remedy is grounded in fairness, and the Secretary provided a thorough
Ct. of App. 3rd Cir. App. I, Internal Operating Procedures 5.7) (“Such opinions are not regarded
as precedents that bind the court because they do not circulate to the full court before filing.”)
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evaluation of why the egregiousness of the underlying violations in this case did
not merit such a remedy.”
Id. (holding the Secretary’s decision was not an abuse of
discretion because it was based on a “case-by-case, totality of the circumstances
analysis”); see also Riley,
53 F.3d at 522 (rejecting petitioner’s argument that the
Secretary’s decision was a “significant change of position” which was
“inadequately explicated” because prior Department decisions allowed equitable
offsets in limited cases and the petitioner could not assert that it had relied on the
availability of such offsets).
To accept Petitioner’s position that the Secretary cannot consider the facts
underlying the misuse of funds would effectively remove the Secretary’s discretion
and convert an equitable offset into a matter of right—anytime the Department
determined a refund of misused funds was due, the Secretary would be required to
credit the state for any non-federal funds expended for purposes of the grant and
ignore the underlying facts that led to the misuse of funds. No case cited by
Petitioner necessitates such a result, nor is that result supported by the principles
cited supra which underpin the deference the Court affords to an administrative
agency’s decisions. See, e.g., Sierra Club,
526 F.3d at 1360 (noting the arbitrary
and capricious standard is “exceedingly deferential”).
Here, the Secretary properly considered the circumstances of the underlying
fraud in Petitioner’s case in denying the equitable offset remedy, which he noted is
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to be determined based on agency precedent “on a case by case basis at the
discretion of the trier of fact.” The Secretary determined that the nature and scope
of the violation was “too serious to warrant an equitable offset” given that
Petitioner’s employees participated in a complex fraud scheme which led to the
state improperly awarding $5.7 million to seventeen subgrantees who did not
qualify to receive those funds. As the Secretary determined, the violations
unquestionably harmed federal interests because “an important objective” of the
grant program is to make “grant money available to properly chosen subgrantees.”
We do not find the Secretary’s decision to deny the equitable offset based on the
nature and scope of the complex fraud scheme initiated by Petitioner’s employees
to be arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of discretion. Substantial deference must be
shown to the Secretary’s decision ordering the state department of education to
refund disallowed grant funds. The Supreme Court has made it clear that “it is not
within our province to substitute our view of a more equitable remedy for the
action of the Secretary.” Fla. Dep’t of Educ. v. Bennett,
769 F.2d 1501, 1502 (11th
Cir. 1985) (per curiam) (citing Bennett v. Ky. Dep’t of Educ.,
470 U.S. 656, 672,
105 S. Ct. 1544, 1563,
84 L. Ed. 2d 590 (1985)).
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review of the decision of the
Secretary of Education is denied.
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PETITION DENIED.
16
