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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
_________________
No. 14-11960
_________________
D. C. Docket Nos. 9:08-cv-81283-JAL; 9:01-cr-08080-DMM-1
ELROY A. PHILLIPS,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
_________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________
(February 23, 2017)
Before MARCUS, DUBINA, and WALKER, * Circuit Judges.
* Hon. John Walker, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit, sitting by
designation.
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DUBINA, Circuit Judge:
This is an appeal from the district court’s order denying Elroy Phillips’s
(“Phillips”) motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We
granted Phillips a certificate of appealability (“COA”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
2253. After conducting oral argument, reading the parties’ briefs, and reviewing
the record, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for resentencing.
I. BACKGROUND
A grand jury charged Phillips with numerous drug related offenses occurring
from December 1999 to June 2001, and charged him with being a felon in
possession of ammunition from October 2000 to November 1, 2000, and on June 8,
2001. Phillips proceeded to trial, and the jury found him guilty on one count of
conspiracy to distribute less than five grams of crack cocaine, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 846 (Count 1); one count of crack cocaine distribution, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(C) (Count 9); one count of cocaine possession, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a) (Count 11); and two counts of possession of
ammunition after a prior felony conviction, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)
and § 924(e) (Counts 14 & 17). The jury acquitted Phillips on the remaining
counts of the 21-count second superseding indictment. The district court imposed
sentences of 360 months’ imprisonment on Counts 1, 9, 14, and 17, each running
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concurrently with a 24 month sentence on Count 11.
On appeal, we affirmed Phillips’s convictions, but vacated his sentences.
United States v. Phillips, 177 F. App’x 942 (11th Cir. 2006). The district court re-
sentenced Phillips to 288 months’ imprisonment on Counts 1 and 9, 24 months’
imprisonment on Count 11, and 180 months’ imprisonment on Count 14, all to run
concurrent. The district court merged Count 17 with the sentence for Count 14.
On appeal a second time, we affirmed the sentences. United States v. Phillips, 262
F. App’x 183 (11th Cir. 2008).
In November 2008, Phillips filed a § 2255 motion to vacate and amended it
numerous times. The district court determined that Phillips raised 19 claims for
relief, and referred the matter for an evidentiary hearing. While preparing for the
evidentiary hearing, the government re-interviewed Agent Michael Ghent
(“Ghent”), an officer with the West Palm Beach Police Department (“WPBPD”),
and a primary investigator in Phillips’s underlying drug offenses. Ghent initially
provided information to federal authorities about a drug purchase he and a
confidential informant (“CI”) made from Phillips on April 6, 2001. The authorities
relayed that information to a magistrate judge reviewing the government’s warrant
applications for Phillips’s arrest and the search of his home. After the magistrate
judge issued the search warrant, officers found drug paraphernalia, a gun box, and
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ammunition in Phillips’s home. Ghent also testified at trial that he conducted
surveillance on Phillips from January to April 2001, and he and a CI participated in
a controlled buy of crack cocaine from Phillips on April 6, 2001.
During the preparation for the evidentiary hearing, the government
discovered that not only had Ghent lied at trial, but, during the investigation and
subsequent trial of Phillips, Ghent had been under investigation by his own police
department for alleged criminal activities. The government investigated the
allegations against Ghent, which included a charge that he engaged in a sexual
relationship with his CI, used illegal substances, extorted a massage parlor,
falsified information on government forms, and submitted a false sworn affidavit
in a state criminal prosecution. After confirming that Ghent had provided false
testimony at Phillips’s trial and confirming that he may have committed criminal
acts during the pertinent timeframe, the government agreed to join in Phillips’s
motion to vacate Counts 1, 9, 14, and 17. The parties jointly agreed that the
conviction for Count 11 should remain.
The district court granted in part and denied in part the § 2255 motion to
vacate. In its order, the district court agreed with the parties that Phillips’s
conviction on Count 9 should be vacated because Ghent provided the only
testimony about the April 6, 2001, drug transaction that supported that charge. On
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Count 1, the district court found ample co-conspirator testimony, apart from
Ghent’s perjured testimony, from which the jury could have concluded that
Phillips was involved in a conspiracy to distribute five grams or less of crack
cocaine.
As to Counts 14 and 17, the district court found that the basis for these
counts of conviction was the discovery of ammunition during a search of Phillips’s
residence pursuant to a valid search warrant. Although the probable cause affidavit
supporting the application for the search warrant contained Ghent’s false
statements about the April 6, 2001, drug transaction, the district court noted other
evidence that supported the probable cause affidavit, such as co-conspirator
statements, Phillips’s behavior during a brief search of his home, and Phillips’s
possession of cocaine during another encounter with police. Because the search
was supported by probable cause without Ghent’s false statements, the district
court determined that the evidence obtained from the search would have been
admissible. Thus, it concluded that these convictions were supported by sufficient
valid evidence and there was no reasonable probability that the jury would have
acquitted Phillips on these counts. Moreover, the district court reasoned that
Ghent’s testimony was not relevant to Phillips’s convictions on Counts 14 and 17
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because Ghent was not present during the execution of the search warrant. The
district court denied Phillips’s remaining claims for relief and denied him a COA. 1
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court’s legal determinations on a 28 U.S.C. §
2255 motion to vacate and review for clear error the district court’s factual
findings. Lynn v. United States,
365 F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Count 1
Contrary to the district court’s finding, we agree with the parties that
Phillips’s conviction for conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine, Count 1, should be
vacated. Ghent’s false testimony was material to the government’s case, and the
government concedes that it cannot show that the perjured testimony did not have a
substantial and injurious effect on the verdict. Thus, we vacate Phillips’s
conviction on Count 1 and remand to the district court for re-sentencing.
1
We granted a COA as to whether Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83,
83 S. Ct. 1194
(1963), and its progeny applied during Phillips’s suppression proceedings, and if so, whether
Phillips’s rights under Brady and Giglio v. United States,
405 U.S. 150,
92 S. Ct. 763 (1972),
were violated based on the government’s failure to disclose the alleged misconduct and false
statements of Michael Ghent, a police officer whose statements were included in the criminal
complaint and applications for an arrest warrant and a search warrant in Phillips’s criminal
proceedings. However, based on the government’s concession that Count 1 should be vacated,
and our conclusion that the district court properly excised Ghent’s false testimony in determining
that sufficient independent probable cause existed to justify the search warrant with respect to
Counts 14 and 17, we need not address these issues.
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A defendant’s right to due process is violated when “the prosecution’s case
includes perjured testimony and . . . the prosecution knew, or should have known,
of the perjury.” United States v. Agurs,
427 U.S. 97, 103,
96 S. Ct. 2392, 2397
(1976). This is a violation under Giglio v. United States,
405 U.S. 150, 153, 92 S.
Ct. 763, 766 (1972), and to prevail on this claim, a defendant “must establish that
the prosecutor knowingly used perjured testimony . . . and that the falsehood was
material.” Tompkins v. Moore,
193 F.3d 1327, 1339 (11th Cir. 1999) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). The false testimony is material “if there is
any reasonable likelihood that [it] could have affected the judgment of the jury.”
Agurs, 427 U.S. at 103, 96 S. Ct. at 2397. “The ‘could have’ standard requires a
new trial unless the prosecution persuades the court that the false testimony was
‘harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” Smith v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr.,
572 F.3d
1327, 1333 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting Ford v. Hall,
546 F.3d 1326, 1332 (11th Cir.
2008)). Giglio’s materiality standard is “more defense-friendly” than Brady’s.
Guzman v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr.,
663 F.3d 1336, 1348 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation
omitted). The question of materiality is one of law which we review de novo. See
id. at 1339.
When a petitioner raises a Giglio error on collateral review, habeas relief
will be granted only “if the [c]onstitutional violation at the trial level resulted in
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‘actual prejudice’ to the petitioner.”
Id. at 1347 (quoting Brecht v. Abrahamson,
507 U.S. 619, 637,
113 S. Ct. 1710, 1722 (1993)). “The alleged error must have
had a ‘substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s
verdict.’”
Id. (quoting Brecht, 507 U.S. at
637, 113 S. Ct. at 1722). Our circuit
applies “the Brecht harmless error standard to the habeas review of federal court
convictions.” Ross v. United States,
289 F.3d 677, 682 (11th Cir. 2002) (per
curiam) (applying the Brecht standard to review of a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion).
The harmlessness question is one of law that we review de novo. Mansfield v.
Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr.,
679 F.3d 1301, 1307 (11th Cir. 2012). The question is also
one that turns on whether the Court can “say, with fair assurance,” that the verdict
“was not substantially swayed by the error”:
If, when all is said and done, the [court's] conviction is sure that the
error did not influence the jury, or had but very slight effect, the
verdict and the judgment should stand . . . . But if one cannot say, with
fair assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the
erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not
substantially swayed by the error, it is impossible to conclude that
substantial rights were not affected. The inquiry cannot be merely
whether there was enough to support the result, apart from the phase
affected by the error. It is rather, even so, whether the error itself had
substantial influence. If so, or if one is left in grave doubt, the
conviction cannot stand.
O’Neal v. McAninch,
513 U.S. 432, 437–38,
115 S. Ct. 992, 995 (1995) (quotation
omitted) (brackets and ellipsis in original) (emphasis omitted).
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The government previously conceded that Ghent offered false testimony at
trial about the April 6, 2001, undercover drug buy and that Ghent was a member of
the prosecution team, meaning that knowledge of the false statement can be
imputed to the government. See, e.g.,
Guzman, 663 F.3d at 1349 (noting that false
testimony of a prosecution team member is imputed to the prosecutor). On appeal,
the government reasserts that Ghent provided false trial testimony and maintains
that it cannot meet its burden of demonstrating that Ghent’s testimony was
immaterial. It was the sole evidence the jury had to convict Phillips on this count.
The government’s case against Phillips was weak, and there is thus “grave doubt
about whether [the Giglio error] had substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury’s verdict.”
Ross, 289 F.3d at 683 (quotation omitted). Thus,
the government concedes that it cannot demonstrate that Ghent’s testimony
satisfies the Brecht harmlessness standard, and it acknowledges that there is a
reasonable likelihood that the jury would have acquitted Phillips on this count had
Ghent not testified. 2 Accordingly, we vacate Phillips’s conviction on Count 1 and
remand for re-sentencing.
2
We commend the government for confessing error as to Count 1. As an officer of the
court, the government attorney is required to correct or remedy any false testimony of which he
knows. See In re Global Energies, LLC,
763 F.3d 1341, 1348–49 (11th Cir. 2014) (noting that
the rules regulating attorney conduct required officer of the court to correct or remedy testimony
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B. Counts 14 and 17
Phillips challenges these counts for illegal possession of ammunition by
arguing that Ghent’s false statements in the affidavit to support the search warrant
tainted the warrant. The government responds that the district court properly
excised the false information provided by Ghent from its review of the warrant
application and found sufficient independent probable cause to justify the search
warrant. See Franks v. Delaware,
438 U.S. 154,
98 S. Ct. 2674 (1978). Upon
review, we conclude that the district court properly excluded Ghent’s false
testimony from its probable cause warrant consideration.
The warrant application contained an affidavit executed by DEA Agent John
Enockson, cataloging evidence of Phillips’s drug activities and firearm possession.
The affidavit included three paragraphs summarizing Ghent’s undercover drug buy
with Phillips on April 6, 2001. Based on the parties’ agreement that this
information from Ghent was false, the district court properly excised this
information. The remaining affidavit information included testimony about a
police visit to Phillips’s residence, in an attempt to execute an arrest warrant on
another individual, where officers heard toilet-flushing sounds, saw a water-
he knew was false) (citing FLA. BAR CODE PROF. RESP. D.R. 4-3.3(a)(4) (2010)). See also
MODEL RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT R. 3.3(a)((3) (2016).
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saturated bathroom floor, and observed white powder residue near a safe. The
affidavit also contained information summarizing interviews of co-conspirators
who stated that they had helped Phillips manufacture and distribute drugs and that
they had observed Phillips with firearms. In addition, it contained information that
police had recovered cocaine and $1,610 in cash from Phillips during his June 8,
2001, arrest for possession of powder cocaine, and that Phillips had prior drug and
firearm-related convictions. Moreover, Ghent was not present at the search that
produced evidence of Phillips’s ammunition possession. Hence, we conclude that
there was sufficient evidence, apart from Ghent’s false testimony, to provide
probable cause to justify the search warrant that led police to the discovery of
ammunition in Phillips’s residence. Accordingly, we hold that the district court
correctly denied Phillips’s relief on this claim, and we affirm his convictions on
Counts 14 and 17, ammunition possession.
C. Count 11
Phillips challenges his conviction on Count 11, which charged him with
possession of powder cocaine on June 8, 2001. The government counters that
Phillips abandoned this challenge. In the parties’ joint memorandum, the
government noted that at trial the defense essentially conceded that Phillips was
guilty of this offense, and it proffered that this conviction was not subject to the
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amended motion to vacate. (R. Joint Memorandum, D.E. 480 at 8 n.9, D.E. 281 at
23 n. 26). The district court agreed with the government and concluded that
Phillips abandoned this challenge.
We conclude from the record that the district court correctly found that
Count 11 was not subject to Phillips’s amended motion to vacate. Phillips did not
seek reconsideration of the district court’s order finding that Count 11 was not
asserted in his amended § 2255 motion. As such, Phillips deprived the district
court of any opportunity to review any challenge to Count 11. Accordingly, we
hold that Phillips abandoned any challenge to Count 11, and we affirm this
conviction.
V. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s judgment affirming Phillips’s convictions on
Counts 14 and 17, and its finding that Phillips abandoned any challenge to Count
11. However, we disagree with the district court’s disposition as to Count 1, and
we vacate that count and remand this case for re-sentencing.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
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