[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 09-10091 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
DECEMBER 8, 2010
Non-Argument Calendar
JOHN LEY
________________________
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 07-00239-CR-BBM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellant
Cross-Appellee,
versus
TYWAN L. WILLIAMS,
Defendant-Appellee
Cross-Appellant.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
_________________________
(December 8, 2010)
Before BLACK, PRYOR and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PRYOR, Circuit Judge:
The central issue in this appeal by the government is whether the district
court erred when it reduced Tywan Williams’s sentence for acceptance of
responsibility after he withdrew his plea of guilty, declared at trial that he was
factually innocent, and was found guilty by a jury. The government also argues
that Williams’s sentence should have been enhanced for obstruction of justice
because he committed perjury. We agree with the government about both issues.
Williams’s denial of wrongdoing forecloses a reduction for acceptance of
responsibility, and his testimony that he thought he was evading carjackers is
irreconcilable with the evidence that the jury credited about federal agents
identifying themselves to Williams. Williams also cross-appeals about a jury
instruction that he did not challenge at trial and in which we find no reversible
error. We affirm Williams’s convictions, but we vacate Williams’s sentences and
remand for resentencing.
I. BACKGROUND
Williams was charged in a three-count indictment for forcibly assaulting,
resisting, opposing, impeding, intimidating, or interfering with three United States
Marshals. 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1), (b). The indictment alleged that Williams
“rammed his Cadillac Escalade vehicle, a deadly and dangerous weapon” into a
Dodge Durango vehicle, a Ford F-150 truck, and a Ford Expedition vehicle while
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those vehicles were being “driven by a law enforcement officer.” After he reached
an agreement with the government, Williams entered a plea of guilty to assaulting
the marshal who drove the Dodge Durango vehicle, but the district court later
allowed Williams to withdraw his plea of guilt because of his dissatisfaction with
his potential sentence.
The evidence presented at trial established that Williams was a fugitive and
tried to elude federal marshals when they attempted to arrest him. In 2005, after a
North Carolina court issued a warrant for his arrest, Williams agreed to surrender,
but never did so. Officers made several unsuccessful attempts to arrest Williams,
and later transferred the matter to the United States Marshals Service. Armed with
information that Williams had traveled repeatedly to Atlanta, Georgia, and with a
second arrest warrant issued by a Georgia court, federal marshals searched for
Williams.
In January 2007, Anthony Simpson, a deputy United States Marshal, and
two deputies of the Cobb County Sheriff’s Department observed a Cadillac
Escalade vehicle in the parking lot of an apartment complex in Atlanta. The
vehicle, which was painted a maroon color, matched the description of Williams’s
vehicle. The officers attempted to follow the vehicle, but were separated from the
vehicle in traffic.
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The next day, Simpson and other federal marshals returned to the apartment
complex to search for Williams’s vehicle. The marshals were clad in bulletproof
vests that stated they were members of the Southeast Regional Fugitive Task
Force, and the marshals were driving unmarked vehicles that were equipped with
blue lights in the front and rear windshields, front and rear strobe lights, and sirens.
After receiving a report that Williams was at a local British Petroleum gas station,
the marshals drove to the station.
Deputy Marshal Wayne Warren and other federal marshals parked their
vehicles in a line in the parking lot of the gas station. Williams saw the marshals
and ran to his Escalade vehicle. Warren activated the emergency lights in his
Dodge Durango vehicle and parked parallel to Williams to block his escape.
Williams drove his Escalade vehicle in reverse and, as Warren tried to prevent an
escape, Williams rammed the rear of Warren’s Durango vehicle repeatedly.
Warren stopped his vehicle momentarily and watched Williams strike the front end
of Deputy Marshal Nana Joyner’s Ford F-150 truck and Deputy Marshal Brad
Bennett’s unmarked Ford Expedition vehicle as it entered the parking lot with its
lights and sirens activated. Warren repositioned his Durango vehicle to block the
exit, but Williams struck the vehicle a second time and drove out of the parking lot
into oncoming rush-hour traffic.
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Several federal marshals, including Warren and Simpson, pursued Williams
with their sirens and emergency lights activated. The marshals followed
Williams’s speeding vehicle on a ramp that led to Interstate 285. To compensate
for his speed, Williams made a wide turn onto the ramp that allowed Warren to
maneuver beside Williams. Williams rammed Warren’s Durango vehicle, and
Warren struggled to keep his vehicle on the ramp and away from the edge of an
embankment that was 75 feet off the ground. After Warren regained control of his
vehicle, Williams forced Warren’s speeding vehicle to scrape against the barrier
wall long enough to produce sparks.
Warren fired two rounds of ammunition from his gun at Williams, and a
bullet struck Williams in the eye. Williams lost control of his vehicle, but Warren
pinned the vehicle against a retaining wall. Federal marshals broke the windows of
Williams’s vehicle, deflated its airbags, and removed Williams from the vehicle.
Williams testified that he did not realize his pursuers were federal marshals
until they broke the windows of his vehicle. Williams said he thought the marshals
were carjackers because he had noticed a sport utility vehicle with tinted windows
following him and the other vehicles had been unmarked and lacked emergency
lights. Williams stated that a vehicle hit his Escalade vehicle while he was backing
out of his parking space at the gas station, which caused the side airbags in his
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vehicle to deploy and limited his vision. Williams testified that several vehicles
struck his Escalade vehicle, but he alleged that he did not see emergency lights on
the vehicles or hear any emergency sirens. When Williams tried to drive out of the
parking lot, he swerved to avoid colliding with a black sport utility vehicle, which
forced him into oncoming traffic. Williams asserted that he had been shot before
he reached the ramp and had lost control of his vehicle, and he denied trying to
force Warren off the ramp.
Williams admitted there was an outstanding warrant for his arrest, but he
testified that he did not believe officers were looking actively for him. Williams
testified that a year earlier a police officer agreed not to “pressure” Williams and to
allow him to “get [his] things together before [he] surrender[ed][.]” When asked
why he was in possession of another man’s driver’s license and driving someone
else’s vehicle, Williams responded that the man was a “family member” for whom
he had “probably” been “keeping [the license] safe” and his girlfriend had allowed
him to drive her rental vehicle.
After the district court granted Williams’s motion for an acquittal for
assaulting Deputy Marshal Joyner by striking her Ford F-150 truck, the district
court submitted the two remaining charges to the jury. The jury found Williams
guilty of assaulting Marshals Warren and Bennett by striking their Dodge Durango
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and Ford Expedition vehicles. 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1). The jury also found that
Williams was subject to an enhanced penalty because he “use[d] a deadly or
dangerous weapon” to assault Marshal Warren.
Id. § 111(b).
At sentencing, the district court relied on a presentence report that had been
prepared after Williams had pleaded guilty. The presentence report recommended
that Williams receive a three-point reduction in his offense level for acceptance of
responsibility. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3D1.1 (2007). The
report classified Williams as a career offender and, with a total offense level of 29
and criminal history of VI, the report provided a sentencing range of 151 to 188
months of imprisonment.
The district court ruled that Williams was entitled to a two-point reduction
for acceptance of responsibility. See
id. § 3D1.1(a). The district court stated it
would not “punish[] [Williams] for exercising his constitutional right to go to
trial,” but the government objected and argued that Williams never accepted
responsibility for his actions. The government also requested that the district court
increase Williams’s offense level by two points for obstructing justice by
committing perjury. See
id. § 3C1.1.
The district court denied the motion of the government to increase
Williams’s offense level for obstruction of justice based on its finding that
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Williams did not commit perjury. The district court found that Williams’s
testimony did not contradict the testimony of the federal marshals:
Well, certainly Mr. Tywan Williams’ testimony didn’t
contradict the testimony of either [Marshal Joyner or Marshal
Bennett] because they weren’t here to testify. The three witnesses
who were at the scene, as so often happens, all had varying accounts
of what happened out there. I mean, different people see different
things. Different people experience things in a different way. I did
not find Mr. Tywan Williams’ testimony to be materially different
from any of those witnesses. And certainly in light of the fact that this
whole incident resulted in him being shot in the head, he, I think, is
entitled to some leeway regarding his memory of the sequence of
events. But in terms of a requirement in order to impose this
enhancement that I make a finding that he committed perjury, I am
simply unable to do so based on the testimony that I heard in
comparison with the other testimony at trial and what I know about
this, so I’m not going to impose the enhancement for obstruction of
justice.
The district court also denied the motion of the government to deny
Williams a reduction for acceptance of responsibility. The district court reiterated
that Williams’s testimony had not been “markedly different” from the testimonies
of the government witnesses:
So the commentary talks about things I need to consider on this issue
of acceptance of responsibility. Again, my observation was that Mr.
Tywan Williams got on the stand and really told about the conduct
that comprised the offense that he was convicted of. And, again, I
didn’t see that his testimony was that markedly different from the
testimony of the officers or other observers. I think particularly in this
case where he was shot, his ability to have his own trial and tell his
story was important. I mean, I consider that an important part of my
job, is to provide trials to people who have a story that legitimately
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needs telling, and I think he falls in that category and I’m going to
award the two points off for acceptance of responsibility.
The district court calculated a total offense level of 30, which provided a
sentencing range of 168 to 210 months of imprisonment. The government
requested a sentence at the high end of the sentencing range and stressed that the
“jury rejected the notion that [Williams’s crimes] [were] somehow a mistake . . . .”
The government argued that “the jury concluded . . . that in this case federal
officers were resisted by Mr. Tywan Williams, that he knew they were officers and
instead he assaulted them by use of a deadly weapon, and that is something that
needs to be deterred and needs to be deterred in a serious fashion.” Williams
responded that he was “not guilty,” was “shot . . . for no reason,” and was punished
sufficiently by the loss of one eye. The district court varied downward from the
advisory guideline range and sentenced Williams to 120 months of imprisonment.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
One standard of review governs the two issues raised by the government,
and another standard governs the cross-appeal by Williams. A determination of
whether a defendant accepted responsibility for his crimes is reviewed for clear
error. United States v. Amedeo,
370 F.3d 1305, 1320 (11th Cir. 2004). That
standard of review also governs our review of the factual findings for an
enhancement for obstruction of justice. United States v. Bradberry,
466 F.3d 1249,
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1253 (11th Cir. 2006). “[J]ury instructions that are challenged for the first time on
appeal are reviewed for plain error.” United States v. Felts,
579 F.3d 1341, 1343
(11th Cir. 2009).
III. DISCUSSION
Our discussion of this appeal is divided into three parts. We first discuss
Williams’s argument, made for the first time on appeal, that the district court erred
by instructing the jury to find that Williams acted knowingly and willfully. We
next discuss the argument of the government that the district court clearly erred by
crediting Williams for accepting responsibility. We last discuss whether
Williams’s sentence should be enhanced for obstructing justice.
A. The District Court Did Not Plainly Err in Instructing the Jury.
Williams argues that the district court directed the jury “to find that Mr.
Williams acted knowingly and willfully,” but we disagree. The district court told
the jury that Williams could be found guilty if the jury found “beyond a reasonable
doubt that Mr. Williams acted knowingly and willfully.” “[W]e will not reverse a
conviction on the basis of a jury charge unless ‘the issues of law were presented
inaccurately, or the charge improperly guided the jury in such a substantial way as
to violate due process,’” United States v. Prather,
205 F.3d 1265, 1270 (11th Cir.
2000) (quoting United States v. Arias,
984 F.2d 1139, 1143 (11th Cir. 1993)), and
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the instruction read by the district court provided a correct statement of the law
about the standard of proof required to convict Williams. The district court did not
plainly err when it instructed the jury.
B. The District Court Erred By Reducing Williams’s Sentence for Accepting
Responsibility.
The government argues that the district court erred by awarding Williams a
two-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility. We agree. To be eligible for
the reduction, a defendant must “clearly demonstrate[] acceptance of responsibility
for his offense.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a). As denoted by its plain language, the
reduction is intended to reward defendants who express contrition for their
wrongdoing and evidence a desire to reform their conduct. United States v. Henry,
883 F.2d 1010, 1011–12 (11th Cir. 1989).
The record establishes that Williams’s conduct is wholly inconsistent with
any acceptance of responsibility. We have held that it is erroneous to award a
reduction for acceptance of responsibility when a defendant denies guilt in the face
of evidence to the contrary, see United States v. Caraballo,
595 F.3d 1214, 1233
(11th Cir. 2010); see also United States v. Starks,
157 F.3d 833, 840–41 (11th Cir.
1998), which is exactly what Williams did. Williams admitted he was guilty
initially, but withdrew his plea and, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary,
insisted at trial and at sentencing that he was factually innocent. Williams’s
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actions are indistinguishable from those of the defendant in United States v. Rubio,
317 F.3d 1240, 1243–44 (11th Cir. 2003), where we affirmed the denial of a
reduction because the defendant withdrew his plea of guilty and “thereafter
steadfastly failed to accept responsibility further” by “put[ting] the government to
its proof and consistently attempt[ing] to minimize his role.” Because the
“adjustment is not intended to apply to a defendant who puts the government to its
burden of proof at trial by denying the essential factual elements of guilt[] [and] is
convicted[,]” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.2, the district court clearly erred by
awarding Williams a reduction for acceptance of responsibility.
Williams argues that the error is harmless, but we disagree. Although the
district court stated that it thought a ten-year sentence was reasonable, the court did
not state that it would impose the same sentence even if it erred in calculating the
applicable advisory guideline range. See United States v. Barner,
572 F.3d 1239,
1248 (11th Cir. 2009).
C. The District Court Also Erred By Refusing to Enhance Williams’s Sentence for
Obstructing Justice.
We also agree with the argument of the government that the district court
erred by failing to enhance Williams’s sentence for an obstruction of justice. A
defendant is subject to enhancement of his sentence if he “willfully obstruct[s] or
impede[s], or attempt[s] to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice with
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respect to the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of
conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. The enhancement is applicable if a defendant
commits perjury.
Id. § 3C1.1 cmt. n.4(B).
Williams’s testimony that he did not recognize his pursuers as federal
marshals is irreconcilable with the record. The jury credited the evidence
presented by the government and found, for good reason, that Williams assaulted
two federal marshals. Federal marshals testified that they wore vests that clearly
identified them as law enforcement officers, at least one marshal attempted to
approach Williams, and the marshals activated emergency lights and sirens that an
eyewitness testified made the vehicles recognizable to the public. Williams
testified that he did not intend to assault the officers, but the evidence established
that Williams used his vehicle as a battering ram to escape from the parking lot of
the gas station and to attempt to force Warren’s vehicle off a high ramp. At
sentencing Williams insisted stubbornly that he was innocent of wrongdoing and
the marshals were to blame for the incident.
“Perjury under oath on material matters, not due to confusion or mistake,
justifies” an enhancement for obstruction of justice. United States v. Geffrard,
87
F.3d 448, 453 (11th Cir. 1996). Williams’s incredible testimony, in the light of all
the credible evidence to the contrary, leaves us “with the definite and firm
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conviction” that the sentencing court should have enhanced Williams’s sentence.
United States v. Poirier,
321 F.3d 1024, 1036 (11th Cir. 2003). The “inexplicable
finding” of the district court that Williams “did not obstruct justice is clearly
erroneous, and must be corrected on remand.”
Id.
VI. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM Williams’s convictions for assaulting a federal officer, but we
VACATE Williams’s sentence and we REMAND for the district court to
resentence Williams.
AFFIRMED IN PART, AND VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.
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