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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 11-13687
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 9:11-cv-80525-KAM
PATRICIA ABRAM-ADAMS,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
CITIGROUP, INC.,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(October 16, 2012)
Before HULL, WILSON and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Patricia Abram-Adams, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s sua
sponte dismissal of her complaint against her former employer, Citigroup, Inc.
(Citigroup). The district court dismissed the complaint as untimely and therefore
frivolous under
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). At issue on appeal is whether Abram-
Adams’s complaint was timely. After reviewing the record and briefs, we affirm.
I. Background
This appeal is best understood within the context of its winding procedural
history. Abram-Adams’s claims arise from: (1) her employment with Citigroup in
2003–04; and (2) an arbitrator’s dismissal of her discrimination complaints against
Citigroup in March 2007. Citigroup terminated Abram-Adams’s employment in
March 2004, and Abram-Adams in turn filed a discrimination charge with the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The EEOC dismissed
Abram-Adams’s charge and issued her a “right-to-sue” letter on September 30,
2004. Following the dismissal, Abram-Adams brought a state-court civil action
against Citigroup that resulted in arbitration, pursuant to the arbitration clause in
her Citigroup employment contract. The arbitrator dismissed Abram-Adams’s
claims with prejudice on March 31, 2007.
Two years later, Abram-Adams filed a complaint in the United States
District Court for the Southern District of Florida. On March 19, 2010, the district
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court dismissed Abram-Adams’s 343-page complaint under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 8. In the dismissal, the district court gave Abram-Adams until April 9,
2010, to file an amended complaint. Having received no amended complaint by
that date, the court entered an order dismissing the complaint without prejudice on
April 13, 2010. Abram Adams filed her amended complaint one year later, which
the district court promptly dismissed sua sponte. The court advised Abram-
Adams that if she wished to pursue her claims against Citigroup, she would have
to initiate a new civil action since the time to amend her complaint had expired.
And so, on May 9, 2011, Abram-Adams filed the second civil action that forms the
basis for this appeal.
Abram-Adams’s original complaint alleged: (1) discrimination under Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e; (2) discrimination under
the Civil Rights Act of 1866,
42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, and 1985; (3)
discrimination under the Florida Civil Rights Act,
Fla. Stat. §§ 760.01 and 760.07;
and (4) assault and negligence under Florida common law.1 The district court
1
Abram-Adams also alleged that Citigroup violated
18 U.S.C. § 245, but that law is a
criminal statute, which prohibits violent assaults motivated by racial animus and interference
with federally protected rights. See
18 U.S.C. § 245. Section 245 (a)(1) explicitly reserves the
right of prosecution to government officials:
No prosecution of any offense described in this section shall be undertaken by the
United States except upon the certification in writing of the Attorney General, the
Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, or any Assistant
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dismissed with prejudice Abram-Adams’s new complaint pursuant to
28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e)(2)(B) for failure to state a claim on which relief could be granted.
Specifically, the court ruled that all of Abram-Adams’s claims stemming from her
employment or the arbitration were time-barred.
II. Standard of Review
We review de novo a dismissal under
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B), taking the
allegations in the complaint as true. Alba v. Montford,
517 F.3d 1249, 1252 (11th
Cir. 2008) (citing Hughes v. Lott,
350 F.3d 1157, 1159–60 (11th Cir. 2003)). “The
standards governing dismissals under [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 12(b)(6)
apply to § 1915(e)(2)(B).” Id. (citing Mitchell v. Farcass,
112 F.3d 1483, 1490
(11th Cir. 1997)). Further, pro se pleadings are held to a more lenient standard
than pleadings filed by lawyers, and they are to be construed liberally.
Id. (citing
Tannenbaum v. United States,
148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998) (per curiam)).
III. Analysis
We agree with the district court that Abram-Adams’s claims were time-
Attorney General specially designated by the Attorney General that in his
judgment a prosecution by the United States is in the public interest and necessary
to secure substantial justice, which function of certification may not be delegated.
Id. at § 245(a)(1); see also Kelly v. Rockefeller, 69 F. App’x 414, 415 (10th Cir. 2003) (“The
district court correctly dismissed plaintiff’s claims under
18 U.S.C. § 241 and § 245, for failure
to state a claim, because the criminal statutes do not provide for civil causes of action.”).
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barred. Generally, “a court looks to state law to define the time limitation
applicable to a federal claim only when Congress has failed to provide a statute of
limitations for a federal cause of action.” Phillips v. United States,
260 F.3d 1316,
1318 (11th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Lampf, Pleva,
Lipkind, Prupis & Petigrow v. Gilbertson,
501 U.S. 350, 355,
111 S. Ct. 2773,
2778 (1991) (“It is the usual rule that when Congress has failed to provide a
statute of limitations for a federal cause of action, a court borrows or absorbs the
local time limitation most analogous to the case at hand.” (internal quotation
marks omitted))).
In Abram-Adams’s case, all of her tort and employment discrimination
claims accrued on March 25, 2004, the date of her termination. Her other claims
accrued on March 31, 2007, the day the arbitrator dismissed her case. In both
cases, more than four years had passed when she filed her second complaint on
May 9, 2011. None of Abram-Adams’s claims survive their respective statutes of
limitations: (1) Title VII claims—within 90 days after receipt of the EEOC “right-
to-sue” letter, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1); (2)
42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, and
1985 claims—four-year statute of limitations in Florida, see Chappel v. Rich,
340
F.3d 1279, 1283 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (statute of limitations for §§ 1983
and 1985 claims); Baker v. Gulf & W. Indus., Inc.,
850 F.2d 1480, 1481 (11th Cir.
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1988) (statute of limitations for § 1981 claims); (3) Florida Civil Rights Act
claims—four-year statute of limitations, see Seale v. EMSA Corr. Care, Inc.,
767
So. 2d 1188, 1189 (Fla. 2000); and (4) assault and negligence claims—four-year
statute of limitations, see
Fla. Stat. § 95.11(3).
On appeal, Abram-Adams argues that the doctrines of relation-back and
“flexibility” should have saved her complaint from being dismissed as untimely.
She also argues that the district court erred by failing to review her application to
proceed in forma pauperis. Lastly, Abram-Adams argues that she was entitled to
move through the “four stages” of a lawsuit and collect damages. We find these
arguments unpersuasive.
First, the relation-back doctrine does not rescue her untimely complaint. In
limited circumstances, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) permits amendments
to pleadings that “relate back” to the date of the original pleading. But none of
Rule 15(c)’s circumstances apply here, because the complaint in question did not
“relate back” to an original pleading; it is itself the original. To illustrate, in Dade
County v. Rohr Industries, Inc.,
826 F.2d 983, 989 (11th Cir. 1987), this court held
that a re-filed complaint could not “relate back” and revive a dismissed complaint.
Id. at 989. The second complaint in Dade was filed after the statute of limitations
had expired, and the earlier dismissal had “the effect of placing the parties in a
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position as if the suit had never been filed.”
Id. Thus, the claims had become
time-barred. See
id. (“Even if we applied the five year statute of limitations, Dade
County’s suit would still be time-barred.”). Likewise, the district court’s dismissal
of Abram-Adams’s complaint on April 13, 2010, for failure to timely amend
placed both parties in a position as if the suit had never been filed.2 Thus, Abram-
Adams’s complaints have also become time-barred.
Even construing this argument liberally, Abram-Adams’s appeal fails. If
the “flexibility” that Abram-Adams seeks is an equitable tolling of her claims’
limitation periods, her search is a futile one. “Equitable tolling is an extraordinary
remedy which should be extended only sparingly.” Bost v. Fed. Express Corp.,
372 F.3d 1233, 1242 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting Justice v. United States,
6 F.3d
1474, 1479 (11th Cir. 1993) (internal quotation marks omitted)). The plaintiff
must establish that tolling is warranted.
Id. (citing Justice,
6 F.3d at 1479).
Equitable tolling is not appropriate when a plaintiff fails to act with due diligence
or is negligent. See id.; see also Arce v. Garcia,
434 F.3d 1254, 1261 (11th Cir.
2006) (noting that equitable tolling is only appropriate when an untimely filing is
due to “extraordinary circumstances that are both beyond his control and
2
We note that a district court “may dismiss a claim if the plaintiff fails to prosecute it or
comply with a court order.” Equity Lifestyle Props., Inc. v. Fla. Mowing & Landscape Serv.,
Inc.,
556 F.3d 1232, 1240 (11th Cir. 2009); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).
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unavoidable even with diligence” (emphasis in original) (quoting Sandvik v.
United States,
177 F.3d 1269, 1271 (11th Cir. 1999) (per curiam))).
Abram-Adams’s claims are not entitled to equitable tolling because she
offers this court no extraordinary circumstance to justify the commensurably
extraordinary remedy. Nor did her initial 343-page complaint toll the limitations
period. We have previously held that an imperfect complaint will not toll the
period of limitations for a new complaint. In Stein v. Reynolds Securities, Inc.,
667 F.2d 33 (11th Cir. 1982), the appellant contended that his initial suit tolled the
period of limitations, despite the fact that the district court dismissed the action
without prejudice for failure to prosecute.
Id. at 33. We disagreed, holding that a
dismissal without prejudice for failure to prosecute did not toll the period of
limitations.
Id. at 34; see also Williams v. Ga. Dep’t of Def. Nat’l Guard
Headquarters, 147 Fed. App’x 134, 136 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam); Justice,
6
F.3d at 1483.
In the same way, we see no reason—and Abram-Adams offers none—to
rule differently in this case. The initial complaint was dismissed after Abram-
Adams attempted to amend her complaint nearly one year after the district court’s
explicit deadline. We are unaware of any extraordinary circumstance for Abram-
Adams’s failure to file her complaint within the limitation periods. Put simply,
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Abram-Adams did not give herself the diligence she was due; she was negligent,
and has no place to point the finger of blame other than toward herself. See, e.g.,
Bost,
372 F.3d at 1242 (holding that “[e]quitable tolling is inappropriate when a
plaintiff did not file an action promptly or failed to act with due diligence” (citing
Justice,
6 F.3d at 1479 (11th Cir. 1993))).
Finally, because the district court correctly dismissed Abram-Adams’s
complaint as time-barred, her motion for in forma pauperis status was moot, and
the district court did not err by denying it. Nor did the district court err when it
refused to award her damages.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
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