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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 18-13916
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 0:17-cv-62583-JIC
ROLANDO REYES,
CARIDAD REYES,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
versus
BJ'S RESTAURANTS, INC.,
a Foreign Corporation,
Defendant - Appellee.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(May 16, 2019)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, GRANT, and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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In this personal injury case, Plaintiffs/Appellants, Rolando Reyes and
Caridad Reyes (referred to collectively as “the Plaintiffs”), appeal the district
court’s orders denying their motion to amend and remand and their motion to
modify the scheduling order and extend the fact discovery deadline. They also
appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendant BJ’s
Restaurant. After reviewing the record and reading the parties’ briefs, we affirm
the district court’s orders and its grant of summary judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
On October 11, 2015, while patronizing a BJ’s Restaurant in Pembroke
Pines, Florida, both Plaintiffs fell near the entrance to the restroom. At the time of
the incident, Rolando was 84 years old and Caridad was 77 years old. Rolando
stated that he left the restroom and slipped and fell prior to reaching some steps at
the front of the restaurant. About eight minutes after Rolando slipped and fell,
Caridad slipped and fell prior to reaching the same steps. In their depositions, both
Plaintiffs stated that they did not know the cause of his or her fall and that they
have no evidence of the Defendant’s knowledge of any alleged slippery condition
on the floor and no evidence that the floor was inherently slippery. (Def.’s Ex. 49-
1; 49-2.)
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In January 2017, Plaintiffs sued BJ’s in state court and later filed an
amended complaint alleging two counts of negligence for each Plaintiff’s fall.
After Plaintiffs admitted in responses to requests for admissions that they were
seeking in excess of $75,000 each, BJ’s removed the case to federal court. The
next month, the district court entered a Scheduling Order, and one week later,
Plaintiffs’ counsel moved to withdraw. The district court granted the motion to
withdraw and stayed the case until March 19, 2018, extended initial disclosures to
March 26, 2018, and extended the date to amend pleadings or join parties to April
16, 2018.
On March 26, Plaintiffs’ new counsel entered an appearance. On that same
day, Plaintiffs requested another extension of the initial disclosure date and moved
to amend the complaint to add a non-diverse defendant and to remand the case to
state court. The district court denied the motion, finding that the Plaintiffs did not
attach the proposed second amended complaint or set forth the grounds with
particularity as required. The district court granted an extension to April 17 for
Plaintiffs’ initial disclosures. Plaintiffs filed another motion to amend on April 23,
attaching a proposed complaint that included a second new non-diverse defendant
and numerous new theories for relief.
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The district court determined that the equities weigh in favor of denying the
Plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend. The district court, however, did grant the
Plaintiffs’ motion to amend the discovery deadlines and extended fact discovery to
June 14, 2018. Unable to meet the June 14 deadline, Plaintiffs again moved for an
extension of time, but the district court denied that motion. After the close of all
discovery, BJ’s moved for summary judgment, submitting its Statement of
Undisputed Facts and its Memorandum of Law. BJ’s also filed closed circuit
television footage that showed, in the five minutes before Rolando fell, 16 people
traverse the steps without incident. The footage also showed that in the time
between Rolando and Caridad’s falls, 28 people used the steps, all without
incident.
Two weeks after BJ’s moved for summary judgment, Plaintiffs filed a
supplemental initial disclosure listing for the first time David M. Gill as an expert
witness. Plaintiffs had previously disclosed him as a lay witness. Plaintiffs filed
Gill’s affidavit, and BJ’s moved to strike the affidavit as untimely. Plaintiffs
subsequently filed a response to BJ’s motion for summary judgment. The district
court granted BJ’s motion to strike Gill’s affidavit and its motion for summary
judgment. Plaintiffs then lodged this appeal.
II. ISSUES
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1. Whether the district court abused its discretion in denying the Plaintiffs’
motion to amend and remand.
2. Whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment to BJ’s.
3. Whether the district court abused its discretion in denying Plaintiffs’
motions to modify the scheduling order and to extend for a second time the fact
discovery deadline.
III. DISCUSSION
1. Motion to Amend and Remand
The Plaintiffs argue that in denying their motion to amend to join non-
diverse defendants after removal, the district court improperly weighed all the
applicable factors set forth in Hensgens v. Deere & Co.,
833 F.2d 1179, 1182 (5th
Cir. 1987). We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s order denying a
plaintiff’s motion to join a defendant whose joinder would destroy diversity and
deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(e); Ingram v.
CSX Transp., Inc.,
146 F.3d 858, 862 (11th Cir. 1998). “A district court abuses its
discretion when its factual findings are clearly erroneous, when it follows improper
procedures, when it applies the incorrect legal standard, or when it applies the law
in an unreasonable or incorrect manner.” Wreal, LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc.,
840
F.3d 1244, 1247 (11th Cir. 2016).
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The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Plaintiffs’ motion to
amend. Although in most cases a plaintiff is liberally allowed to join a new
defendant, in an instance where the amended pleading would name a new non-
diverse defendant in a removed case, the district court should more closely
scrutinize the pleading and be hesitant to allow the new non-diverse defendant to
join. See
Hensgens, 833 F.2d at 1182. In so scrutinizing the pleading, the district
court should use its discretion in deciding whether to allow that party to be added
by balancing “the defendant’s interests in maintaining the federal forum with the
competing interests of not having parallel lawsuits.”
Id. The equitable balance is
guided by four factors: (1) the plaintiff’s motive for seeking joinder; (2) the
timeliness of the request to amend; (3) whether the plaintiff will be significantly
injured if amendment is not allowed; and (4) any other relevant equitable
considerations. See Schur v. L.A. Weight Loss Centers,
577 F.3d 752, 759 (7th Cir.
2009) (adopting the Hensgens balancing test).
Here, the district court found that the Plaintiffs’ motive, based on the timing
and substance of the proposed amendment, was to defeat diversity. Immediately
after entering her appearance, Plaintiffs’ new counsel filed the initial motion
seeking amendment and removal to state court. The district court found that
Plaintiffs knew about one of the new parties before the case was removed based on
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BJ’s responses during discovery in state court. The district court further found that
the Plaintiffs are not significantly injured by denying the amendment because there
is no reason that Plaintiffs could not obtain complete relief against BJ’s without the
other two defendants. The Plaintiffs do not provide any convincing justification
why the two non-diverse parties are essential to their action. The district court
properly balanced the applicable factors, and Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate how the
district court abused its discretion in doing so. Thus, we affirm the district court’s
order denying leave to amend to join non-diverse defendants after removal and
denying the Plaintiffs’ motion to remand.
2. Motion for Summary Judgment
Initially, the Plaintiffs proffer that the district court’s order striking David
Gill’s affidavit was improper even though they admit that they belatedly disclosed
Gill as an expert witness. The district court found that their late disclosure was not
substantially justified nor harmless because BJ’s had no opportunity to depose Gill,
proffer a rebuttal expert, or file a Daubert 1 motion. On appeal, the Plaintiffs fail to
advance sufficiently an argument explaining how the district court abused its
discretion in this regard. As such, we affirm the district court’s order.
1
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc.,
509 U.S. 579, 596,
113 S. Ct. 2786, 2798 (1993).
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As to the summary judgment order, the Plaintiffs contend that the district
court erred because genuine issues of material fact exists that preclude the grant of
summary judgment. However, the Plaintiffs do not point to specific genuine issues
of material fact. Rather, they take issue with the district court’s pre-trial rulings,
cite inapplicable case law, and assert an argument pursuant to the Americans with
Disabilities Act for the first time.
As the district court correctly noted, a negligence claim under Florida law
consists of four elements: (1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain
standard of conduct; (2) a breach by the defendant of that duty: (3) a causal
connection between the breach and injury to the plaintiff; and (4) loss or damage to
the plaintiff. See Clay Elec. Coop., Inc. v. Johnson,
873 So. 2d 1182, 1185 (Fla.
2003). In Florida, a plaintiff in a slip-and-fall case must show that the business
“had actual or constructive knowledge of a dangerous condition created by a
transient foreign substance that caused [the plaintiff] to slip and fall.” Publix
Super Markets, Inc. v. Bellaiche,
245 So. 3d 873, 876 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2018).
The term “transitory foreign substance” generally refers “to any liquid or solid
substance, item or object located where it does not belong.” Owens v. Publix
Supermarkets, Inc.,
802 So. 2d 315, 317 n.1 (Fla. 2001).
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The evidence demonstrates that the Plaintiffs failed to satisfy the elements
for their cause of action. There is nothing in the record indicating a transitory
foreign substance was on the floor at BJ’s restaurant. Both Plaintiffs admitted in
their depositions that they did not see anything on the floor before or after they fell
and that they do not know what caused them to fall. Moreover, Plaintiffs do not
present any evidence to show that BJ’s knew that there was such a substance on the
floor when they slipped and fell. There is nothing in the record to suggest that a
slippery condition existed or was foreseeable. As such, the Plaintiffs cannot satisfy
the first element of the cause of action.
Even assuming arguendo that Plaintiffs could satisfy the duty element of
their cause of action, they fail to submit any evidence of a causal connection
between their injuries and BJ’s breach of a duty owed to them. “Negligence . . .
may not be inferred from the mere happening of an accident alone.” Winn Dixie
Stores, Inc. v. White,
675 So. 2d 702, 703 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996). Thus,
without more evidence than the accident alone, “it is clear that [Plaintiffs’] case is
grounded in no more than a guess or speculation, not founded on observable facts
or reasonable inferences drawn from the record.” Williams v. Sears, Roebuck &
Co.,
866 So. 2d 122, 124 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2004). The district court properly
determined that Plaintiffs could not demonstrate a prima facie case of negligence
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and granted summary judgment for BJ’s. Accordingly, we affirm the district
court’s grant of summary judgment.
3. Motion to modify scheduling order to extend fact discovery deadline
The Plaintiffs contend that the district court improperly denied their motion
to modify the scheduling order to extend the discovery deadline. We will not
reverse in the absence of an abuse of discretion. See Young v. City of Palm Bay,
Fla.,
358 F.3d 859, 863–64 (11th Cir. 2004) (motion to extend deadlines); Josendis
v. Wall to Wall Residence Repairs, Inc.,
662 F.3d 1292, 1307 (11th Cir. 2011)
(noting that “a district court’s decision to hold litigants to the clear terms of its
scheduling orders is not an abuse of discretion”).
The Plaintiffs sought and obtained numerous delays throughout the
proceedings in the district court. The district court had extended discovery once
before, among other extensions. In all, the Plaintiffs had over one year to complete
discovery in this straightforward slip and fall case. Because Plaintiffs fail to
proffer a justifiable argument how the district court abused its discretion in this
regard, we will not disturb its ruling.
IV. CONCLUSION
Plaintiffs fail to demonstrate how the district court abused its discretion with
respect to their motion for leave to amend and remand and their motion to modify
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the scheduling order to extend discovery. The Plaintiffs also fail to show any error
in the district court’s order granting summary judgment for BJ’s. Accordingly, we
affirm the district court’s orders and its grant of summary judgment.
AFFIRMED.
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