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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
_________________________
No. 12-10170
Non-Argument Calendar
__________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:09-cv-01827-VEH
MELISSA K. LITTLE, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
JACQUELINE ROBINSON,
SEARCY CRAWFORD,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
versus
T-MOBILE USA, INC.,
Defendant - Appellee.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
___________________________
(August 22, 2012)
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Before TJOFLAT, CARNES, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.
CARNES, Circuit Judge:
Jacqueline Robinson and Searcy Crawford, whom we will refer to as the
plaintiffs, appeal the district court’s order denying class certification of their
proposed class action against T-Mobile USA, Inc. They contend that the district
court erred in concluding that T-Mobile did not waive its right to assert arbitration
and class-action waiver defenses. Ironically, it is the plaintiffs’ own waiver of an
issue that controls the outcome of this appeal.
I.
The plaintiffs filed a proposed class action against T-Mobile asserting state-
law claims of conversion, trespass to chattels, and unjust enrichment. They
alleged that: (1) they had reported to T-Mobile that their cell phones had been lost
or stolen; (2) unknown persons brought their lost or stolen phones to T-Mobile;
and (3) T-Mobile unlawfully reactivated the phones without the plaintiffs’
permission. The plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification of their conversion
claim, proposing the following class:
All persons within the United States of America who, within the last
six years preceding the date of filing the original complaint in this
case, reported a phone lost or stolen to T-Mobile and where T-Mobile
later allowed the use of that lost or stolen phone by another person on
T-Mobile’s network.
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We detour from the procedural history here to summarize some of the law
governing class certification, which will provide context for our discussion of the
district court’s ruling on the certification motion. Before a district court may grant
a motion for class certification, a plaintiff seeking to represent a proposed class
must establish that the proposed class is “adequately defined and clearly
ascertainable.” DeBremaecker v. Short,
433 F.2d 733, 734 (5th Cir. 1970)1; cf.
John v. Nat’l Sec. Fire & Cas. Co.,
501 F.3d 443, 445 (5th Cir. 2007) (“The
existence of an ascertainable class of persons to be represented by the proposed
class representative is an implied prerequisite of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
23.”).
If the plaintiff’s proposed class is adequately defined and clearly
ascertainable, the plaintiff must then establish the four requirements listed in
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a). Those requirements are:
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is
impracticable;
(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of
the claims or defenses of the class; and
(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the
interests of the class.
1
In Bonner v. City of Prichard,
661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to
October 1, 1981.
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). Those four requirements are commonly referred to as
“numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation.” See, e.g.,
Valley Drug Co. v. Geneva Pharm., Inc.,
350 F.3d 1181, 1188 (11th Cir. 2003).
In addition to establishing the Rule 23(a) requirements, a plaintiff must also
establish that the proposed class satisfies at least one of the three requirements
listed in Rule 23(b). Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b); Pickett v. Iowa Beef Processors,
209
F.3d 1276, 1279 (11th Cir. 2000). In this case, the plaintiffs are pursuing
certification under the third alternative requirement, Rule 23(b)(3). Rule 23(b)(3)
permits class certification if “the court finds that the questions of law or fact
common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only
individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods
for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3)
(emphasis added); see Fitzpatrick v. Gen. Mills, Inc.,
635 F.3d 1279, 1282 (11th
Cir. 2011).
We now return to the procedural history. The district court denied the
plaintiffs’ motion for class certification on five grounds. The first ground was that
the plaintiffs had not satisfied their preliminary burden of establishing that their
proposed class was clearly ascertainable. The court reasoned, in part, that the
plaintiffs had “made no effort to separate out those putative class members who
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may very well be barred from pursuing class claims due to the existence of valid
arbitration agreements or class action waivers that potentially prohibit such
litigation.” The court rejected the plaintiffs’ contention that by substantially
participating in the litigation T-Mobile had waived its right to assert arbitration
and class-action waiver defenses.
The second ground on which the court denied class certification was that the
plaintiffs had not satisfied the Rule 23(a)(1) numerosity requirement. The court
reasoned that the plaintiffs had offered no evidence showing numerosity, nor made
any “effort to account for those putative class members who waived their right to
pursue relief against T-Mobile on a class-wide basis or who are bound by their
agreement to arbitrate disputes with T-Mobile.”
The third ground the district court stated for denying class certification was
that the plaintiffs had failed to satisfy the predominance requirement in Rule
23(b)(3) because there were “significant state-wide variations in the law” of
conversion and in the law regarding other issues, such as the enforceability of
class-action waivers.
The fourth ground the court stated for denying class certification was that
“damage-related concerns evidence a predomination of individualized inquiries
and render the proposed class unfit for certification under Rule [23](b)(3).” The
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court explained what those damage-related concerns were:
Here, Plaintiffs contend that “in this era of Ebay and other public
online sites selling used phones by the millions, determining a
particular model phone’s value is a relatively simple matter of online
research.” However, they certainly offer no concrete proposal or
methodology about how to effectively and accurately manage such
online research on a nationwide basis. For example, when conducting
online research, would 2011 be the year to use for establishing the
value for a used phone of a certain model or would the year in which
the phone was misplaced or stolen be the more appropriate time
frame? Plaintiffs also ignore how individualized issues relating to the
age of the phone, what contents or applications were previously on
the phone, and whether the original owner was a heavy or light user
of the phone, might affect the value of the used phone. Additionally,
Plaintiffs do not address whether loss of use of the phone should be
compensable and, if so, suggest how it might be reduced to a
formula-type calculation.
(Alteration and citation omitted.) The district court’s determination that the
plaintiffs had not established the predominance of common issues under Rule
23(b)(3) because of individual damage-related issues was an alternative,
independent ruling. That determination provided an additional reason that the
plaintiffs had not established the predominance of common issues. Class
certification would have been denied for that reason regardless of the variations in
state law relating to conversion and regardless of the enforceability of class-action
waivers.
The fifth ground the district court stated for denying class certification was
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that the plaintiffs had failed to establish superiority under Rule 23(b)(3). The
court based that determination, in part, on the plaintiffs’ failure “to suggest how to
manage the rather thorny issue of putative class members whose rights to litigate
their conversion claims as part of a class proceeding in this forum may have been
cutoff by either a class action waiver provision, an agreement to arbitrate, or
both.”
II.
We review only for an abuse of discretion the district court’s denial of class
certification. Hines v. Widnall,
334 F.3d 1253, 1255 (11th Cir. 2003). “A district
court abuses its discretion if it applies an incorrect legal standard, follows
improper procedures” in ruling on class certification, makes clearly erroneous
factfindings, or applies the law “in an unreasonable or incorrect manner.” Klay v.
United Healthgroup, Inc.,
376 F.3d 1092, 1096 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks
omitted).
The plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in concluding that T-
Mobile did not waive its right to assert arbitration and class-action waiver
defenses and, for that reason, the court abused its discretion in denying class
certification. We need not decide if the district court should have ruled that T-
Mobile waived its right to assert those two defenses, however, because even if it
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did waive them the plaintiffs cannot succeed in this appeal. The plaintiffs cannot
succeed in this appeal because they failed to challenge in their opening brief to
this Court the district court’s fourth ground for denying class certification: its
independent, alternative ruling that “damage-related concerns evidence a
predomination of individualized inquiries and render the proposed class unfit for
certification under Rule [23](b)(3).” The plaintiffs’ opening brief not only fails to
argue the predominance issue involving variation in damages, it doesn’t even
mention the word “damages” except in passing to note that the complaint sought
them. Appellants’ Br. 11.
By failing to challenge in their opening brief the district court’s ruling that
they failed to establish the predominance of common issues because of variations
in damages, the plaintiffs have abandoned any contention that the court erred in
denying class certification on that ground. See Hamilton v. Southland Christian
Sch., Inc.,
680 F.3d 1316, 1318 (11th Cir. 2012) (holding that the defendant
waived an affirmative defense “by failing to list or otherwise state it as an issue on
appeal”); Holland v. Gee,
677 F.3d 1047, 1066 (11th Cir. 2012) (“The law is by
now well settled in this Circuit that a legal claim or argument that has not been
briefed before the court is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be
addressed.” (alteration and quotation marks omitted)); G.J. v. Muscogee Cnty.
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Sch. Dist.,
668 F.3d 1258, 1263 n.2 (11th Cir. 2012) (“The Appellants do not
appeal the district court’s dismissal of the non-IDEA claims and have therefore
abandoned any claim that the district court erred in doing so.”); Mesa Air Grp.,
Inc. v. Delta Air Lines, Inc.,
573 F.3d 1124, 1130 n.7 (11th Cir. 2009) (holding
that an argument not made in the initial brief is waived); SmithKline Beecham
Corp. v. Apotex Corp.,
439 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[A]rguments not
raised in the opening brief are waived.”); United States v. Jernigan,
341 F.3d
1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003) (“Under our caselaw, a party seeking to raise a
claim or issue on appeal must plainly and prominently so indicate. Otherwise, the
issue—even if properly preserved at trial—will be considered abandoned.”); Fed.
Sav. & Loan Ins. Corp. v. Haralson,
813 F.2d 370, 373 n.3 (11th Cir. 1987)
(“[I]ssues that clearly are not designated in the appellant’s brief normally are
deemed abandoned.”). As we have said, “it is not unduly harsh or overly
burdensome to require parties to raise issues in their initial briefs.” United States
v. Smith,
416 F.3d 1350, 1354–55 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted). It
is not too much to ask.
The plaintiffs did argue in their opening brief that “[t]he district court’s
erroneous holding that T-Mobile did not waive [its arbitration and class-action
waiver] defenses as to the class infected its entire Rule 23 analysis.” Appellants’
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Br. 29. We do not interpret that statement as raising the issue of whether the
district court erred in basing its predominance ruling on variation in damages. The
quoted language is not, as our decisions require, a statement that “plainly and
prominently” indicates an intent to raise the damages and predominance issue,
Jernigan,
341 F.3d at 1283 n.8, or that “clearly . . . designate[s]” the issue,
Haralson,
813 F.2d at 373 n.3.
The plaintiffs not only failed to raise this issue in their opening brief, they
also failed to raise it in their reply brief after T-Mobile had argued in its answer
brief that one of the reasons we should affirm the denial of class certification was
that variation in damages destroyed the predominance of common issues, as the
district court had ruled. Even if the plaintiffs had addressed the issue for the first
time in their reply brief, it would have been too late. United States v. Levy,
379
F.3d 1241, 1244 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[This Court] repeatedly has refused to consider
issues raised for the first time in an appellant’s reply brief.”); United States v.
Whitesell,
314 F.3d 1251, 1256 (11th Cir. 2002) (“We need not address this issue
because Whitesell raises it for the first time in his reply brief.”). Letting the
plaintiffs put forward their arguments on this issue for the first time in the reply
brief would deprive T-Mobile of the “opportunity to reflect upon and respond in
writing to [the plaintiffs’] arguments” and would deprive this Court of “the benefit
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of written arguments.” Hamilton,
680 F.3d at 1319. In any event, the plaintiffs
did not make the argument in their reply brief.
Even if we generously interpret the statement in the plaintiffs’ opening
brief, which we have already quoted, see supra, as raising an argument that the
district court erred in ruling that the predominance requirement was not met
because of variation in damages, we would reject the argument. That language, at
most, argues that the district court erred in its rulings about the waiver of the
arbitration and class-action waiver defenses, and those erroneous rulings taint the
damages/non-predominance ground of its decision. But the plaintiffs never
adequately explain how. The closest they come is when they quote (in their reply
brief) a metaphor from an opinion in another case: “Just as one bad ingredient can
spoil a stew, one error of law can spoil an order.” Gray v. Bostic,
625 F.3d 692,
697 (11th Cir. 2010) (Carnes, J., joined by Black, J., concurring in the denial of
rehearing en banc); see Reply Br. 10. In the Gray case, however, there was no
reason for the district court’s decision that was untainted by the error of law. The
district court in that case did not state independently adequate alternative grounds
for its ruling; it blended a number of factors into its decision; the error involved a
factor that was an inextricable part of the decision. See Gray ex rel. Alexander v.
Bostic,
613 F.3d 1035, 1041 (11th Cir. 2010). That was why the error spoiled the
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stew in Gray. Here, the district court’s decision was not contained in a single pot
with blended ingredients but instead was contained in a number of pots containing
different ingredients. If a bad ingredient went into some of the pots, that would
not spoil what was dished out of a pot that was free of the ingredient. The district
court’s ruling that “damage-related concerns . . . render[ed] the proposed class
unfit for certification” was not based, in any way, on its conclusion that T-Mobile
did not waive the right to assert arbitration and class-action waiver defenses. Even
assuming those rulings about the non-waiver of defenses were error, they did not
affect the ruling that individual damage-related issues predominated over common
issues, rendering the class unsuitable for certification under Rule 23(b)(3).
In summary, we may assume that the district court was wrong about T-
Mobile not waiving its arbitration and class-action waiver defenses, and wrong
about whether the class was ascertainable and numerous, and wrong about the
non-uniformity of conversion law in the fifty states, and wrong about a class
action not being the superior method for adjudicating the case. Even with all of
those assumptions, the denial of class certification would still not be an abuse of
discretion unless the district court was also wrong about the variation in individual
damages rendering the class unsuitable for certification on predominance grounds
under Rule 23(b)(3). To the extent that the plaintiffs have attacked that ruling at
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all, they have not put forth a persuasive reason for overturning it. For that reason,
the district court’s judgment stands.
AFFIRMED.2
2
This appeal was originally scheduled for oral argument but was removed from the oral
argument docket under 11th Circuit Rule 34-3(f).
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